Fiscally Responsible Businesses as a Result of COVID-19 Pandemic Shock

The COVID-19 pandemic and COVID-19 crisis represent impressive motivating forces for advancement, change, evolution, and improvement at a global level. The study focuses on the OECD latest developments in international tax reform work on base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) in the courageous attempt to promote novel global initiatives for responsible tax and to support ambitious global actions for responsible tax principles. The results show the need to establish fiscally responsible businesses as a result of COVID-19 pandemic shock, thus taking back control of countries' tax systems by putting an end to corporate tax evasion and tax havens. The findings address the importance of being in line with tax principles, encouraging responsible financial transactions and behaviors.

Straight to the (Revenue) Source: Contextual and Individual-Level Determinants of Attitudes Toward Local Taxes

In this article, we investigate the relative roles of local tax policies and respondent attitudes and characteristics in shaping support for local taxes. Using a unique set of survey data collected across dozens of cities over several years, combined with contextual data on local tax systems, we can offer a comprehensive picture of who supports, and who opposes local taxes. The contributions of our approach are three-fold: We use measures of satisfaction with local taxes, using data gathered across dozens of localities; we incorporate measures of the local tax systems to help account for city-to-city variation in local tax attitudes; and we incorporate measures of racial attitudes to account for an important non-material element heretofore not incorporated in studies of local tax attitudes. Integrating these factors into an explanation of local tax policies rounds out and offers a more realistic understanding of attitudes in this critical policy area.

Progressive turnover-based tax systems and EU state aid law: Case C-562/19 P Commission v. Poland and Case C-596/19 P Commission v. Hungary

In Commission v. Poland (C-562/19) and Commission v. Hungary (C-596/19) the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that progressive tax systems based on turnover do not by definition provide selective advantages to undertakings with lower turnovers in violation of EU state aid law. The European Commission had declared a Polish tax on retailers and a Hungarian tax on advertisement incompatible with Article 107(1) TFEU because the progressive, turnover-based taxes favoured undertakings with smaller turnovers over those with larger turnovers. The General Court annulled both Commission decisions because such advantages were inherent to the content and objectives of the general tax system, which was for Poland and Hungary to define. The Court of Justice dismissed the appeals by the Commission, affirming that Member States are free, in line with their fiscal autonomy, to opt for a progressive and/or turnover-based tax system. While turnover-based corporate taxation may have market-distortive effects, the Court was right to dismiss the Commission's appeals. The principles of fiscal autonomy and legal certainty require an assessment of selectivity in light of Member States’ own definition of the content and objectives of their tax systems.

Value Added Tax Efficiency in the Western Balkan Countries

An important feature of the tax systems of the Western Balkan countries is the large share of consumption taxes in total tax revenue. Despite its relatively short existence, VAT in particular has proven to be an important fiscal tool, due to its many advantages. The aim of the article is to outline the main developments in VAT in these countries in the past two decades and to analyse its efficiency. The main result of the article is that the tax has good overall revenue performance in the Western Balkans, as measured with the C-efficiency ratio.

Could New Zealand's Domestic Purposes Benefit in Conjunction with the Tax Systems Impact Low-Income Women's Decision Regarding Family Formation and Childbearing?

<p>This thesis provides a descriptive analysis of whether New Zealand's Domestic Purposes Benefits (DPB) and some Family Assistance programmes, mainly Family Support, creates incentives for low-income women to become single mothers. This concern arises from two sources: firstly, eligibility criteria for many of these programmes require recipients to be single parents and secondly, assessment units for the welfare and income tax systems are different, resulting in relatively high Effective Marginal Tax Rate (EMTR) for low-income earners when they form a union with their partners. The Household Labour Force Participation Survey (HLFS) was used in the study over the period 1986 to 2004, during which significant welfare policy changes were introduced. If welfare policies do affect incentives for child-bearing and partnering among actual or potential welfare recipients, we would expect these policy changes to have had an impact on these outcomes. Our results indicate that low educated women demonstrated a continuous decline in partnering up rates, whereas high educated women revealed an increase in the partnering up rates over this period. Nevertheless, there were no fluctuations in partnering up rates among low-educated women, in response to these policy changes. Also, the pattern in the childbearing behaviour is similar among low and high educated women. Hence, without a comprehensive regression analysis, this study suggests that the New Zealand DPB and FS, in conjunction with the income tax system, might not have had an impact on actual or potential beneficiaries' decisions to form a union with their partner and to have a dependent child.</p>

DEVELOPMENT OF THE TAXATION SYSTEM IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

Creating an effective tax system in the country is one of the most important conditions for ensuring its competitiveness. Today, there is a process of active tax competition between states around the world. This determines the importance of creating conditions for the introduction of digital technologies in the field of taxation, which can radically change the efficiency of tax authorities and facilitates the transition of tax systems to a qualitatively new level of development. Thus, within the article, theoretical provisions of the development of fiscal digitalization as an objectively necessary component of reforming tax systems in the current context of the national economy digitalization are examined. This was implemented through the study of the digitalization essence, which was carried out based on the analysis of the formed scientific concepts of this phenomenon consideration, concretization of the influence of such phenomenon on the national economy development. As a result, advantages of the digital technologies introduction for the tax system of the countries are also determined. To specify the essence of fiscal digitalization, within the article, the content of fiscal and digital space is considered, their objective convergence in the current conditions of economic development are substantiated, as well. The author’s interpretation of the essence of fiscal transformation was proposed, namely: fiscal transformation — a space in which the processes of introduction of modern information technologies into the activities of fiscal authorities to increase the effectiveness of the relevant executive authorities policy in the field of revenue and expenditure regulation. economic development and ensuring the development of other economic entities. Conceptual principles of the fiscal digitalization development, its inevitable nature are also deepened, and its important role in ensuring the competitiveness of tax systems is substantiated, advantages and threats that may arise in the process of the introduction of modern digital technologies in the fiscal sphere are analyzed. Keywords: digitalization, fiscal space, digital space, fiscal digitalization, digital technologies. JEL Classification H21 Formulas: 0; fig.: 3; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 36.

Could New Zealand's Domestic Purposes Benefit in Conjunction with the Tax Systems Impact Low-Income Women's Decision Regarding Family Formation and Childbearing?

<p>This thesis provides a descriptive analysis of whether New Zealand's Domestic Purposes Benefits (DPB) and some Family Assistance programmes, mainly Family Support, creates incentives for low-income women to become single mothers. This concern arises from two sources: firstly, eligibility criteria for many of these programmes require recipients to be single parents and secondly, assessment units for the welfare and income tax systems are different, resulting in relatively high Effective Marginal Tax Rate (EMTR) for low-income earners when they form a union with their partners. The Household Labour Force Participation Survey (HLFS) was used in the study over the period 1986 to 2004, during which significant welfare policy changes were introduced. If welfare policies do affect incentives for child-bearing and partnering among actual or potential welfare recipients, we would expect these policy changes to have had an impact on these outcomes. Our results indicate that low educated women demonstrated a continuous decline in partnering up rates, whereas high educated women revealed an increase in the partnering up rates over this period. Nevertheless, there were no fluctuations in partnering up rates among low-educated women, in response to these policy changes. Also, the pattern in the childbearing behaviour is similar among low and high educated women. Hence, without a comprehensive regression analysis, this study suggests that the New Zealand DPB and FS, in conjunction with the income tax system, might not have had an impact on actual or potential beneficiaries' decisions to form a union with their partner and to have a dependent child.</p>