Black Carbon Soot: Impact on Human Health and Other Systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kshitij Kumar ◽  
Abhishek Negi ◽  
Rachana
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Carbon Soot

scholarly journals Contrasting physical properties of black carbon in urban Beijing between winter and summer

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dantong Liu ◽  
Rutambhara Joshi ◽  
Junfeng Wang ◽  
Chenjie Yu ◽  
James D. Allan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Mass Spectra ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Physical Method ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Absorption Efficiency ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Source Attribution ◽  
Core Diameter

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is known to have major impacts on both human health and climate. The populated megacity represents the most complex anthropogenic BC emissions where the sources and related impacts are very uncertain. This study provides source attribution and characterization of BC in the Beijing urban environment during the joint UK-China APHH (Air Pollution and Human Health) project, in both winter (Nov.–Dec. 2016) and summer (May–Jun. 2017). The size-resolved mixing state of BC-containing particles was characterized by a single particle soot photometer (SP2) and their mass spectra was measured by a soot particle mass spectrometer (SP-AMS). The refractory BC (rBC) mass loading was around a factor of 2 higher in winter relative to summer and more variable coatings were present, likely as a result of additional surface emissions from the residential sector and favourable condensation in cold season. The characteristics of the BC were relatively independent of air mass direction in summer; whereas in winter the airmass from the Northern Plateau had a significant dilution effect resulting in less-coated and smaller BC, whereas the BC from the Southern Plateau had the largest core size and coatings. We combine two online source apportionment methods for the first time, by the physical method from the SP2, and the chemical approach using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) of mass spectra from the SP-AMS. A method is proposed to isolate the BC from the transportation sector using a mode of small BC particles (core diameter Dc  100 μg m−3 or BC > 2 μg m−3, the absorption efficiency of BC increased by 25–70 %. Reduction of emissions of these large BC particles and the precursors of the associated secondary coating will be an effective way of mitigating the heating effect of BC in urban environments.

Anthropogenic Carbon Aerosol Induced Carbonation in Reinforced Concrete: Deterioration Effects on Mechanical Properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 139-148
Author(s):  
O.E. Babalola ◽  
Paul O. Awoyera ◽  
D.H. Le ◽  
Oladimeji B. Olalusi ◽  
S.K. Bhagat
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Mass Concrete ◽  
Carbonation Depth ◽  
Concrete Deterioration ◽  
Carbon Soot ◽  
Anthropogenic Carbon

The effects of corrosion on the reinforced concrete structure due to carbonation affect its operation life. The research work considers a major critical component causing global warming as it studies the links between reinforced concrete deterioration mechanisms and anthropogenic carbon aerosol (black carbon soot) emissions in the atmosphere. Experimental tests were carried out to study the effect of carbonation caused by the emission of black carbon soot on mechanical properties and durability of reinforced concrete. Mass concrete and reinforced concrete prepared with Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in water/cement ratios ranging from 0.45 to 0.65 were used to produce concrete samples. Compressive strength tests, tensile strength test, and carbonation depth tests were carried out on concrete to determine its level of deterioration following the carbonation effect. The carbonation chamber was prepared with carbon soot of different concentrations to simulate different levels of black carbon soot in the atmosphere. Results showed that concrete compressive strength was not totally affected by carbonation, but there was reduction in the tensile strength of reinforcing steel. The carbonation depth was observed to progress deeper into the concrete with a longer duration of exposure to carbonation agents in the chamber. The result of this study will serve as a guide during concrete installations.

scholarly journals Connections between black carbon (soot) emission and global warming

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 1009-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubén D. Piacentini ◽  
María Isabel Micheletti
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Soot Emission ◽  
Carbon Soot

scholarly journals Effect of Metal Oxides and Black Carbon (Soot) on SO2/O2/H2O Reaction Systems

1993 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Chughtai ◽  
M. E. Brooks ◽  
D. M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Metal Oxides ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Reaction Systems ◽  
Carbon Soot

Trends in global warming and human health impacts related to Brazilian sugarcane ethanol production considering black carbon emissions

2013 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 576-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Galdos ◽  
Otávio Cavalett ◽  
Joaquim E.A. Seabra ◽  
Luiz Augusto Horta Nogueira ◽  
Antonio Bonomi
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Human Health Impacts

scholarly journals Persistent Organic Pollutants in Urban Soils of Central of London, England, UK: Measurement and Spatial Modelling of Black Carbon (BC), Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB)

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Christopher H. Vane ◽  
◽  
Alexander W. Kim ◽  
Darren Beriro ◽  
Mark R. Cave ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Spatial Modelling ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Total organic carbon (TOC), black carbon (BC), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were determined in 73 surface (0-2 cm) and subsurface (5-20 cm) soil samples taken from a 142 km2 area in Central London, UK. Soils were assessed to provide a baseline chemistry for site owners, developers, occupiers and regulators involved in understanding the potential risk to human health and the environment. TOC range was 1.75-11.85 % (mean 5.82 %), BC 3.72-32.71 mg.g-1 (mean 13.8 mg.g-1), TPH 72-4673 mg.g-1 (mean 443 mg.g-1), Σ16PAH 1.64-421.23 mg.g-1 (mean 47.99 mg.g-1) and Σ7PCB 2.56-148.72 µg.kg-1 (mean 20.82 µg.kg-1). Surface soils were less polluted than sub-surface soils due to a decline in industry, power generation, coal burning and traffic. PAH and PCB showed a stronger affinity for BC than TOC and were higher than many other international cities. South east London (Greenwich, Woolwich, Deptford) had the highest PAH pollution. Source PAH ratios confirmed a combustion/urban road run-off origin with minor petroleum inputs. Random Forest spatial modelling (machine learning) revealed large scale pollution trends across London soils. Normal background concentrations (NBC) were calculated and compared to risk-based human health generic assessment criteria (GAC). Benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and dibenzo[a]anthracene exceeded the Land Quality Management GACs for three land uses (residential, allotments and public open space near residential housing). The NBC determined for ∑7PCBs (110 µg.kg-1) and dioxin-like PCB 118 (59 µg.kg-1) exceeded the residential and allotment soil guideline values.

scholarly journals Direct measurements of black carbon fluxes in central Beijing using the eddy covariance method

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-162
Author(s):  
Rutambhara Joshi ◽  
Dantong Liu ◽  
Eiko Nemitz ◽  
Ben Langford ◽  
Neil Mullinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Eddy Covariance Method ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Emission Ratios

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) forms an important component of particulate matter globally, due to its impact on climate, the environment and human health. Identifying and quantifying its emission sources are critical for effective policymaking and achieving the desired reduction in air pollution. In this study, we present the first direct measurements of urban BC fluxes using eddy covariance. The measurements were made over Beijing within the UK-China Air Pollution and Human Health (APHH) winter 2016 and summer 2017 campaigns. In both seasons, the mean measured BC mass (winter: 5.49 ng m−2 s−1, summer: 6.10 ng m−2 s−1) and number fluxes (winter: 261.25 particles cm−2 s−1, summer: 334.37 particles cm−2 s−1) were similar. Traffic was determined to be the dominant source of the BC fluxes measured during both seasons. The total BC emissions within the 2013 Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC) are on average too high compared to measured fluxes by a factor of 58.8 (winter) and 47.2 (summer). Only a comparison with the MEIC transport sector shows that emissions are also larger (factor of 37.5 in winter and 37.7 in summer) than the measured flux. Emission ratios of BC ∕ NOx and BC ∕ CO are comparable to vehicular emission control standards implemented in January 2017 for gasoline (China 5) and diesel (China V) engines, indicating a reduction of BC emissions within central Beijing, and extending this to a larger area would further reduce total BC concentrations.

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