Nachhaltige Produktivitätssteigerung – ein Vierteljahrhundert Forschung für mehr Effizienz beim Anbau von Zuckerrüben

2018 ◽  
pp. 200-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernward Märländer ◽  
Christa Hoffmann ◽  
Heinz-Josef Koch ◽  
Erwin Ladewig ◽  
Maria Niemann ◽  
...  

Im Mittelpunkt des Konzeptes einer nachhaltigen Produktivitätssteigerung steht die Steigerung der Effizienz (Output/Input-Relation) entlang der gesamten Wertschöpfungskette. Die Forschungstätigkeit im Institut für Zuckerrübenforschung (IfZ) an der Universität Göttingen wurde im vergangenen Jahrzehnt zunehmend auf die Effizienzsteigerung im Anbau ausgerichtet. Die sich daraus ergebende Entwicklung wird für den Anbau von Zuckerrüben in Deutschland beschrieben. Der tatsächlich erzeugte Zucker (Weißzuckerwert, „Zucker im Silo“) stieg in Deutschland von etwa 7tha–1 1970 auf aktuell etwa 12tha–1. Dagegen betrug der Bereinigte Zuckerertrag in der Wertprüfung des Bundessortenamtes 2015 etwa 15tha–1. Der Ertragsanstieg beruht auf biologisch-technischem Fortschritt, je zur Hälfte realisiert durch Züchtung und verbessertes Anbaumanagement bzw. günstige Witterung. Mit dem Ertrag stiegen auch der Chlorophyll- gehalt im Blatt und das Rübe-Blatt-Verhältnis, während sich in der Speicherwurzel der Anteil an Strukturkohlenhydraten (Mark) zu Gunsten der Speicherkohlenhydrate (Saccharose) verringerte. Ein zu niedriger Markgehalt kann die Lagerfähigkeit beeinträchtigen. Die N-Düngeeffizienz hat sich erheblich verbessert und beträgt kontinuierlich fallend zurzeit etwa 10kgNt–1 Zucker. Der Anbau von Zuckerrüben ist – ganz im Sinn des integrierten Pflanzenschutzes – gekennzeichnet durch den Anbau von toleranten/resistenten Sorten gegen Cercospora beticola, Rizomania, Heterodera schachtii und Rhizoctonia solani, eine Applikation von maximal etwa 100gha–1 an Insektiziden (Neonicotinoide in der Pillenhüllmasse) und die Applikation mehrerer verschiedener herbizider Wirkstoffe, durch die das Resistenzrisiko gering ist. Weiterhin wurden Leitlinien des integrierten Pflanzenschutzes entwickelt, die über Branchenvereinbarungen zwischen Zuckerunternehmen und Anbauern für den gesamten Zuckerrübenanbau gültig sind. Zentrale Bedeutung hat der Anbau ausschließlich in Fruchtfolgen. Durch eine weitere Erhöhung auf etwa 15tha–1 Weißzuckerwert und 18tha–1 Bereinigter Zuckerertrag wird die Energieeffizienz bis 2030 auf etwa 20 GJ Output/GJ Input steigen. Voraussetzung für eine weitere nachhaltige Produktivitätssteigerung des Anbaus sind wissenschaftlich unabhängige Forschung, ein intensiver Wissenstransfer in die Praxis und gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz für technologisch innovative sowie effizientere Anbauverfahren. Zukünftig werden Themen wie z.B. Schaderregerdiagnose auf molekularer Basis, Sensorik, Robotik und Data Mining, letztlich Smart Farming, bearbeitet und es gilt den physiologischen Idiotypus von Beta vulgaris und damit das Ertragspotenzial für Zuckerrüben in Mitteleuropa zu bestimmen.

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manzoor R. Khan ◽  
Zaki A. Siddiqui

AbstractEffects of Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus subtilis alone, and in combinations for the management of Meloidogyne incognita, Pectobacterium betavasculorum, and Rhizoctonia solani disease complex of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.), were studied. Application of P. putida or B. subtilis to plants with M. incognita or P. betavasculorum or R. solani singly or in combinations caused a significant increase in plant growth parameters and the activities of defense enzymes. A significant increase in chlorophyll fluorescence attributes, viz., Fv/Fm, ɸPSII, qP, NPQ, and ETR were recorded in plants treated with P. putida or B. subtilis over pathogen-inoculated plants. Inoculation of P. putida results in a higher reduction in galling and nematode multiplication than B. subtilis. Maximum reduction in nematode multiplication and galling occurred when a mixture of P. putida and B. subtilis was used. Soft rot and root rot indices were 3 when Pectobacterium betavasculorum and Rhizoctonia solani were inoculated alone. The disease indices were rated 5 when these pathogens and M. incognita were inoculated in combinations. Inoculation of P. putida/B. subtilis with P. betavasculorum or R. solani reduced soft rot and root rot indices to 2 out of 3, while the use of P. putida + B. subtilis reduced indices to 1. Disease indices were reduced to 2–3 out of 5, when P. putida + B. subtilis were used to plants inoculated with two or three pathogens. The principal component analysis showed significant correlations among the various studied attributes. Two principal components explained a total of 86.1 and 93.4% of the overall data variability. Therefore, the use of P. putida together with B. subtilis had the potential for successful management of disease complex of beetroot.


1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Savitsky

Three diploid nematode-resistant plants derived from hybrids between Beta vulgaris L. and B. procumbens Chr. Sm. were crossed with diploid nematode-susceptible plants. The rates of resistance transmission from the F1 hybrids to the F2 varied from 7 to 27%. The transmission rate of F2 plants derived from F1 plants with transmission rates over 20% averaged 20.9%. The rate for F2 plants derived from F1 plants with transmission rates of 10% or lower averaged 11.3%. In diploid plants nematode resistance was transmitted through the pollen at lower frequencies than through egg cells. Transmission through female gametes varied from 11.0 to 31.4% and through male gametes of the same plants from 0 to 19.7%. In some pollen mother cells (PMCs) of diploid nematode-resistant plants meiosis was normal and gametes derived from these cells transmitted resistance to the next generation. Abnormalities were observed in other PMCs, including the detachment of the B. procumbens segment from the translocated chromosome, the formation of bridges, and the lagging of broken translocated chromosomes. The inadequate transmission of resistance was caused by a loss of the B. procumbens segment in some B. vulgaris bivalents.


Nematology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 797-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Gracianne ◽  
Eric J. Petit ◽  
Jean-François Arnaud ◽  
Catherine Porte ◽  
Lionel Renault ◽  
...  

Most populations of crop pathogens have wild relative populations from which they can originate but for which basic knowledge of their ecological requirementsin naturais scarce. However, the study of spatial distribution and ecology of wild pathogen populations may help control them in crops through a better understanding of the environmental factors driving population dynamics. Here, we focused onHeterodera schachtiiandH. betae, two cyst nematodes that cause severe damage to sugar beet (Beta vulgarisssp.vulgaris) crops and can develop on a wild beet relative, the sea beet (B. vulgarisssp.maritima). We investigated the occurrence of both nematode species in the wild and explored some environmental factors that may influence their geographical distribution. To do so, we sampled the wild hostB. v.ssp.maritimaalong the European Atlantic and North Sea coastlines. Results showed thatH. schachtiimainly occurred in the colder environments of northern Europe, whereasH. betaewas preferentially distributed in the warm environments of southern Europe. It was previously established thatH. betaeonly recently appeared in The Netherlands, which are in the north of Europe. Thus, our results do not support this hypothesis. Overall, this study accurately documents the geographical occurrence of two nematode crop pest species in the wild and helps identify the main environmental factors affecting their distribution range.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. e26810111157
Author(s):  
Ariel Santivañez Aguilar ◽  
Henrique Vasque ◽  
Antonio Ismael Inácio Cardoso ◽  
Estefânia Martins Bardiviesso ◽  
Raíra Andrade Pelvine ◽  
...  

Vermiculite is an expansive material that can be used for crop production. However, information about the use of vermiculite in vegetable production is scarce. Thus, this study's objective was to evaluate the effects of vermiculite levels incorporated into the soil (Red Latosol Dystrophic) for beet (Beta vulgaris L.) crop production. The experiment was performed during spring using the beet cultivar 'Early Wonder Tall Top' and 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 t∙ha-1 of vermiculite incorporated into the soil before seedling planting. The increase of the vermiculite doses caused a linear decrease of the fresh root and leaf weight. The yield reductions were due to the great water holding capacity of the vermiculite and the consequent high incidence of cercosporiosis (Cercospora beticola Saac).


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