scholarly journals Bacteriological and Mycological Surveillance of Bed Linens at a Major Tertiary Hospital in North-Central Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 324-331
Author(s):  
IW Nyinoh ◽  
OE Onah ◽  
O Bob-Echiwkonye ◽  
K Liamngee
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Knowledge of the microbial diversity on hospital bed linens has implicit significance for infection control because bed linens are likely reservoir and vehicles for healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs). In this study, the diversity of microorganisms that persist on bed linens at Benue State University Teaching Hospital (BSUTH), Makurdi, Nigeria was evaluated. Patients’ bed and surface areas on bed linens were chosen at random from ten different wards and the swab sampling method employed. Of the 30-bed linens sampled, bacteria were more prevalent at 63.3%, and fungi at 34.48%. We identified both bacteria and fungi from eight wards, only fungi from the antenatal ward and no contamination from the amenity ward. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus dominated the bacterial profile. Similarly, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, and Microsporium ferrugenium fungi were also recovered from the bed linens. Amongst the bacteria identified, Escherichia coli gave the highest prevalence at 36.84%, whereas, Candida albicans revealed the highest among the fungi isolates with 50%. Chi-square analysis showed a significant relationship (χ2 = 68.48, df =8, P<0.05) between the microbial contamination and the wards sampled. The mean bacterial count (cfu/ml) was checked for each ward and the female surgical ward showed the highest count of 31.3 × 103 and the paediatric ward had the least count of 2.3 × 103. Control beddings were also contaminated with 1.3 × 103. These results suggest that the bed linens from the hospital wards were contaminated with pathogenic microbes which can contribute to HAIs.  

scholarly journals The canal inclusion complex of allicin with carbamide: Preparation, characterization and microbiological investigation

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Nikolic ◽  
Mihajlo Stankovic ◽  
Ljubisa Nikolic ◽  
Dragan Cvetkovic ◽  
Agnes Kapor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Inclusion Complex ◽  
Microbiological Investigation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Growth Of Bacteria

The carbamide:allicin canal inclusion complex was prepared in the solid state. The structure of the complex obtained was characterized by x-ray crystallography, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The microbiological activities of the inclusion complex and allicin were investigated and compared with respect to fungi (Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404) and bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027). It was found that the inclusion complex inhibited the growth of bacteria and fungi for a longer period than allicin in the free state.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Nanocomposites Prepared from Montmorillonite/Ag+/Quaternary Ammonium Nitrate

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Jienan Chen ◽  
Wenji Yu ◽  
Qingfeng Zhao ◽  
Jin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Organic Montmorillonite ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Nanocomposites of Ag with organic montmorillonite (Ag-OMMT), Ag with montmorillonite (Ag-MMT), and organic montmorillonite (OMMT) were successfully prepared via a one-step solution-intercalated method. Sodium MMT, silver nitrate, and dimethyl octadecyl hydroxy ethyl ammonium nitrate were used as precursors. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses confirmed that the MMT layers were intercalated, and Ag+ was partly reduced to silver nanoparticles with diameters within 10–20 nm in Ag-OMMT. The decomposition temperature of the organic cations in OMMT and Ag-OMMT increased to 220°C, as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetric analysis. The antimicrobial activity of the nanocomposites was tested by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and killing rate. The MICs of Ag-OMMT against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans were 0.313, 2.5, and 0.625 mg/mL, respectively. Because of the presence of quaternary ammonium nitrate, Ag-OMMT has a better MIC against Gram-positive bacteria compared to Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. OMMT did not show antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. In 2 h, 0.0125 mg/mL Ag-OMMT could kill 100% of S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans in solution, and Ag-MMT could kill 99.995% of S. aureus, 90.15% of E. coli, and 93.68% of C. albicans. These antimicrobial functional nanocomposites have the potential for application in the area of surface decoration films.

scholarly journals Microbiological Safety: Evaluation of some Street Vended Ready-to-Eat Fruits Sold in Yenagoa Metropolis, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-608
Author(s):  
Ikpebivie Y. Oku ◽  
Ayodele A. Oyedeji ◽  
Akuru O. I.
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Microbiological Safety ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Microbiological Techniques ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Street vended fruits cause food borne illnesses in developing countries. This study was carried out to determine the microbiological safety of some street vended fruits sold in Yenagoa metropolis of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Freshly cut ready-to-eat vended pawpaw, watermelon and pineapple were analysed for possible contamination with bacteria and fungi using standard microbiological techniques. A total of (17) samples: (5) Pawpaw, (6) Watermelon and (6) Pineapple were obtained from three (3) different local markets in Yenagoa metropolis, namely; Tombia, Opolo and Swali markets. Bacterial count ranged from 1.3x105 to 2.4x106cfu/ml for pineapple; 1.9x105 to 8.1x106cfu/ml for watermelon and 3.7x106 to 7.6x106cfu/ml for pawpaw samples. The highest bacterial count was obtained in watermelon from Opolo market, while the highest fungal count was recorded in pawpaw retailed at Opolo market. Microbial isolates were Bacillus sp, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp, Staphylococcus sp, Klebsiella spp, Citrobacter spp, Proteus spp, Enterobacter spp, Mucor spp and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. There were 58.8% occurrence of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp and occurred most. Bacillus spp and Klebsiella spp had 47.1% occurrence and closely followed by Staphylococcus aureus 41.2%, while Proteus spp had the least 5.9% occurrence. The result obtained may be responsible for the prevalence of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp in Yenagoa metropolis. The presence of these organisms in these ready-to-eat retailed fruits analysed is a reflection of unwholesomeness and gross contamination of the fruits and therefore make the fruits unsafe for human consumption; hence the need for proper microbiological safety analysis of fruits for human consumption.

scholarly journals Investigating the effectiveness of washing cantaloupe melon rind in preventing the transference of surface E. coli into melon flesh

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Chan ◽  
BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health ◽  
Helen Heacock
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Foodborne Illness ◽  
P Value ◽  
Indicator Organism ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Surface Contaminants ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

  Cantaloupe melon was the source of a lethal outbreak of Listeria in 2011. This research investigated whether washing a contaminated cantaloupe rind was sufficient in preventing the transferring of Escherichia coli. Hence, the null hypothesis for this study was that there is no association between washing a contaminated cantaloupe melon and the presence of the contamination in the flesh. In this study, 10 cantaloupes were used to produce a sample size of 20 per washed and unwashed treatments. Each of the samples was transferred to EC broth to determine the presence and absence of Escherichia coli (E. coli), the indicator organism that acted as the “outbreak contaminant.” The results showed 100% of the unwashed melons and 80% of the washed melons to have E. coli transferred into the flesh. A Chi Square analysis produced a p-value of 0.035. The study determined that there was a statistically significant association between washing a melon and the presence of E. coli in the melon flesh. The author recommends washing melon rind as a means to prevent foodborne illness caused by surface contaminants.  

scholarly journals The bacterial profile and sensitivity patterns of isolates from medical equipment and surfaces in the Children’s emergency room of a Nigerian hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 192-197
Author(s):  
Ikenna Kingsley Ndu ◽  
Isaac Nwabueze Asinobi ◽  
Uchenna Ekwochi ◽  
Obinna Chukwuebuka Nduagubam ◽  
Ogechukwu Francesca Amadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Emergency Room ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Cross Sectional

Objective:  Nosocomial infections are those acquired in hospitals or healthcare service units that first appear 48 hours or more after admission or within 30 days after discharge following in-patient care. Knowledge of the bacterial profile and sensitivity patterns of any hospital environment is a key factor in infection control and good antibiotic stewardship. Material and Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Children’s Emergency Room (CHER) of Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria.  Samples for culture were collected from equipment and hospital surfaces. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined for each isolate by the Agar diffusion method using Standard Nutrient Agar 1 discs. Results: Bacterial growth was observed in 83 (70.3%) specimens. Staphylococcus aureus (53.4%) was the most common isolate cultured followed by Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (18.8%), then Escherichia coli (13.9%). Among Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 25.9% were MRSA. Ampicillin resistance of the gram negatives was high. All the Gram-negative isolates were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone. Conclusion: Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, and Escherichia coli were the commonest isolates. More efforts are needed to ensure improved hygiene standards in order to reduce the burden of nosocomial infections.

scholarly journals BACTERIAL CONTAMINATIONS OF USED FACE MASKS COLLECTED FROM DIFFERENT CLINICAL SECTIONS IN A UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL DURING COVID -19 PANDEMIC CRISES IN NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-10
Author(s):  
Obhioze Augustine Akpoka ◽  
A. A. Enaigbe ◽  
C. C. Irodi
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Nutrient Agar ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

This study was carried out to identify and characterize the bacteria and fungi present in used face masks, obtained from some clinical sections of University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria. The phenotypic; microbiological and biochemical identifications of the microorganisms were determined by the pour plate techniques using, nutrient agar according to established standard protocols. The results recorded a mean total bacterial count that ranged from 1.75 ± 0.12 log10 CFU/ml to 4.36 ± 0.28 log10 CFU/ml. However, the samples collected from the Anatomy section recorded the lowest bacterial count (1.75 ± 0.12 log10 CFU/ml) while samples obtained from the Nursing section had the highest bacterial load (4.36 ± 0.28 log10CFU/ml). The overall screening test showed the presence of three bacterial isolates: Peptococcus, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus; Consequently, from the total 64 counted bacterial colonies, the frequency of occurrence was predominated by the Pseudomonas 40 (62.5 %) while, mild counts were respectively reported for Staphylococcus and Peptococcus 18 (28.1 %) and 06 (9.40 %).  Succinctly, this work has highlighted that, the underlying illnesses such as lung abscesses, asthma, otitis, pneumonia and sinusitis associated with the isolated organisms in this experiment are also directly linked or similar to the symptoms displayed in mild and severe cases of COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Covid-19 Mortality in Jos, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-62
Author(s):  
SS Gomerep ◽  
SI McHenry ◽  
DB Kumbak ◽  
NY Galam ◽  
JE Ogwuche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Ventilator Support ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
Duration Of Hospitalization ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 mortality figures in Africa are comparatively lower than the figures in Europe, Asia and the Americas. Many reasons have been adduced for the differences which include the younger population in Africa. We therefore out set to describe the epidemiology and clinical features among in-hospital mortalities in our setting. Methods: This was a retrospective study of all mortalities due to confirmed COVID-19 at the Jos University Teaching Hospital from April 2020 to April 2021. Descriptive statistics were used to present results and Chi Square analysis used to determine the association between morbidities, sex and ventilator use. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 80 mortalities were recorded over the 12 month period. Sixty one (76.0%) were males. The mean age of the study population was 61 ± 15 years and twenty nine (36.3%) were aged ≤59 years. The median duration of hospitalization for in-hospital mortality was 4days (IQR 1-35). Fever; 61(76.3%), cough; 59(73.8 %) and dyspnea; 56 (70.0%) were the commonest presenting symptoms and 35(43.8%) had the three symptoms. Hypertension; 48(60.0%) and type 2 diabetes mellitus; 36(45.0%) were the commonest co-morbidities in the patients, and 31(38.8%) had at least two co-morbidities. Eighteen (22.5%) had both hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Hypertension and having two or more co-morbidities where associated with requirement for ventilator support (P <0.013 and P<0.001 respectively). Conclusion: Fever, cough, dyspnea and two or more co-morbidities are common among COVID-19 mortalities in Jos. Efforts to quickly identify such patients and manage comorbidities are needed to reduce mortality.

Microbiological characteristics of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis in an Asian tertiary hospital 2011–2014

2019 ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Mui Hian Sim
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Singapore General Hospital ◽  
Microbiological Characteristics ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Background Peritonitis is the leading cause of technique failure among peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. The study aimed to examine the microbiological characteristics of PD-related peritonitis in a tertiary hospital in Singapore. Methods A retrospective, cross-sectional study was performed at Singapore General Hospital (SGH). Data of patients diagnosed with PD-related peritonitis from January 2011 to December 2014 were collected. Microbiological characteristics of PD-related peritonitis were reported using descriptive statistics. Results A total of 377 episodes of peritonitis occurred in 247 patients. The average peritonitis rate in the centre was 0.23 episodes per patient year. There were 118 (31.2%) Gram-positive, 98 (26.0%) Gram-negative, 58 (15.4%) polymicrobial, 16 (4.2%) fungal, 2 (0.5%) mycobacterium and 85 (22.6%) culture-negative, PD-related peritonitis episodes. The three main Gram-positive micro-organisms isolated from peritoneal fluid cultures were Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus (CoNS) (n=70, 17.6%), Streptococcus spp. (n=52, 13.1%) and Enterococcus spp. (n=28, 7.1%), while the three main Gram-negative isolates were Escherichia coli (n=50, 12.6%), Klebsiella spp. (n=46, 11.6%) and Enterobacter spp. (n=27, 6.8%). Candida parapsilosis (n=9, 1.9%) was the commonest fungus identified. Only 33 (47.1%) CoNS strains were sensitive to cefazolin, which was used in the institution for empiric coverage of Gram-positive micro-organisms in PD-peritonitis. All Streptococcus strains were sensitive to cefazolin (n=52). The majority of Escherichia coli (n=38, 76%), Klebsiella spp. (n=37, 80.4%) and Enterobacter spp. (n=18, 66.7%) strains were sensitive to gentamicin, the empiric antibiotic used for coverage of Gram-negative micro-organisms. Conclusions Our findings highlight the importance of regular monitoring of micro-organisms and their antimicrobial sensitivities in determining appropriate, centre-specific empirical antibiotics.

scholarly journals Clinical characterisation and management outcomes of COVID-19 infection in pregnancy in a Nigerian tertiary hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3691
Author(s):  
Omotade A. Ijarotimi ◽  
Akaninyene E. Ubom ◽  
Ibraheem O. Awowole ◽  
Ekundayo O. Ayegbusi ◽  
Oluwafemi Kuti
Keyword(s):  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
In Pregnancy

Background: Literature on the antenatal and perinatal management and outcomes of COVID-19 infection in pregnancy in Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa is gradually emerging but sparse. There is an urgent need to build up the knowledge base of COVID-19 infection in Nigerian pregnant women. The objective of the current study was to determine the clinical characteristics and management outcomes of COVID-19 infection in pregnancy at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Nigeria.Methods: A one-year retrospective review of all cases of COVID-19 infection in pregnancy managed at the OAUTHC. Relevant data were extracted from the case records of all cases managed using a purpose-designed proforma. Data collected was analysed using IBM-SPSS, version 24. Associations between categorical variables were assessed using chi square, with level of significance set at <0.05.Results: A total of 22 cases were managed. Majority (15, 68.2%) of the women were either asymptomatic or had mild symptoms. The commonest symptom was cough (8, 36.4%). The mean duration of admission was 6.6±4.2 days. The most common maternal and perinatal complication was preterm delivery/birth (3, 13.6%). There was no maternal mortality. The mean birth weight of the babies was 3226g±597g, with mean 1- and 5- minutes Apgar scores of 8.0±1.3 and 9.5±0.6 respectively.Conclusions: Although COVID-19 infection in pregnancy is an asymptomatic or mild infection in the majority of cases in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, it is associated with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Further studies are recommended to determine transplacental transmission of COVID-19 infection and antibodies.

scholarly journals Survey of knowledge and perceptions of antibiotic resistance and antibiotic stewardship among doctors and pharmacists in a tertiary hospital: a pilot study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Akpan ◽  
Idong Imo Kingsley ◽  
Agantem Ekuma ◽  
Arit Udoh
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Stewardship ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Global Action ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Abstract Background: Antibiotic resistance poses a serious global public health threat and results in prolonged illness, increased mortality and cost. The WHO global action plan on antibiotic resistance emphasizes five strategic objectives, including improved awareness of antibiotic resistance and optimization of antibiotic use. The objectives of this study were to assess doctors’ and pharmacists’ knowledge and perceptions of antibiotic resistance and stewardship, and hospital’s preparedness to implement antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs).Methods: One hundred and twenty-four doctors and 61 pharmacists were surveyed in University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Descriptive and Pearson chi-square analysis were carried out to compare knowledge and perceptions between the two groups. Results: Both doctors and pharmacists perceived antibiotic resistance as a global and national problem (98% vs 97%), respectively. Both groups perceived excessive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and antibiotics for common cold and cough increase resistance (84% vs 75%, 71% vs 82%, respectively). Only 47% of doctors and 53% of pharmacists correctly defined antibiotic stewardship with 77% and 85%, respectively, agreeing that restriction of certain antibiotics reduces resistance. There was with no significant difference in knowledge between the two groups in majority of questions/statements; however, there was association between length of practice and knowledge of causes of antibiotic resistance (F = 2.586; p = 0.028).Conclusion: Participants in this study showed good knowledge of the prevalence and causes of antibiotic resistance, as well as antibiotic stewardship strategies. There was however little awareness of the hospital’s plan to implement ASPs. Hospital management needs to emphasize optimizing antibiotic use through stewardship programs.

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