scholarly journals Effectiveness of shaping procedure and time in establishing nutritious bushy mulberry groves from cinctured cuttings in the conditions of Khorezm region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrakhim Kurbanov ◽  
◽  
Chorshanbi Bekkamov ◽  
Sokhibova Nigora Sadritdinovna ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shaping Procedure

Effects of a Shaped Pattern Preference on Depth Avoidance by Human Infants in the Visual Cliff Situation

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 919-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Warnberg ◽  
John W. Somervill
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cliff ◽  
Patterned Surfaces ◽  
Deep Side ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Shaping Procedure ◽  
Pattern Preference ◽  
Shaped Pattern

19 crawling infants were presented on the visual cliff. Subsequently, a preference for a smaller checked pattern was successfully established for 10 infants in a non-depth situation where both patterns were placed directly beneath the glass. Although no infants descended to the deep side when patterned surfaces were displayed in the pretest, 5 of 10 infants who reached criterion for the shaping procedure descended to the deep side and 5 to the shallow in a posttest. Under nonpatterned conditions, a consistent preference for shallow or deep sides was not evidenced in either pretest or posttest conditions.

A Shaping Procedure to Modulate Two Cognitive Tasks to Improve a Sensorimotor Rhythm-Based Brain-Computer Interface System

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro da Silva-Sauer ◽  
Luis Valero-Aguayo ◽  
Francisco Velasco-Álvarez ◽  
Álvaro Fernández-Rodríguez ◽  
Ricardo Ron-Angevin
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Brain Computer Interface ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Mental Demand ◽  
Shaping Procedure

AbstractThis study aimed to propose an adapted feedback using a psychological learning technique based on Skinner’s shaping method to help the users to modulate two cognitive tasks (right-hand motor imagination and relaxed state) and improve better control in a Brain-Computer Interface. In the first experiment, a comparative study between performance in standard feedback (N = 9) and shaping method (N = 10) was conducted. The NASA Task Load Index questionnaire was applied to measure the user’s workload. In the second experiment, a single case study was performed (N = 5) to verify the continuous learning by the shaping method. The first experiment showed significant interaction effect between sessions and group (F(1, 17) = 5.565; p = .031) which the shaping paradigm was applied. A second interaction effect demonstrates a higher performance increase in the relax state task with shaping procedure (F(1, 17) = 5. 038; p = .038). In NASA-TXL an interaction effect was obtained between the group and the cognitive task in Mental Demand (F(1, 17) = 6, 809; p = .018), Performance (F(1, 17) = 5, 725; p = .029), and Frustration (F(1, 17) = 9, 735; p = .006), no significance was found in Effort. In the second experiment, a trial-by-trial analysis shows an ascendant trend learning curve for the cognitive task with the lowest initial acquisition (relax state). The results suggest the effectiveness of the shaping procedure to modulate brain rhythms, improving mainly the cognitive task with greater initial difficulty and provide better interaction perception.

scholarly journals Training Petting Zoo Sheep to Act Like Petting Zoo Sheep: An Empirical Evaluation of Response-Independent Schedules and Shaping with Negative Reinforcement

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo J. Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Differential Reinforcement ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Successive Approximations ◽  
Avoidance Behaviors ◽  
Shaping Procedure ◽  
Informal Observation ◽  
Changing Criterion ◽  
Changing Criterion Design

Shaping through differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a target response has been a cornerstone procedure for the training of novel behavior. However, much of how it has traditionally been implemented occurs through informal observation, rather than any direct, systematic measurement. In the present study, we examine the use of response-independent food schedules and shaping for increasing approach and contact behaviors in petting zoo sheep. In Experiment 1, a fixed-time (FT) 15 s food schedule was used to effectively increase approach and contact behaviors in one sheep. In Experiment 2, negative reinforcement in the form of removal of the presence of a trainer was made contingent on the successful completion of approximations within a shaping procedure and later switched to food rewards. A changing-criterion design was used to empirically examine the effects of the shaping procedure during each step of the program. The result is one of the first studies to demonstrate the utility of using negative reinforcement within a shaping procedure to successfully intervene on approach/avoidance behaviors in an applied animal setting.

scholarly journals 6-Month-Old Infants’ Sensitivity to Contingency in a Variant of the Mobile Paradigm With Proximal Stimulation Studied at Fine Temporal Resolution in the Laboratory

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergiu Tcaci Popescu ◽  
Alice Dauphin ◽  
Judith Vergne ◽  
J. Kevin O’Regan
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Sensory Effects ◽  
Stop And Go ◽  
Shaping Procedure ◽  
Sensorimotor Contingencies ◽  
Future Work

Infants’ ability to monitor “sensorimotor contingencies,” i.e., the sensory effects of their own actions, is an important mechanism underlying learning. One method that has been used to investigate this is the “mobile paradigm,” in which a mobile above an infant’s crib is activated by motion of one of the infant’s limbs. Although successfully used in numerous experiments performed in infants’ homes to investigate memory and other types of learning, the paradigm seems less robust for demonstrating sensitivity to sensorimotor contingencies when used in the laboratory. One purpose of the present work was to show that certain changes to the mobile paradigm would make it easier for infants to show their sensitivity to the contingency in the lab. In particular, we used proximal stimulation on infants’ wrists instead of the usual mobile, and our stimulation was coincident with the limbs that caused it. Our stimulation was either on or off, i.e., not modulated by the amount the infant moved. Finally, we used a “shaping” procedure to help the infant discover the contingency. In addition to these changes in the paradigm, by analyzing infants’ limb activity at 10-s resolution instead of the usual 1-min resolution, we were able to show that infants’ sensitivity to the contingency became apparent already within the first minute of establishment of the contingency. Finally, we showed how two alternate measures of sensitivity to contingency based on probability of repeated movements and on “stop and go” motion strategies may be of interest for future work.

scholarly journals TEACHING A CHILD WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS TO TOLERATE DELAYED REINFORCEMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Gajić ◽  
Bojana Arsić ◽  
Dragana Maćešić-Petrović ◽  
Aleksandra Bašić ◽  
Ružica Zdravković Parezanović
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Home Environment ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Wait Time ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Delayed Reinforcement ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Shaping Procedure ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Present Case Study

It is necessary to teach children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) delayed reinforcement skills. The aim of the present case study was to examine the effectiveness of shaping procedure application in order to increase appropriate wait time with a six year old boy diagnosed with ASD. In this study we applied delayed reinforcement protocol, which is based on the shaping procedure. The procedure was applied during discrete trial training, natural environment teaching and in home environment by parents. Baseline data was collected regarding adequate wait time exhibited by a participant in three different sessions, where it was established that average wait time duration was four seconds. In eleven sessions, the child mastered the desired skill. A significant progress was related to the application of the protocol in home environment by the parents and the autonomous use of behavior self-regulation strategies. It is relevant to mention that the alternative activities delivered during the time delay were considered as neutral stimuli and after the application of this protocol, they have become preferred items. We believe that this case studies’ biggest limitation is the need for applying this procedure at all in the context of preparing the child for taking on the desired passive role at school. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0792/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

scholarly journals Response Shaping to Improve Food Acceptance for Children with ASD: Effects of Small and Large Food Sets

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer R. Ledford
Keyword(s):  
Poor Response ◽  
Food Selectivity ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Food Acceptance ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Small Constant ◽  
Shaping Procedure ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Limited Food

Background: Food selectivity, characterized by food refusal, limited food repertoire, or preference for certain types of foods, is common among children with ASD. Method: In this study, researchers examined the effects of a response shaping procedure using a large rotating food set and a small constant food set on food acceptance for two boys with ASD. The small set consisted of three foods that were presented during every session; the large set consisted of 15 foods, of which three were presented during each session, in randomly ordered sets. Researchers measured the percentage of correct behaviors and the cumulative number of foods with which participants interacted. Two concurrently operating multiple baseline across behaviors designs were used to assess whether the shaping procedure resulted in increased correct responding compared to baseline conditions, and whether the intervention was differentially effective with large versus small food sets. Results: The procedures were similar in efficiency for one participant, although he ate many more foods in the large set condition. For the other participant, shaping was successful at increasing some acceptance behaviors (e.g., putting food in his mouth) but only the small set resulted in eating a new food. Conclusions: Practitioners should consider use of less restrictive or intrusive interventions to promote food acceptance and the use of larger sets of foods, modified to include fewer foods in the case of poor response to intervention.

scholarly journals INCREASING HAIRDRESSING COMPLIANCE WITH A CHILD WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Gajić ◽  
Bojana Arsić ◽  
Aleksandra Bašić ◽  
Dragana Maćešić-Petrović ◽  
Ružica Zdravković Parezanović
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Training Procedure ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Shaping Procedure ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Present Case Study

The diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) itself can include problems with hyper responsiveness to different sensory stimuli. These difficulties can lead to different maladaptive behavioral manifestations and prevent children diagnosed with ASD from participating in certain activities. The aim of the present case study was to examine the effectiveness of shaping procedure application in order to increase compliance with haircutting with a six year old boy diagnosed with ASD. The procedure used for increasing compliance while getting a haircut was shaping and we divided the intervention into two phases. Phase one involved teaching the participant to tolerate the presence of the hair clipper on his head, while phase two consisted of increasing participant’s toleration of the sound emitted by the hair clipper. Generalization probe involved taking the participant into a hair salon, where he would receive hair grooming performed by a professional hair stylist. The child mastered phase one in 54 trials that were conducted during five sessions and mastered the goal time in phase two in 89 trials that were conducted during four sessions. In conclusion, shaping procedure appears to be an effective and efficient training procedure for teaching skills that are important for future everyday functioning in society of children with ASD, as well as basic hygiene skills, such as hair cutting. Study limitations and future research implications are discussed. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0758/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

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