Alteration in Facial Shape in the Anencephalic Human Foetus

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Trenouth

Tracings were produced from frontal radiographs of 11 anencephalic foetuses. These were compared analytically with standards derived from 60 normal foetuses. The anencephalics showed a marked reduction in the relative size of the cranium with considerable flattening of the calvarium, which is characteristic of the condition. The orbits were more medially placed, being closer together and somewhat higher in position than the normal foetal outline. The right and left mandible were more elongated with an increase in the intermaxillary space. The condyles were more medially positioned and were closer to the orbits than in the normal outlines. In normal growth, expansion of the brain flattens the cranial base, displacing the nasomaxillary segment forwards In anencephally this does not happen so that the nasomaxillary segment rotates in an antero-inferior postero-superior direction along with the intermaxillary space and mandible. This produces a significant lengthening of the face accompanied by narrowing in the region of the cranial base relative to the normal outline.

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongya Wu ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Jun Feng

Brain connectivity plays an important role in determining the brain region’s function. Previous researchers proposed that the brain region’s function is characterized by that region’s input and output connectivity profiles. Following this proposal, numerous studies have investigated the relationship between connectivity and function. However, this proposal only utilizes direct connectivity profiles and thus is deficient in explaining individual differences in the brain region’s function. To overcome this problem, we proposed that a brain region’s function is characterized by that region’s multi-hops connectivity profile. To test this proposal, we used multi-hops functional connectivity to predict the individual face activation of the right fusiform face area (rFFA) via a multi-layer graph neural network and showed that the prediction performance is essentially improved. Results also indicated that the two-layer graph neural network is the best in characterizing rFFA’s face activation and revealed a hierarchical network for the face processing of rFFA.


2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-237
Author(s):  
Mohamed Khwanda ◽  
◽  
Yazan Jahjah ◽  

Understanding the complexities of cranial base development, function, and architecture is important for testing hypotheses about many aspects of craniofacial variation and evolution. Architecturally, the cranial base provides the platform upon which the brain grows and around which the face grows. In addition, the cranial base connects the cranium with the rest of the body: it articulates with the vertebral column and the mandible, provides conduits for all the vital neural and circulatory connections between the brain, the face and the neck, houses and connects the sense organs in the skull, and forms the roof of the nasopharynx. The shape of the cranial base is therefore a multifactorial product of numerous phylogenetic, developmental, and functional interactions. Aim. The aim of this research is to perform a morphometric analysis of the skull base to investigate the symmetry between the two hemibases of the cranial fossa with each other in adult patients with normal type of lower jaw rotation using cone beam copmuted tomography CBCT in transversal plane. Materials and methods. In result of radiographic study, 35 Caucasian adult patients with no prior orthodontics treatment were selected (16 males, 19 females) from 16 to 27 years (mean age of 20.02 years: females average age was 20.15 years; males average age was 21.84 years) of age with normal type of lower jaw rotation according to the sum of Björk. Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient was calculated to investigate the symmetry between the two hemibases of the cranial fossa with each other. Results. A difference was found amongst the two genders of the sample subjects in the strength of the correlation between the CBCT angular measurements evaluating the two hemibases of the cranial base symmetry. Conclusion. A difference was found amongst the two genders. This study found no exact symmetry between the samples, but it was in high level for adult females.


PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaís Stor ◽  
Ginger A. Rebstock ◽  
Pablo García Borboroglu ◽  
P. Dee Boersma

Lateralization, or asymmetry in form and/or function, is found in many animal species. Brain lateralization is considered adaptive for an individual, and often results in “handedness,” “footedness,” or a side preference, manifest in behavior and morphology. We tested for lateralization in several behaviors in a wild population of Magellanic penguins Spheniscus magellanicus breeding at Punta Tombo, Argentina. We found no preferred foot in the population (each penguin observed once) in stepping up onto an obstacle: 53% stepped up with the right foot, 47% with the left foot (n = 300, binomial test p = 0.27). We found mixed evidence for a dominant foot when a penguin extended a foot for thermoregulation, possibly depending on the ambient temperature (each penguin observed once). Penguins extended the right foot twice as often as the left foot (n = 121, p < 0.0005) in 2 years when we concentrated our effort during the heat of the day. In a third year when we observed penguins early and late in the day, there was no preference (n = 232, p = 0.59). Penguins use their flippers for swimming, including searching for and chasing prey. We found morphological evidence of a dominant flipper in individual adults: 60.5% of sternum keels curved one direction or the other (n = 76 sterna from carcasses), and 11% of penguins had more feather wear on one flipper than the other (n = 1217). Right-flippered and left-flippered penguins were equally likely in both samples (keels: p = 0.88, feather wear: p = 0.26), indicating individual but not population lateralization. In fights, aggressive penguins used their left eyes preferentially, consistent with the right side of the brain controlling aggression. Penguins that recently fought (each penguin observed once) were twice as likely to have blood only on the right side of the face (69%) as only on the left side (31%, n = 175, p < 0.001). The proportion of penguins with blood only on the right side increased with the amount of blood. In most fights, the more aggressive penguin used its left eye and attacked the other penguin’s right side. Lateralization depended on the behavior tested and, in thermoregulation, likely on the temperature. We found no lateralization or mixed results in the population of Magellanic penguins in three individual behaviors, stepping up, swimming, and thermoregulation. We found lateralization in the population in the social behavior fighting.


1876 ◽  
Vol 22 (97) ◽  
pp. 99-102
Author(s):  
Fred. W. A. Skae

J. T., a cabinet-maker, was brought to the Asylum from Stirling by two policemen, on the 29th July, about 7 p.m. A certificate of emergency had alone been granted, and there was no further information regarding his case in the form of admission. He was about 30 years of age. He looked in bad health, exhausted, and miserable, and his head was bound up with a handkerchief. He asked the attendant to be careful in removing this, as there was a frightful gash underneath it. When it was undone, however, there was no wound to be seen. There was a large black mark over the right side of his face and ear, which looked as if produced by gunpowder, mixed with a little blood. There was a drop of serous fluid in the ear. The patient answered questions intelligently, though in a languid, dejected manner. He put out his tongue freely when asked. It was foul. Pulse was about 80. The policemen stated that they had been informed he had attempted to shoot himself with a double-barrelled pistol, and that the police-surgeon who had seen him thought the pistol could only have been charged with powder. The patient denied this, however, and said that the pistol had been loaded with bullets. The policemen further stated that after apparently firing both barrels of the pistol at his head early on the morning of the 28th, he had attempted to drown himself in the river Forth. As there was no external wound, nor any symptoms of injury to the brain, and as it was about 40 hours since he had attempted to shoot himself, I concluded that he had missed his aim, and caused nothing more serious than a gunpowder mark on his face. He walked along with an attendant to one of the wards. He there conversed a little with the attendants, as he had been doing in the waiting-room before I saw him, and told them a little about his history. He mentioned that he was married; that he and his wife did not agree; that he had been living away from her for some time; and that he had been drinking pretty freely. He complained of thirst, and said he had a headache. He drank a good deal of water. I saw him again in about half-an-hour, and talked with him a little about himself. He looked ill and wretched, and complained of a tremendous headache. At eight o'clock he walked up stairs with the other patients, undressed himself, and went to bed in a dormitory. After going to bed he became very restless, kicked the clothes about, talked incoherently, and shouted for “John” (apparently his brother). About 10.30 he was removed to a single room. He walked quietly along, and got into his new bed. When visited about an hour afterwards, he was lying in bed, but talking nonsense. At six in the morning the attendant went into his room to waken him. He was lying dead on a mattress on the floor, with his face downwards, his mouth and nose being firmly pressed against the mattress. I saw him almost immediately. He had all the appearance of a person who had died from suffocation, and probably in a convulsion. The face and neck were livid and swollen. The tongue was protruded between the teeth; bloody mucus was on the sheet, and seemed to have come from his mouth and nose. A post-mortem examination was made at the instance of the Procurator Fiscal, by Dr. Moffat, of Falkirk, and myself, at 5 p.m., of which the following is a report:—


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
E Podyacheva ◽  
T Zemlianukhina ◽  
E Simanovsky ◽  
E Fedorova ◽  
T Baranova

Aim. The article deals with studying the systemic protective mechanisms of the brain against hypoxia during water immersion in highly skilled swimmers. Material and methods. 25 males aged 18–20 years were examined: 9 masters of sports, one master of sports of international class and 15 people not involved in sports. The study of cerebral blood flow was carried out by rheoencephalography (REG). REG was recorded at rest, when the face was immersed in water and during recovery. Examination was carried out 2 hours after the morning training session. In addition to cerebral blood flow, ECG and blood pressure were recorded at rest, during water immersion and recovery. Statistical data processing was performed using nonparametric Mann–Whitney and Wilcoxon criteria. Results. It was revealed that athletes at rest demonstrated more pronounced asymmetry of blood circulation and higher blood flow in the right hemisphere than people not involved in sports. However, during water immersion, the asymmetry disappears, blood flow improves, especially in the left hemisphere in the carotid artery territory as a result of a decrease in the tone of small vessels. In people not involved in sports, protective mechanisms are less pronounced. Conclusion. Vast experience in sports activities related to exercises performed in water and to training hypoxic exercises contributed to effective protective mechanisms against hypoxia based on the diving reflex.


2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 392-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radosav Radosavkic ◽  
Dusan Vapa ◽  
Vladimir Pilija

Introduction. Ligature strangulation represents a violent mechanical asphyxiation caused by tightening a loop around the victim?s neck, pulled either by an active or passive force. Mechanism of death is most often due to cerebral hypoxia caused by compression of blood vessels which feed the brain, but it can also occur either due to compression and closing the air passages or by stimulating the superior laryngeal nerve. Case Report. An 81-year-old woman was found in her home lying across the couch with a bathrobe belt tied around her neck and a knot at the back side. Body examination showed congestion of the face, conjunctival petechiae as well as a ligature mark in the middle of the neck. The internal examination revealed hematomas on the left side of the tongue, on its base and in the neck muscles on the left side. Conclusion. Thorough forensic expertise of a strangulation case includes the circumstances surrounding the death, detailed information of a crime scene and a complete autopsy report. The relevant pieces of information obtained from each of the investigation phase can be vital for making the right decision about the cause of death.


2009 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 1008-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Anghinoni ◽  
A. S. Magri ◽  
A. Di Blasio ◽  
L. Toma ◽  
E. Sesenna

Abstract This case report shows the possibility of the application of a mandibular osteotomy to resolve mandibular asymmetry with independent and discordant movements of both bony segments. The authors report the case of a 25-year-old woman referred for mandibular asymmetry, with a transverse excess of the right hemi mandible and vertical defect of the left one. The patient underwent a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, midline osteotomy, and genioplasty, which corrected the mandibular asymmetry with contraction of the entire right hemi mandible. A slight left vertical increase was also obtained through the surgically created lateral open bite. In the follow-up assessment, the patient's face appeared symmetrical with normalization of the bizygomatic-bigonial relationships, and the facial shape corresponded to ideal anthropometric features. This technique resulted in resolution of mandibular asymmetry. In addition, mandibular osteotomy permits the esthetic management of the shape of the entire mandibular body in relation to the other third of the face.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongya Wu ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Jun Feng

AbstractBrain connectivity plays an important role in determining the brain region’s function. Previous researchers proposed that the brain region’s function is characterized by that region’s input and output connectivity profiles. Following this proposal, numerous studies have investigated the relationship between connectivity and function. However, based on a preliminary analysis, this proposal is deficient in explaining individual differences in the brain region’s function. To overcome this problem, we proposed that a brain region’s function is characterized by that region’s multi-hops connectivity profile. To test this proposal, we used multi-hops functional connectivity to predict the individual face response of the right fusiform face area (rFFA) via a multi-layers graph neural network and showed that the prediction performance is essentially improved. Results also indicated that the 2-layers graph neural network is the best in characterizing rFFA’s face response and revealed a hierarchical network for the face processing of rFFA.


The head of this animal, or rather fœtus, for it was not bom alive, was disproportionately small, and had no resemblance to the natural form except in the external ears, which were contiguous, and placed on the front part of the head. Between them was an opening, which proved to be the common passage to both the œsophagus and the trachea. All the organs which are usually found on the face were here wanting; there being neither eyes, nose, nor any of the apparatus belonging to the mouth: the cranium was formed into a hard bone, bearing a near resemblance to the head of a tortoise, and about the size of a plover’s egg. On dissecting this singular production, it was found that the whole cerebrum and all its nerves were wanting. It is hence inferred that the formation and growth of animals in the uterus are independent of any influence from those parts of the brain which properly belong to sensation. The author regrets that this animal did not live to show the phenomena of volition directed to its limbs and other parts, without that intelligence from the organs of the senses which regulate the actions of perfect animals. A careful observance of such circumstances, he thinks, might lead to discoveries of the greatest importance in that part of physiology which is still enveloped in much obscurity.


2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 3590-3605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jodie Davies-Thompson ◽  
Giulia V Elli ◽  
Mohamed Rezk ◽  
Stefania Benetti ◽  
Markus van Ackeren ◽  
...  

Abstract The brain has separate specialized computational units to process faces and voices located in occipital and temporal cortices. However, humans seamlessly integrate signals from the faces and voices of others for optimal social interaction. How are emotional expressions, when delivered by different sensory modalities (faces and voices), integrated in the brain? In this study, we characterized the brains’ response to faces, voices, and combined face–voice information (congruent, incongruent), which varied in expression (neutral, fearful). Using a whole-brain approach, we found that only the right posterior superior temporal sulcus (rpSTS) responded more to bimodal stimuli than to face or voice alone but only when the stimuli contained emotional expression. Face- and voice-selective regions of interest, extracted from independent functional localizers, similarly revealed multisensory integration in the face-selective rpSTS only; further, this was the only face-selective region that also responded significantly to voices. Dynamic causal modeling revealed that the rpSTS receives unidirectional information from the face-selective fusiform face area, and voice-selective temporal voice area, with emotional expression affecting the connection strength. Our study promotes a hierarchical model of face and voice integration, with convergence in the rpSTS, and that such integration depends on the (emotional) salience of the stimuli.


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