scholarly journals CONTENT OF TOTAL NITROGEN AND PROTEINS FROM ALFALFA (Medicago sativa L.) COLLECTED IN THREE SLOPES

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 635-640
Author(s):  
Valentina Butleska Gjoroska ◽  
Liljana Koleva Gudeva ◽  
Lenka Cvetanovska
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Medicago Sativa L

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) leaves and stems contain different proteins and nitrogen concentration in different stages of growth. The objective of this study is to determine the dynamic of nutrient accumulation of total nitrogen and proteins in leaves and stems. The experiment was conducted in three slopes, on three regions in the Republic of North Macedonia (Tetovo, Skopje and Ovche Pole). Chemical analysis of total nitrogen and proteins were obtained from first, second and third slope. Modern techniques have been used for analyzing the protein activity of plant material in multiple measuring points. Significant differences are found in the production of total nitrogen and proteins between the locations in Tetovo region on one side, and Skopje and Ovche Pole on the other side. It shows that Tetovo region has better conditions for producing alfalfa protein. Alfalfa is a culture that is rich in high nitrogen and protein content in the Tetovo region, which is correlated with the amino acid composition, resulting in a high biological value. Therefore, alfalfa is the dominant forage crop and active diet culture with high applicability to the bio-diet. Proteins are the most abundant biomolecules in plants and other organisms. Protein macromolecules make up half of the dry matter in the plant cell. The plant cell contains many different proteins with a specific function. Proteins contain the most important property - biological specificity, so the individuality of each organism is conditioned by the type of protein it is made of. Proteins have a specific structure that is found in their biological activity. Proteins are the most important components in the plant cell. Nitrogen is one of the many compounds important for plant life processes and its role in physiological processes in plants is quite large. The needs of certain plants for nitrogen are different. Nitrogen in plants is important in the composition of proteins, nucleic acids, coenzymes, alkaloids, some pigments and other compounds. Accordingly, the nitrogen in plants exists as non-protein and protein nitrogen, found in the protein component. It can only enter the plant cell if it is reduced to ammonia. This scientific research paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the nitrogen and protein composition of alfalfa grown in the Skopje, Tetovo and Ovche Pole region. The results of this research, represent the first full and complete overview of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), with its protein composition, which would be of great importance for the further cultivation of this forage crop. Scientific evidence has shown that the Tetovo region has a higher advantage over the Skopje and Ovche Pole region in terms of nitrogen and protein content, which are crucial nutrients in forage crops.

Artificial microRNA (amiRNA) induced gene silencing in alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

Botany ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian C. Verdonk ◽  
Michael L. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Target Gene ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Mirna Precursor ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Ribonucleic Acids ◽  
Endogenous Gene ◽  
Medicago Sativa L

Gene silencing is a powerful technique that allows the study of the function of specific genes by selectively reducing their transcription. Several different approaches can be used, however they all have in common the artificial generation of single stranded small ribonucleic acids (RNAs) that are utilized by the endogenous gene silencing machinery of the organism. Artificial microRNAs (amiRNA) can be used to very specifically target genes for silencing because only a short sequence of 21 nucleotides of the gene of interest is used. Gene silencing via amiRNA has been developed for Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. and rice using endogenous microRNA (miRNA) precursors and has been shown to also work effectively in other dicot species using the arabidopsis miRNA precursor. Here, we demonstrate that the arabidopsis miR319 precursor can be used to silence genes in the important forage crop species alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) by silencing the expression of a transgenic beta-glucuronidase (GUSPlus) target gene.

scholarly journals The nutritional quality of feedstuffs used in dairy goat nutrition in Vojvodina

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-178
Author(s):  
Snezana Paskas ◽  
Jelena Miocinovic ◽  
Branislav Vejnovic ◽  
Zsolt Becskei
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Medicago Sativa L

The study was to conduct to evaluate the chemical composition and nutritive values of feedstuffs (forages and concentrate mixtures) used for dairy goats nutrition in Vojvodina. Samples were collected from six farms, including one organic farm. The results showed that the relative feed values of analyzed forages were in the range of good, medium to lower quality. Average protein content from lowest to highest for investigated forages was: corn silage (Zea Mays) (65.37-82.57g kg??DM), alfalfa haylage (Medicago sativa L.) (159.99-184.17g kg??DM), pasture (185.30g kg?? DM), and alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa L.) (167.48-203.60g kg??DM). The non-fibre carbohydrates and protein content most varied in organic hay samples (cv: 29.25% and 19.09%, respectively). Generally, feedstuffs used in organic nutrition, including organic concentrate, were of lower nutritional quality and moreover contained higher amounts of crude fibre and lignin. Especially, a high source of variation was observed in investigated concentrate mixtures for the crude protein content (p<0.0001), ranged from 135.32 to 209.87g kg??DM. Corn silages also varied substantially in their chemical composition and significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in regard to acid detergent fibre (ADF) and lignin content (ranged: ADF: 242.20-319.24g kg??DM; ADL: 27.98-52.54g kg??DM, respectively). Furthermore, pasture contained the most soluble materials during May and June and their content was related inversely to crude fibre amount. This survey highlights that investigated farms still pay insufficient attention to the quality of the feedstuff. For the development of intensive goat farming, greater emphasis should be placed on using higher quality feedstuffs, as well, standards for feed quality must be considered and established.

Haploid Culture and Double Haploid Induction in Medicago sativa L. cv. XinJiangDaYe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Xu ◽  
Rina Wu ◽  
Fang Tang ◽  
Cuiping Gao ◽  
Xia Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Double Haploid ◽  
Haploid Plant ◽  
Regeneration System ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Cultivation Methods ◽  
Haploid Plants

Background: Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa), a perennial cross-pollinated plant, is one of the most important forage crops in the world with commercial value and ecological significance. However, due to the complexity of its genome, varietal improvement is difficult. Therefore, generating genetically homozygous materials have greater significance for breeding. In the current study, we aimed to identify the best tissue culture conditions to obtain haploid plants and double haploid plants.Methods: In this study, the haploid plants of alfalfa were obtained by combining tissue culture regeneration system with Flow cytometry. Different concentrations of colchicine were applied to the haploid plants using solid and liquid cultivation methods to determine the optimum conditions to obtain double haploid plants of Medicago Sativa L. cv. ‘XinJiangDaYe’. Result: Among the two colchicine cultivation methods tested, the doubling rate of regenerated plants obtained by liquid cultivation method was higher and the leaves developed under this system have the best doubling effect among the three explants tested. Optimal doubling conditions for alfalfa haploid (Medicago Sativa L. cv. ‘XinJiangDaYe’) were identified. The double haploid plant material generated from the current study could serve as a genetic resource for developing the hybrid combinations and for analyzing genetic linkage in alfalfa improvement programs.

scholarly journals FURTHER STUDIES ON THE CHEMISTRY OF BLOOD SERUM

1913 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert A. Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Standard Values ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Chronic Interstitial Nephritis ◽  
Functional Deficiency

The following conclusions may be drawn from the results obtained in this study. 1. In the minor surgical cases (considered normal) the chemical composition of the blood serum agrees, as far as its proteins are concerned, with the usual standard values. When examined at different times, the serum of such cases shows no variation in the total protein content or in its individual fractions. The incoagulable nitrogen, however, varies considerably in the total amount in the different cases, as well as in its percentage relations to the other constituents of the serum. 2. The cases of prostatic hypertrophy, with or without chronic interstitial nephritis, show no change from the normal in the character of the protein composition of the serum, nor in the ratio which the individual fractions bear to each other. On the other hand, the incoagulable and non-protein nitrogen of the serum show marked fluctuations, some of which correspond to the degree of functional deficiency of the kidneys. 3. In cases of localized infections of the kidneys, the changes in the blood serum are twofold. One concerns the proteins, and is traceable to the infection; and the other concerns the non-protein nitrogen, results from functional impairment, and varies with the amount of destruction of the kidney substance. Thus an increase in the globulins is observed in these sera similar to that occurring in infections in other localities; the non-protein content increases apparently in direct proportion to the degree of deficiency of the kidney, and becomes diminished when the function of the kidneys improves.

Relationship Between Grain Nitrogen, Non-Protein Nitrogen and Nucleic Acids During Wheat Grain Development

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 449 ◽  
Author(s):  
GR Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Apparent Relationship ◽  
Grain Nitrogen

Eight wheat varieties which normally produce grain of different final percentage nitrogen content were grown under field and glasshouse conditions. The final percentage grain nitrogen of the field grown varieties ranked in the expected order; however, total nitrogen/grain, DNAIgrain, RNA/grain and non-protein nitrogen/grain during grain development differed between varieties. DNA/grain reached a maximum value in all varieties between 21 and 28 days post- anthesis, suggesting a longer period of cell division than previously reported. There was no apparent relationship between final percentage grain nitrogen and either DNA, total grain RNA or the concentration of grain amino acids during development. Heads from glasshouse grown wheat were detached at 8 days postanthesis and grown in liquid culture under conditions where the nitrogen concentration of the culture medium was varied. Fresh weight/grain, DNA/grain, RNA/grain and total grain nitrogen all increased with increasing nitrogen concentration in the culture medium, but grain dry weight remained constant at the different nitrogen concentrations. The changes in fresh weight/grain, DNA/grain and RNA/grain were not the same for all varieties. A possible relationship between total grain nitrogen and DNA/grain and RNA/grain during seed development exists for heads grown in culture for individual varieties. This apparent relationship for individual varieties cannot be used to explain intervarietal differences in total grain nitrogen because in some cases different varieties grown under identical culture conditions, although producing grain of equivalent total nitrogen, had widely differing levels of both DNA and RNA per grain.

Direct and Indirect Determination of True Protein Content of Milk by Kjeldahl Analysis: Collaborative Study

1991 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M Barbano ◽  
Joanna M Lynch ◽  
J Richard Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Total Nitrogen Content ◽  
Nonprotein Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Determination ◽  
True Protein

Abstract Currently, the reference procedure for determination of the "protein" content of milk is based on measurement of the total nitrogen content of milk by the Kjeldahl method (AOAC method, 920.105). About 6% of the total nitrogen content of milk Is nonprotein nitrogen. Therefore, total nitrogen multiplied by the conversion factor 6.38 overestimates the true protein content of milk on average by about 6%. In the present study, new direct and Indirect methods were developed for measurement of the true protein content of whole milk by Kjeldahl nitrogen determination. Both new methods are sample preparation procedures used to fractionate the nitrogen-containing compounds In milk prior to measurement of the nitrogen content of these fractions by Kjeldahl analysis. The collaborative study consisted of 9 pairs of blind duplicate milk samples that were analyzed for total nitrogen, nonprotein nitrogen, and protein nitrogen by each of 10 laboratories. Both methods for true protein measurement (direct and Indirect) gave acceptable statistical performance characteristics and good agreement between methods. The new direct method requires about half the laboratory analysis work of the indirect method (i.e., total minus nonprotein nitrogen). The methods have been adopted official first action by AOAC as (1) a new method for nonprotein nitrogen determination in milk, (2) a new method (direct) for determination of protein nitrogen content of milk, and {3) an alternative method (indirect) for determination of protein nitrogen content of milk.

Some effects of clipping the tops upon the root development of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)

1934 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 532-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Thornton ◽  
Hugh Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Free Food ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Nitrogen Contents

V. Summary and abstract1. Inoculated lucerne was grown in pots of sand and watered with nitrogen-free food solution. In some of the pots the lucerne was clipped once, in some twice and in some it was left unclipped. Pots were harvested on four dates at intervals of about three weeks. Counts and measurements of nodules were made and dry weights and nitrogen contents of tops and roots were obtained.2. Clipping did not significantly alter the nodule numbers, their mean size, or the total nitrogen contents of the plants, i.e. in tops, including clippings, plus roots.3. Clipping, however, resulted in a decrease in the nitrogen content of the roots of about 40 per cent, as compared with undipped plants. This nitrogen was transferred to the tops where it was removed in the clippings.

scholarly journals DIETARY IMPACTS ON EARLY RUMEN MICROBIOTA DEVELOPMENT IN CALVES

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-246
Author(s):  
O. I. Shkromada ◽  
L. G. Ulko ◽  
Ya. S. Udovenko
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Paramecium Caudatum ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
Experimental Group

The rumen is an important digestive organ in which fermentation processes take place. Improving the rumen development of growing cattle is one of the major tasks. The need for ruminants in amino acids is as great as in mono-gastric animals. The rumen microorganisms cannot synthesize microbial protein in sufficient quantity to cover the need of developmental growth. The experiments were conducted on calves from four to five months of age at the «Za myr» farm in Sumy district, Sumy region. The calves were divided into three experimental groups of 10 animals each. The first experimental group was fed powder not protected methionine at a dose of 10 grams per animal, the second group was fed granulated methionine at a dose of 10 grams per animal for a month. The results suggest that bacterial count increased by 84,3%; Paramecium caudatum by 29,4 %; Entodiniomorpha by 26,6 % in the first experimental group to the 30th day. In the second group the indicators also changed after a month of research. The bacterial count was 93,2 % higher; Paramecium caudatum by 42,5 %; Entodiniomorpha by 25,9 % compared to control. According to the results of the experiment, we can assumed that powder methionine as well as granular had a positive effect on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the rumen microflora. In the first experimental group content of total nitrogen was higher by 12,2 % and protein content by 19,6 % compared to controls. In the second experimental group, where calves were fed a granulated methionine, content of total nitrogen was higher by 15,6 % and protein content by 22,4 % compared to controls. The residual nitrogen concentration significantly decreased by 32,2 % in the first group of calves and by 29,9 % in the second. It was experimentally proved that the enriched of granulated and non-granulated methionine food additives helped to increase the number of microorganisms in the rumen and increase the concentration of nitrogen in the rumen.

Water Requirement and Its Association With Growth Components and Protein Content of Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) 1

Crop Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Cole ◽  
A. K. Dobrenz ◽  
M. A. Massengale ◽  
L. Neal Wright
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Medicago Sativa L

Seasonal variations in the total nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen and urea nitrogen contents of Friesian and Jersey milk

1972 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. R. McDowell
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Milk Sample ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Analytical Result ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Contents

SummaryA large number of samples (433) from the milk of Friesian herds was taken during the period November 1968 – September 1969, and a smaller number (159) from Jersey herds during the dairy ‘season’ September 1969 – April 1970, and analysed for total nitrogen (TN) and for non-protein nitrogen (NPN). The Friesian milk sample varied in TN from 0·456 to 0·624% (average 0·531 ± 0·021%) and in NPN from 0·024 to 0·054% (average 0·035 ± 0·004%). The Jersey samples varied in TN from 0·467 to 0·718% (average 0·584 ± 0·036%) and in NPN from 0·022 to 0·051% (average 0·033 ± 0·006%).The average NPN value for all the milks was 0·034 ± 0·005%.There was a seasonal trend in NPN and TN for the Jersey and in TN but not in NPN for the Friesian milks. The proportion of NPN as a percentage of TN varied widely – for the Friesian samples from 4·9 to 10·2% (average 6·46%) and for the Jersey samples from 3·7 to 8·7% (average 5·74%).Urea N also was estimated in 125 of the Friesian and in all the Jersey milk samples. It varied from 0·012 to 0·029% (average 0·020 ± 0·004%) in the Friesian and from 0·009 to 0·031% (average 0·020 ± 0·004%) in the Jersey samples. For all the milks the urea N as a percentage of NPN varied from 33 to 79 (average 56·5%).It is suggested that values for ‘protein content’ of milk should refer only to ‘true’ protein ((TN – NPN) × 6·38) and that in the absence of an analytical result for NPN the use of an average value such as that above would be justified.

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