Effects of association, frequency, and stimulus quality on naming words in the presence or absence of pseudowords

Two experiments are reported that examined the joint effects of word frequency and stimulus quality in the context of a lexical decision task. In the first experiment the interval between response to a stimulus and onset of the next stimulus was 0.8 sec, and the effect of the two factors was additive. In the second this interval was 3.3 sec, and the effect of reducing stimulus quality was greater for infrequent words than for frequent words. This is similar to the result of Norris (1984). The inability of current models of word recognition to explain this finding is discussed.

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Lexical effects on phonetic categorization: The role of stimulus naturalness and stimulus quality.

Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance ◽

10.1037/0096-1523.21.5.1230 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 1230-1235 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Martha W. Burton ◽

Sheila E. Blumstein

Keyword(s):

Stimulus Quality ◽

Lexical Effects ◽

Phonetic Categorization

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Categorical perception as a function of stimulus quality.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America ◽

10.1121/1.419354 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 101 (5) ◽

pp. 3199-3199

Author(s):

A. J. van Hessen ◽

M. E. H. Schouten

Keyword(s):

Categorical Perception ◽

Stimulus Quality

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Recent advances in research on the association between consciousness and unconsciousness in China

Theory & Psychology ◽

10.1177/0959354319895807 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 99-120

Author(s):

Jia Liu ◽

Yongquan Huo

Keyword(s):

Experimental Research ◽

The Novel ◽

Stimulus Quality ◽

Experimental Development ◽

Emergence Theory ◽

Recent Advances ◽

Chinese Scholars ◽

Theoretical Thinking ◽

Room Model

In recent decades, Chinese scholars have introduced and modified several experimental paradigms for studying consciousness. With the advent of new fields, the paradigms used by Chinese scholars are essentially at the level of those used abroad. More importantly, they have proposed theories of consciousness including the concrete-and-steel model; the model of the interrelationship between consciousness, attention, and stimulus quality; the station monitoring room model; and the emergence theory. These theories have similarities as well as differences with classical theories of consciousness and unconsciousness, and have enriched the theoretical thinking in this field. However, there is still room for considerable theoretical and experimental development of the novel consciousness and unconsciousness research emerging from China; theories must be further developed and additional experimental research conducted in China.

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Mathematical models for estimating preferential pairing and recombination in triploid hybrids

Genome ◽

10.1139/g88-122 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

pp. 745-757 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

J. Sybenga

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Models ◽

Genetic Factors ◽

Triploid Hybrid ◽

Preferential Pairing ◽

Single Degree Of Freedom ◽

Single Degree ◽

Association Frequency ◽

Ring Bivalents ◽

Normal Pairing ◽

Pairing Behaviour

Different mathematical models for estimating pairing and recombination parameters for triploid hybrids with two-armed chromosomes are discussed. In most models all information on preferential pairing is contained in the ratio of trivalents and ring bivalents and can be estimated independently of the chiasmate association frequencies in the two chromosome arms. The single degree of freedom available only permits the estimation of ranges of the three possible pairing relations between the three genomes. Alternatively, a single parameter can be estimated when additional assumptions are made. When the ratio r between the frequencies of trivalents and ring bivalents, independent of arm length differences and with a theoretical maximum of 2, is about 1, the ranges of the frequencies of the three pairing combinations are wide. When r becomes smaller than 1, very soon the ranges become limited to values where one of the three is relatively large and positive and the other two negative and varying between equal to very different, depending on slight changes in the first. When the frequency of open bivalents is relatively high and the frequency of univalents low, there most probably is a difference in chiasmate association frequency between the two arms of the average chromosome and this difference can be quantified. When the number of univalents is only slightly higher than expected on the basis of the number of open bivalents, the reason may be that (quantifiably) more chiasmata are formed after bivalent pairing than after trivalent pairing within certain ranges of r, and certain ranges of the average chiasmate association frequency. When the excess of univalents is larger, this is best explained by a failure of entire chromosomes to find each other. This degree of pairing failure can be estimated. All models have been applied to the triploid hybrid between allotetraploid Trifolium repens and diploid T. nigrescens. Assuming that the two genomes of T. repens do not pair, which cannot be demonstrated with certainty, the two genomes pair with the nigrescens genome with frequencies of 0.828 and 0.171, respectively. Introgression then occurs into either genome but not with the same frequency. If the repens genomes pair, this would be caused by either genetic factors disturbing the normal pairing behaviour or the absence of strict homologues. Then the relative pairing frequency between T. nigrescens and one of the T. repens genomes would be 0.838 and on an average 0.081 between the two other combinations, with a possibly considerable but unknown difference. The high average chiasmate arm association frequency (0.650) suggests that affinity between the pairing genomes is not very low. The average two arms do not differ in chiasma frequency.Key words: triploid hybrids, preferential pairing, recombination, mathematical models, Trifolium.

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