scholarly journals Negative S- contrast with minimally contingent large reward as a function of trial initiation procedure

1970 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Harris ◽  
Ira Collerain ◽  
John C. Wolf ◽  
H. Wayne Ludvigson
Keyword(s):  
Large Reward

scholarly journals Effects of early life and current housing on sensitivity to reward loss in a successive negative contrast test in pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Luo ◽  
I. Reimert ◽  
E. A. M. Graat ◽  
S. Smeets ◽  
B. Kemp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Large Reward ◽  
Small Reward ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Negative Contrast ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Sensitivity To Reward ◽  
Successive Negative Contrast

Abstract Animals in a negative affective state seem to be more sensitive to reward loss, i.e. an unexpected decrease in reward size. The aim of this study was to investigate whether early-life and current enriched vs. barren housing conditions affect the sensitivity to reward loss in pigs using a successive negative contrast test. Pigs (n = 64 from 32 pens) were housed in barren or enriched conditions from birth onwards, and at 7 weeks of age experienced either a switch in housing conditions (from barren to enriched or vice versa) or not. Allotting pigs to the different treatments was balanced for coping style (proactive vs. reactive). One pig per pen was trained to run for a large reward and one for a small reward. Reward loss was introduced for pigs receiving the large reward after 11 days (reward downshift), i.e. from then onwards, they received the small reward. Pigs housed in barren conditions throughout life generally had a lower probability and higher latency to get the reward than other pigs. Proactive pigs ran overall slower than reactive pigs. After the reward downshift, all pigs ran slower. Nevertheless, reward downshift increased the latency and reduced the probability to get to the reward, but only in pigs exposed to barren conditions in early life, which thus were more sensitive to reward loss than pigs from enriched early life housing. In conclusion, barren housed pigs seemed overall less motivated for the reward, and early life housing conditions had long-term effects on the sensitivity to reward loss.

scholarly journals Overt attentional capture by reward-related stimuli overcomes inhibitory suppression

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Pearson ◽  
Poppy Watson ◽  
Phillip Cheng ◽  
Mike Le Pelley
Keyword(s):  
Large Reward ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Small Reward ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Target Template ◽  
Irrelevant Distractors ◽  
Separate Line ◽  
Special Priority

Salient-but-irrelevant distractors can automatically capture attention and eye-gaze in visualsearch. However, recent findings have suggested that attention to salient-but-irrelevant stimulican be suppressed when observers use a specific target template to guide their search (i.e.,feature search). A separate line of research has indicated that attentional selection isinfluenced by factors other than the physical salience of a stimulus and the observer’s goals.For instance, pairing a stimulus with reward has been shown to increase the extent to which itcaptures attention and gaze (as though it has become more physically salient), even when suchcapture has negative consequences for the observer. Here we used eye-tracking with arewarded visual search task to investigate whether capture by reward can be suppressed in thesame way as capture by physical salience. When participants were encouraged to use featuresearch, attention to a distractor paired with relatively small reward was suppressed. However,under the same conditions attention was captured by a distractor paired with large reward,even when such capture resulted in reward omission. These findings suggest thatreward-related stimuli are given special priority within the visual attention system over andabove physically-salient stimuli, and have implications for our understanding of real-worldbiases to reward-related stimuli, such as those seen in addiction.

Effect of Varied Magnitude of Reward on Runway Performance

1964 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-202
Author(s):  
Douglas L. Grimsley ◽  
Robert D. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Large Reward ◽  
Small Reward ◽  
Runway Performance ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Reward Group ◽  
Varied Reinforcement

Runway speed was investigated in 3 groups of water-deprived rats ( n = 14 per group) given one trial per day for 100 days. No statistically significant differences were found between Ss continuously receiving 0.8 cc (large reward group) or 0.1 cc (small reward group) of water and those given 0.8 cc and 0.1 cc (varied reward group) semirandomly. These data are not consistent with a position derived from a micromolar theory holding that continuous reinforcement training results in better performance than varied reinforcement training.

scholarly journals In monkeys making value-based decisions, amygdala neurons are sensitive to cue value as distinct from cue salience

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 1499-1511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin L. Leathers ◽  
Carl R. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Large Reward ◽  
Small Reward ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Variable Size ◽  
Motivational Salience ◽  
Cue Salience ◽  
Activity Dependent ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Identical Task

Neurons in the lateral intraparietal (LIP) area of macaque monkey parietal cortex respond to cues predicting rewards and penalties of variable size in a manner that depends on the motivational salience of the predicted outcome (strong for both large reward and large penalty) rather than on its value (positive for large reward and negative for large penalty). This finding suggests that LIP mediates the capture of attention by salient events and does not encode value in the service of value-based decision making. It leaves open the question whether neurons elsewhere in the brain encode value in the identical task. To resolve this issue, we recorded neuronal activity in the amygdala in the context of the task employed in the LIP study. We found that responses to reward-predicting cues were similar between areas, with the majority of reward-sensitive neurons responding more strongly to cues that predicted large reward than to those that predicted small reward. Responses to penalty-predicting cues were, however, markedly different. In the amygdala, unlike LIP, few neurons were sensitive to penalty size, few penalty-sensitive neurons favored large over small penalty, and the dependence of firing rate on penalty size was negatively correlated with its dependence on reward size. These results indicate that amygdala neurons encoded cue value under circumstances in which LIP neurons exhibited sensitivity to motivational salience. However, the representation of negative value, as reflected in sensitivity to penalty size, was weaker than the representation of positive value, as reflected in sensitivity to reward size. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to characterize amygdala neuronal responses to cues predicting rewards and penalties of variable size in monkeys making value-based choices. Manipulating reward and penalty size allowed distinguishing activity dependent on motivational salience from activity dependent on value. This approach revealed in a previous study that neurons of the lateral intraparietal (LIP) area encode motivational salience. Here, it reveals that amygdala neurons encode value. The results establish a sharp functional distinction between the two areas.

scholarly journals The effect of number of large reward training trials on behavior following incentive reduction

1968 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 311-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen F. Davis ◽  
Alvin J. North
Keyword(s):  
Large Reward ◽  
Incentive Reduction

Resistance to Extinction as a Function of the Number of Small and Large Rewarded Runway Trials

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 925-926
Author(s):  
Patrick E. Campbell ◽  
Charles M. Crumbaugh ◽  
M. Emily Snodgrass ◽  
Stephen B. Knouse
Keyword(s):  
Linear Function ◽  
Large Reward ◽  
Acquisition Performance ◽  
Resistance To Extinction

4 groups of 10 rats were trained in a runway for 0, 5, 10, or 15 small rewarded (2 pellets) trials prior to being shifted to large reward (24 pellets) for the remainder of 45 trials. Acquisition performance was slower for small than for large reward during the early trials but the groups were not different by the end of acquisition. Resistance to extinction was an increasing linear function of the number of small rewarded trials.

Effects of Preshift Small Magnitude of Reward Received during Goalbox Placements on the Negative Contrast Effect

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 683-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Calef ◽  
Michael C. Choban ◽  
Katherine R. Glenney ◽  
Ruth A. Calef ◽  
Errika M. Mace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Effect ◽  
Large Reward ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Small Reward ◽  
Negative Contrast Effect ◽  
Negative Contrast ◽  
Straight Alley ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Experimental Group

During preshift, one experimental group of rats was given a large magnitude of food reward following a traversal of a straight alley and during a goalbox placement, while the other experimental group was given a small reward during goalbox placement and a large reward following a run. During postshift, all experimental groups were given a small reward of food following a traversal down the runway and during a goalbox placement. A control group was maintained on small reward during placements and following a traversal throughout the study. Only the group who received preshift large reward during placement and following a runway response ran slower to small reward during postshift than the control group maintained on small reward (negative contrast effect).

scholarly journals In Monkeys Making Value-Based Decisions, LIP Neurons Encode Cue Salience and Not Action Value

Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 338 (6103) ◽  
pp. 132-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin L. Leathers ◽  
Carl R. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Large Reward ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Motivational Salience ◽  
Action Value ◽  
Cue Salience

In monkeys deciding between alternative saccadic eye movements, lateral intraparietal (LIP) neurons representing each saccade fire at a rate proportional to the value of the reward expected upon its completion. This observation has been interpreted as indicating that LIP neurons encode saccadic value and that they mediate value-based decisions between saccades. Here, we show that LIP neurons representing a given saccade fire strongly not only if it will yield a large reward but also if it will incur a large penalty. This finding indicates that LIP neurons are sensitive to the motivational salience of cues. It is compatible neither with the idea that LIP neurons represent action value nor with the idea that value-based decisions take place in LIP neurons.

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