scholarly journals Ability-to-pay Principle and the Structure of Personal Income Tax in Poland (Selected Issues)

2019 ◽  
pp. 639-647
Author(s):  
Robert Zieliński
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Ability To Pay ◽  
Legal Structure

The ability-to-pay principle is one of the two principles that legitimise the collection of taxes. It pertains to the correct distribution of the tax burden that gives rise to a great deal of controversy and disputes in the theory and practice of financial law. The objective of this article is to demonstrate whether the Polish legal structure of personal income tax enables the distribution of tax burdens among citizens in accordance with this principle.

scholarly journals Opportunities for Simplification in the Personal Income Tax Systems of the Visegrad Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-553
Author(s):  
Éva Bonifert Szabóné
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Degree Of Approximation ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
It Use ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
The Impact

Due to the numerous factors that can influence the impact of the tax system and redistribution, there is no single correct answer to the question of which composition of economic policy instruments needs to be applied to achieve a desired redistributive effect. The general aim of the study is to investigate in relation to the quantifiable parameters of income tax systems, whether the consideration of the aspects of fairness and justice does have an excessively negative effect on the simplicity of tax systems. The study investigates the possibilities of simplifying the personal income tax system’s composition in some Central and Eastern European countries, while tax burden curves of the system remain as constant as possible. To this end, the study sets up a theoretical, simplified tax model, the parameters of which are determined by a computer program, in order to generate tax burden curves corresponding most closely to the curves of the real tax system. Based on the analysis, it can be established that the theoretical system – in some cases with restrictions – provides a good approximation to the tax burden curves of the investigated countries. The chosen simple model has a good degree of approximation to a real system that does not have significant breakpoints in its tax burden curves, nor does it use a taxation method that fundamentally modifies the system (e.g., splitting). Practical examples help to understand that a complex personal income tax system in a given country is not necessarily the only possible solution to achieve a given tax burden curve, the function may be reproduced with a good approximation constructed from simpler basic elements.

scholarly journals Dual income tax: An option for the reform of personal income tax in Serbia?

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (178-179) ◽  
pp. 183-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasa Randjelovic
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Progressive Taxation ◽  
Dual Income Tax ◽  
Negative Income ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Dual Income ◽  
Negative Income Tax

Contemporary tax theory and practice provides two fundamental concepts for taxation of personal income: scheduler and global. Several systems have been derived from these basic models, including combined, flat, dual and negative income tax. Dual income tax, the subject of this paper, requires progressive taxation of income from employment and proportional taxation of income from capital. However, strict application of this system significantly violates the principle of equitability of taxation, both horizontally and vertically.

scholarly journals Trends in Personal Income Tax Progression in OECD Countries in the Context of Income Redistribution

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (324) ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Mazurek-Chwiejczak
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Income Redistribution ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
Income Disparities ◽  
Redistribution Policy ◽  
Different Levels

In recent years there has been an evident, widespread increase in income disparities in OECD countries. Progressive Personal Income Tax, which enables adjustment of the tax burden to individual’s capacity to pay, is one of the fundamental instruments used in redistribution policy. The aim of the paper is comparative analysis of the level of Personal Income Tax (PIT) progression in OECD countries and identification of trends in progression in the context of income redistribution. The article discusses the progressivity level of PIT in OECD countries measured by the differences in the burden at different levels of income. The cross-country and historical trends in the statutory PIT rates, the number of tax brackets and the provisions which exempt an initial level of income from tax burden are analysed and graphically illustrated.

Prospective Directions of Personal Income Changes in the Context of Changing Legislation in the Russian Federation

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 649-655
Author(s):  
R. N. Berlizev
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Rate Model ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
Dividend Payments ◽  
Progressive Tax ◽  
Definition Of

The topic of the study is relevant in light of changes in tax legislation pertaining to the current personal income tax system. From January 1, 2021, the personal income tax rate will change from 13 to 15 percent for incomes exceeding 5 million rubles (applies only to the amount over 5 million), which is basically the first step in the transition from a flat personal income tax rate to a progressive one.Aim. The presented study proposes and substantiates by calculation a new approach to calculating personal income tax based on a progressive rate.Materials and methods. This study uses generalization, synthesis, and systematization to analyze the risks and opportunities of the transition from the current personal income tax rate to progressive taxation.Results. The authors determine that income received by individuals through dividend payments is substantial, while the number of individuals who receive dividends is relatively small, and conclude that income received in the form of dividends can be classified as the so-called “excess income”, which is not defined at the legislative level. Therefore, now it is necessary to introduce and develop a definition of “excess income” in tax legislation and to draw a distinction between the concepts of “dividends” and “remuneration”. It is found by calculation that a relatively small increase in the tax burden on the income of dividend-receiving taxpayers would provide additional funds for the budget system. That said, changes to the system of taxes on personal dividends should be made with allowance for the introduction of a progressive tax rate. The proposal to completely abandon the flat personal income tax rate by introducing fundamental changes to tax rates that would affect almost any category of the population is substantiated. As a result of the proposed progressive tax rate model, budget revenues will increase, tax burden on individuals with the lowest level of income will diminish, and taxes imposed on citizens with income above the minimum level will remain the same.Conclusions. As a result of the proposed progressive tax rate model, budget revenues will increase, tax burden on individuals with the lowest level of income will diminish, and taxes imposed on the middle class will remain the same.

INCREASE IN THE TAX BURDEN OF INDIVIDUALS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 86-88
Author(s):  
A. A. AKSENOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article deals with the increase in the tax burden of individuals due to the expansion of taxable objects and the introduction of a new increased rate on personal income tax, on incomes exceeding 5 million rubles.

scholarly journals Vienodas gyventojų pajamų mokesčio tarifas

Teisė ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 65-84
Author(s):  
Andrius Paulauskas
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Taxation System ◽  
Budget Revenue

Straipsnyje analizuojama proporcinė gyventojų pajamų apmokestinimo sistema, ekonominis jos pagrin­das, kaita, įtaka biudžeto pajamos. Kaip tokios sistemos pavyzdys tiriama Lietuvos gyventojų pajamų mokesčio sistema, šios sistemos trūkumai ir pateikiami tobulinimo pasiūlymai. Nagrinėjamas mokesčių naštos individualią veiklą vykdantiems ir pagal darbo sutartis dirbantiems asmenims derinimo poreikis, siekiant suvienodinti iš esmės analogišką veiklą vykdančių asmenų apmokestinimą. Taip pat keliamas esamos apmokestinimo sistemos keitimo panaikinant dalį mokesčių išimčių ir lengvatų klausimas. In this article proportional personal income tax system, its economical background, evolution, impact to budget revenue is analysed. As example of such system Lithuanian personal income tax system is on research, its disadvantages and proposals to improve it. The demand to balance tax burden of self em­ployment and employed persons is examined, aiming to unify taxation of individuals engaged basically in analogous activity. Also question to amend present taxation system canceling part of tax exceptions and exemptions is under consideration.

RESEARCH ON THE PERSONAL INCOME TAX APPLICATION TO WAGES IN THE BALTIC STATES

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 654
Author(s):  
Anita Puzule
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
The Baltic

Personal income tax and social insurance contributions must be paid on wages into the budget, the revenue of which most directly affects the changes in the number of persons engaged in the national economy and the increase of the average wage. To be able to evaluate how favourable the personal income tax systems applicable to employees are in the Baltic States, the author compares the factors that affect taxation and the tax burden in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, which have experienced tax reforms in the recent years. The aim of the research is to perform a comparative study of the requirements and issues of personal income tax application to wages in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. The monographic, comparative and analytical analysis, logical construction, and grouping methods have been used in the research study. Based on the research study, the author has concluded that despite the similarities in the personal income tax systems, each Baltic state has different normative regulation. The tax burden on Estonian taxpayers relative to wages is lower than that in Lithuania and Latvia.  

scholarly journals Missed Opportunities of Simplification Regarding Personal Income Tax Systems in Hungary

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-358
Author(s):  
Éva Szabóné Bonifert
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Current System ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Distant Future ◽  
Theoretical System ◽  
Tax Systems

The paper investigates – considering also the simplified basic elements of the current system – the possibilities of simplifying the Hungarian personal income tax system’s composition in the previous years, while tax burden curves of the system change as little as possible. Tax burden curves of the theoretical, simplified tax model established for this investigation are fitted to the curves of the real tax system, while the parameters of the theoretical model are determined by a computer program. Since the modern Hungarian income taxation had been introduced, the system has long been subject to a wide variety of changes concerning the basic elements examined in the study. Selecting some of these years of changes, the study analyses the possibilities for simplification in order to ask the question again: whether it is necessary to maintain complex tax systems at all costs, possibly in favour of achieving the most equitable income tax system. The results of the investigation indicate that our simpler theoretical system could have replaced with a good approximation the elements of Hungarian tax systems of previous years with multi-bracket and sometimes complicated tax credit, which even applied more tax benefit elements compared to the theoretical system. On this basis, it may be an important aspect also for the more distant future that in the course of developing personal income tax systems, the sophisticated equity of the systems should be observed through the mathematical spectacles of simplification options.

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