scholarly journals Ceftaroline fosamil: clinical experience after 23-month prescription in a tertiary hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-119
Author(s):  
Alicia Alonso Álvarez ◽  
Lucía Ramos Merino ◽  
Laura María Castelo Corral ◽  
Ana Padín Trigo ◽  
Dolores Sousa Regueiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Previous Treatment ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Ceftaroline Fosamil ◽  
First Line Therapy ◽  
Osteoarticular Infections ◽  
Discontinuation Of Treatment ◽  
Infectious Condition

Objective. To determine the indications, success rate and adverse effects of ceftaroline fosamil treatment in a tertiary hospital. Material and methods. In total, 84 cases from February 2018 to December 2019 were retrospectively analysed. No exclusion criteria were applied. Results. Eighty-four patients, with a median age of 70 years, of which, 6.7% (56) were male, were treated with ceftaroline fosamil for a median of 14 days. Most indications were off-label, including 29 endocarditis (34.5%), 14 bacteraemia (16.6%), 5 Central nervous system (CNS) infections (6%) and 19 osteoarticular infections (22.6%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated microorganism, including 28 methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA; 33.3%) and 14 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA; 16.7%), followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (23, 27.4%). The main reason for ceftaroline fosamil prescription was the failure of previous treatment (41.7% of cases). Treatment was successful in 60/84 patients (71.4%) and failed clinically or microbiologically in 14 (16.7%). Eight patients died for a reason not related to the infection and two were found to have a non-infectious condition. Twenty-two of thirty-five (62.8%) patients prescribed ceftaroline because of failure of previous treatment improved, including eight endocarditis and seven bacteraemia. Adverse effects were reported in five patients (5.9%) including neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, transaminases elevation and creatinine elevation; all except one were mild and all resolved after discontinuation of treatment. Conclusions. Ceftaroline fosamil is a well-tolerated cephalosporine, effective against multi- resistant gram-positive and many gram-negative microorganisms. Our experience suggests that it is effective as a rescue or first-line therapy in other indications than those currently approved.

EFFICACY OF MODIFIED BISMUTH QUADRUPLE THERAPY (RBMA) AS FIRST-LINE THERAPY FOR ERADICATION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC GASTRITIS

2019 ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Van Huy Tran
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Chronic Gastritis ◽  
Eradication Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
First Line ◽  
Helicobacter Pylori Eradication ◽  
Quadruple Therapy ◽  
First Line Therapy ◽  
Line Therapy

Background and aims: Efficacy with substitution of tetracycline with amoxicillin, an antibiotics having a very low resistance rate and a high tolerability, in bismuth quadruple therapy (BQT) have not been studied in Vietnam. Our study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of modified BQT vs. standard BQT for first-line Helicobacter pylori eradication. Patients and methods: This is a randomized, prospective study. 120 patients with H.pylori positive-chronic gastritis were randomly divided into two groups. The RBMA group containing rabeprazole 20 mg, bismuth subsalicylic 524mg, metronidazole 500mg, amoxicillin 1000mg, all 2 times a day, for 14 days. The RBMT group received rabeprazole, bismuth subsalicylic, metronidazole and tetracycline. Evaluation for compliance and drug-related side effects were evaluated at the end of two weeks. 4-6 weeks after the end of treatment, the H.pylori eradication rate was determined by the C13urease breath test. Results: Eradication rate was not statistically significative different between the RBMA and the RBMT: 91.2%; 95% confidence interval, 78.2% - 96.7%) vs. 90%; 95% CI, 81.6% - 96.3%) by per-protocol analysis (p = 0.42) and 86.7% (95%CI, 75.84% - 93.09%) vs. 75% (95%CI, 62.1% - 85.3%) by intention-to-treat analysis (ITT, p = 0.06). Adverse effects were significant higher in the RBMT group than in the RBMA group (48.3% vs. 26.7%; p = 0.071) and rate of good compliance was significantly higher in RBMA group than in RBMT group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The modified BQT including rabeprazole, bismuth, metronidazole and amoxicillin achieved a fairly high rate of H.pylori infection eradication with a higher compliance and lower rate of adverse effects compared to the BQT in patients with chronic gastritis. Further studies need to conduct to confirm this new regimens as a first-line therapy in our country. Key words: Modified bismuth quadruple therapy, BQT, Helicobacter pylori eradication

scholarly journals Determination of Oligohydramnios and Its Perinatal Outcome in Tertiary Hospital, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 616-620
Author(s):  
S. M. Sindhuja ◽  
. Meenakshi
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Perinatal Outcome ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Rare Condition ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Normal Delivery ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Study Population

Introduction: Oligohydramnios is an extremely rare condition where the liquor amnii is deficient in amount to the extent of less than 200 mL at term. Methods and Materials: This study is a retrospective study conducted in Saveetha Medical college from JAN2021- MAR2021 done by random sampling method and 50 patients with oligohydramnios were taken as study population after satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: In the current study, 78 percent of patients received emergency LSCS, while only 22 percent had a normal delivery, in this study, approximately 20% weighed less than 2 kg, The most common cause of Oligohydramnios in this study was idiopathic. Conclusion: Oligohydraminos is now being identified more frequently in regular USG examinations. Oligohydraminos is linked to a higher likelihood of pregnancy problems, as well as a higher rate of death and morbidity.

scholarly journals Systemic and inhaled glucocorticosteroids in acute obstructive laryngotracheitis

2018 ◽  
pp. 50-53
Author(s):  
O. V. Zaytseva
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Corticosteroid Treatment ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
First Line ◽  
First Line Therapy ◽  
Systemic Corticosteroids ◽  
Short Course ◽  
Acute Condition ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

Acute laryngotracheitis (croup) is an acute condition that most commonly affects children of the first 6 years. Croup is caused by viral infection of the upper airway, predominantly by parainfluenza virus. Croup is characterized by the signs of subglottic stenosis, which determines croup severity. Corticosteroids are the mainstay of croup treatment due to a strong anti-inflammatory effect. Typically, duration of corticosteroid treatment in croup does not exce ed several days. Even short-course systemic corticosteroids are associated with a number of adverse effects: nausea, vomiting, behavioral changes and sleep disturbance, etc. According to Russian clinical guidelines for croup management inhaled corticosteroid budesonide is the first line therapy. Budesonide efficacy in croup has been proved in numerous clinical trials. Based on similar effectiveness of inhaled and systemic corticosteroids in croup patients, budesonide is the preferred treatment option, because it helps to minimize the risk of adverse effects.

scholarly journals Anti-Nerve Growth Factor in the Treatment of Low Back Pain and Radiculopathy: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 17;1 (1;17) ◽  
pp. E45-E60
Author(s):  
Joao E D Amadera
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Nerve Growth Factor ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Functional Improvement ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Nerve Growth

Background: Low back pain with or without radiculopathy is an important cause of disability and economic expenditure. However, many patients are not meeting optimal pain control through existing treatments. Recent studies have linked nerve growth factor (NGF) and the pathophysiology of persistent pain. Anti-NGF could be an alternative drug treatment for low back pain. Objective: Systematically review the efficacy and safety of anti-NGF in the treatment of low back pain. Methods: A systematic review of the literature with no language, date or publication status restriction, using Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and the clinicaltrials.gov database. Additional literature was retrieved by conferring with experts in the field or reviewing bibliographies and annals of meetings and congresses. Search terms included “monoclonal antibodies,” “nerve growth factor,” “anti-ngf,” “fulranumab,” “tanezumab,” “sciatica,” “back pain,” and “spine.” Study Design: Inclusion criteria were observational studies with safety as an outcome and randomized or nonrandomized controlled trials studying the efficacy and/or the safety of antiNGF drugs on low back pain. Exclusion criteria included patients with autoimmune conditions or osteoporosis. Studies were assessed independently by 2 authors regarding inclusion/exclusion criteria, risk of bias, clinical relevance, and quality of evidence (GRADE approach). Results: 1,168 studies were retrieved. After excluding duplicates and applying the inclusion/ exclusion criteria, 4 RCTs remained (n = 2,109): 2 for tanezumab, one for REGN475, and one for fulranumab. Only the tanezumab studies showed any significant difference over placebo (n = 1,563) for both pain relief and functional improvement. Conclusions: There is very low evidence that systemically administered anti-NGF therapy has a small positive effect compared to placebo for both pain relief (standarized mean difference [SMD] = -0.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.58 to 0.00) and functional improvement (SMD = -0.21, 95%CI -0.37 to -0.05 ) of low back pain. There was low evidence of adverse effects (AEs) compared to placebo and low evidence of neurological AEs than placebo (relative risk = 1.93, 95%CI 1.41 to 2.64).Tanezumab, as a specific anti-NGF treatment, showed low evidence of a small to moderate effect for pain relief of low back pain (SMD = -0.44, 95%CI -0.81 to -0.07); and low evidence of a small effect for functional improvement (SMD = -0.26, 95%CI -0.40 to -0.12) with systemic administration, although not clinically significant. Tanezumab and anti-NGFs overall had, respectively, moderate and low evidence of overall AEs and serious AEs and a higher risk of developing neurological AEs when compared with placebo. Although anti-NGF, specifically tanezumab, showed a low-to-moderate effect on pain relief and functional improvement, it cannot be recommended for low back pain treatment. Without more research on the pathophysiology of anti-NGFs and adverse effects, its use is not safe in the overall population. However, as corroborated by the US Food and Drug Administration, this meta-analysis underscores a role for greater insight into anti-NGF therapy for painful conditions that are refractory to current drugs, such as oncologic pain, chronic pancreatitis, and phantom-limb pain. Given the pathophysiology of axial pain involving inflammatory mediators and the adverse effects of systemic anti-NGF use, consideration of local therapies may warrant further exploration. Key Words: back pain, anti-ngf, spine, sciatica, nerve growth factor, radiculopathy, treatment

Asymptomatic Bradycardia Possibly Associated With Travoprost Therapy

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-77
Author(s):  
Weeranuj Yamreudeewong ◽  
Allison A. Dell ◽  
Keri R. Pulley ◽  
Patricia D. Stepp
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Product Information ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Sinus Bradycardia ◽  
Ophthalmic Solution ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Aqueous Humor Outflow ◽  
First Line Therapy ◽  
Line Therapy ◽  
First Case

Travoprost (Travatan®), a prostaglandin ophthalmic solution, is a second-line therapy for open-angle glaucoma, according to the Clinical Practice Guideline of the American Optometric Association. Recently, travoprost has been used as a first-line therapy in many patients because of its effectiveness and a once-daily dosing. It lowers the intraocular pressure by enhancing the aqueous humor outflow. Based on the product information, adverse effects such as ocular hyperemia, eye pain, pruritus, and bradycardia have been associated with travoprost therapy. Significant bradycardia is defined as heart rate or pulse of less than 60 beats per minute. We report on an 87-year-old man who experienced asymptomatic bradycardia while using travoprost ophthalmic solution. The pulse in our patient ranged from 42 to 50 beats per minute while receiving travoprost therapy during his hospitalization. Travoprost ophthalmic solution was discontinued because it was thought to be the likely cause of significant sinus bradycardia in our patient. After travoprost discontinuation, the average pulse of the patient was 66 beats per minute. Based on Naranjo’s Scoring System (an objective tool) for assessing the likelihood of drug-induced adverse effects, the score of 3 was obtained, which indicated a “possible” adverse effect. To our knowledge, this is the first case report about significant bradycardia possibly associated with travoprost therapy.

scholarly journals Macroprolactinoma Shrinkage during Cabergoline Treatment Is Greater in Naive Patients Than in Patients Pretreated with Other Dopamine Agonists: A Prospective Study in 110 Patients1

2000 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 2247-2252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annamaria Colao ◽  
Antonella Di Sarno ◽  
Maria Luisa Landi ◽  
Francesco Scavuzzo ◽  
Paolo Cappabianca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Volume ◽  
Previous Treatment ◽  
Weekly Dose ◽  
Tumor Shrinkage ◽  
Tumor Mass ◽  
First Line Therapy ◽  
Subsequent Response ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
A Prospective Study

To investigate whether previous treatment with bromocriptine (BRC) or quinagolide (CV) impairs a subsequent response to long-term cabergoline (CAB) treatment, we prospectively studied 110 patients with macroprolactinoma. Four groups of patients were considered: 1) naive: 26 untreated patients with a mean serum PRL levels of 1013.4 ± 277.7 μg/L (±sem; range, 185.5–5611 μg/L); 2) intolerant: 19 patients previously shown to be intolerant of BRC treatment with a mean serum PRL level of 539.4 ± 172.2 μg/L (range, 174-3564 μg/L); 3) resistant: 37 patients shown to be resistant/hyporesponsive to BRC, CV, or both, with a mean serum PRL level of 602.6 ± 136.8 μg/L (range, 148-3511 μg/L); and 4) responsive: 28 patients previously treated with BRC or CV for 1–5 yr, achieving normoprolactinemia and restoration of gonadal function, but no longer treated with BRC or CV because of poor compliance or because the drug was not available. After a 15- to 30-day washout period, the serum PRL level was 397 ± 43.1 μg/L (140–978μ g/L). CAB treatment was given at doses ranging 0.25–3.5 mg weekly for 1 yr to 110 patients, for 2 yr to 104 patients, and for 3 yr to 81 patients. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed before and after 12, 24, and 36 months of CAB treatment to evaluate significant tumor shrinkage (&gt;80% reduction of pretreatment tumor volume). Among the 26 naive patients, normoprolactinemia was achieved in 21 (80.8%) after 1–6 months at 0.25–2 mg/week and in 5 patients after 24 months at 0.5–3 mg/week. Tumor volume was reduced from 1431.5 ± 310.3 to 47.2 ± 21.5 mm3 (P &lt; 0.0001); average tumor shrinkage was 92.1 ± 2.9%; significant tumor shrinkage was observed in 92.3% of patients, and tumor mass completely disappeared in 16 patients (61.5%). Among the 19 intolerant patients, normoprolactinemia was achieved in 18 (94.7%) after 1–6 months of CAB treatment at 0.25–1 mg/week. One patient remained mildly hyperprolactinemic. Tumor volume was reduced from 1925 ± 423.1 to 842.0 ± 330.7 mm3 (P &lt; 0.001); average tumor shrinkage was 66.2± 6.4%; significant tumor shrinkage was obtained in 42.1% of patients, and tumor mass completely disappeared in 4 patients (21%). Among the 37 resistant patients, normoprolactinemia was achieved in 19 (51.3%) after 6–12 months at 1–2 mg/week and in the remaining 18 patients after 18–24 months at 3–3.5 mg/week. Tumor volume was reduced from 1208.0 ± 173.7 to 471.2 ± 87.3 mm3 (P &lt; 0.005); average tumor shrinkage was 58.4± 4.9%; significant tumor shrinkage was obtained in 10 of 33 patients (30.3%), and in no patient did tumor mass completely disappear. Among the 28 responsive patients, normoprolactinemia was achieved in 23 (82.1%) after 1–6 months at 1–2 mg/week and in 5 patients after 12 months at 3 mg/week. Tumor volume was reduced from 1351.3 ± 181.5 to 757.1 ± 193.6 mm3 (P &lt; 0.01); average tumor shrinkage was 59.2 ± 6.2%; significant tumor shrinkage was obtained in 10 of 26 patients (38.4%), and tumor mass completely disappeared in 4 patients (15.4%). Nadir PRL levels and percent tumor shrinkage during CAB treatment in naive patients were significantly lower (P &lt; 0.001) and higher (P &lt; 0.001), respectively, than those in the remaining three groups, and the average weekly dose of CAB in resistant patients was significantly higher (P &lt; 0.001) than that in the remaining three groups. A significant association was found between tumor shrinkage and previous treatments (χ2 = 27.1; P &lt; 0.0001). At the multistep correlation analysis, nadir PRL levels were the strongest predictors of tumor shrinkage (r2 = 0.556; P &lt; 0.0001), followed by CAB dose (r2 = 0.577; P &lt; 0.0001). The tolerability was excellent in 105 patients (95.4%). In conclusion, the prevalence of macroprolactinoma shrinkage after CAB treatment at standard doses for 1–3 yr was higher in naive patients (92.3%) than in intolerant (42.1%), resistant (30.3%), and responsive patients (38.4%). Thus, CAB can be employed as first line therapy in macroprolactinomas. The more PRL levels were suppressed, the more tumor shrinkage was obtained.

Long-term treatment of macroprolactinomas with CV 205-502

1993 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anette Kvistborg ◽  
Johan Halse ◽  
Soren Bakke ◽  
Trine Bjøro ◽  
Egill Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Gonadal Function ◽  
Serious Adverse Events ◽  
Receptor Affinity ◽  
Discontinuation Of Treatment ◽  
Long Term Treatment

The long-term efficacy and tolerability of CV 205-502, a non-ergot dopamine agonist with D-2 receptor affinity, were studied for up to 36 months in 16 patients with macroprolactinomas. Prolactin values were reduced in all cases, becoming either normalized or suppressed in 12. The pituitary tumor size was reduced in the 13 patients with an obvious tumor and visual function normalized in all six patients with initial defects. Concomitantly we observed improvement in gonadal function, galactorrhea, headache, libido and general well-being. Adverse reactions were experienced by 1 5 patients during dosage increment and caused one patient to discontinue the medication. Seven patients had persistent adverse effects which prohibited a dosage increase of CV 205-502, sufficient to normalize PRL levels in three. Two patients experienced serious adverse events, causing the discontinuation of treatment in one case. In eight patients treatment with CV 205-502 and bromocriptine could be compared. Three patients responded better to CV 205-502 than to bromocriptine treatment. Only one patient preferred bromocriptine to CV 205-502 for long-term treatment. We conclude that CV 205-502 is an effective and in most cases well-tolerated treatment for patients with macroprolactinomas. CV 205-502 is preferable to bromocriptine as an initial treatment and should also be tried in patients where treatment with bromocriptine has failed.

scholarly journals A Review on Pediatric Adverse Effects of First Line Anti-Tubercular Drugs

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 216-218
Author(s):  
ATHULNADH B ◽  
K. Sreejith ◽  
K.V. Musaina Thasneem ◽  
Namitha Maniyan ◽  
P.P. Muhamed Faris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
First Line ◽  
Intensive Phase ◽  
First Line Therapy ◽  
Short Course ◽  
Keywords Tuberculosis ◽  
Directly Observed Treatment ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Health Programmes

Tuberculosis is a potentially serious communicable disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. That mainly affects lungs. Tricky mitigation and diagnosis cause the childhood tuberculosis a growing burden for society. Directly Observed Treatment Short course (DOTS) strategy is one of the largest public health programmes found to be beneficial against tuberculosis. Anti-tubercular treatment shows greater level of efficacy high degree of toxicity; however combination treatment, especially during the intensive phase of therapy may produce severe adverse events. First line therapy of Tuberculosis leads to serious adverse effects. Serious adverse effects are less in children receiving drug therapy. Major adverse event associated with anti TB drugs is hepatotoxicity. Keywords: Tuberculosis, DOTS, isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and streptomycin

scholarly journals Study of Fetomaternal Outcome in Premature Rupture of Membranes in Pregnancy More Than 34 Weeks

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 6136-6143
Author(s):  
Amruta Choudhary ◽  
Sudha Rani ◽  
Gunchoo Kundi ◽  
Arpita Jaiswal
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Premature Rupture Of Membranes ◽  
Premature Rupture ◽  
Maternal Complications ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Neonatal Complications ◽  
Timely Referral

Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) affects approximately 10% of pregnant women. PROM, when unattended or mismanaged may lead to severe maternal and neonatal complications. The present study aims to study the subsequent course of pregnancy and evaluate the maternal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality in PROM patients admitted in our hospital. To study the outcome of PROM and assess the maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. It was a prospective observational study. All the patients of PROM admitted in hospital and considered based on inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. They were induced with either oxytocin or misoprostol depending on their Bishops score. In the group of patients, where PROM delivery interval >18 hours were found to have more maternal complications like puerperal sepsis, chorioamnionitis, wound gape, paralytic ileus, and more neonatal complications like jaundice, sepsis. In our study, maternal morbidity was directly related to the PROM delivery interval. Thus, women diagnosed with PROM should be hospitalised early or referred early to tertiary hospital and actively managed and followed up till delivery. Timely referral and timely intervention can further improve perinatal outcome.

scholarly journals Bacteriological and Mycological Surveillance of Bed Linens at a Major Tertiary Hospital in North-Central Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 324-331
Author(s):  
IW Nyinoh ◽  
OE Onah ◽  
O Bob-Echiwkonye ◽  
K Liamngee
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Knowledge of the microbial diversity on hospital bed linens has implicit significance for infection control because bed linens are likely reservoir and vehicles for healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs). In this study, the diversity of microorganisms that persist on bed linens at Benue State University Teaching Hospital (BSUTH), Makurdi, Nigeria was evaluated. Patients’ bed and surface areas on bed linens were chosen at random from ten different wards and the swab sampling method employed. Of the 30-bed linens sampled, bacteria were more prevalent at 63.3%, and fungi at 34.48%. We identified both bacteria and fungi from eight wards, only fungi from the antenatal ward and no contamination from the amenity ward. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus dominated the bacterial profile. Similarly, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, and Microsporium ferrugenium fungi were also recovered from the bed linens. Amongst the bacteria identified, Escherichia coli gave the highest prevalence at 36.84%, whereas, Candida albicans revealed the highest among the fungi isolates with 50%. Chi-square analysis showed a significant relationship (χ2 = 68.48, df =8, P<0.05) between the microbial contamination and the wards sampled. The mean bacterial count (cfu/ml) was checked for each ward and the female surgical ward showed the highest count of 31.3 × 103 and the paediatric ward had the least count of 2.3 × 103. Control beddings were also contaminated with 1.3 × 103. These results suggest that the bed linens from the hospital wards were contaminated with pathogenic microbes which can contribute to HAIs.  

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