scholarly journals Review of the historical distribution of the Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus in Europe

Ornis Svecica ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (3–4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan H Mooji
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Population Modelling ◽  
Dramatic Decline ◽  
Species Population ◽  
Migratory Routes ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Key Sites ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Anser Erythropus

The Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus showed a dramatic decline since the first population estimates of the 1950s. At most wintering sites the species was overlooked until the middle of the 20th century and the migratory routes, staging areas and wintering sites were poorly known. Population modelling under consideration of the official estimates of the size of the total Lesser White-fronted Goose population since the 1950s indicates the possibility that the species population may have reached a level of 250,000–300,000 individuals in the second half of the 19th century, which means that the decline probably started already at the middle of the 19th century. Records from hunting, catching and observations in wintering and staging areas indicate that Lesser White-fronted Geese not only migrated over western Siberia and eastern Europe but also over western Europe. Because hunting is still one of the major threats, the species can only be saved from extinction if the key sites are protected and hunting of all goose species is banned in all staging areas of the species.

Italy's Late and Unprofitable Forays into Empire

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 377-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Federico
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Western Power ◽  
Colonial Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Venetian Republic

Italy's colonial history is better known for its failures (notably the battle of Adwa, the major defeat of a Western power by an African army in the 19th century) than for its achievements. Italy succeeded in conquering a substantial «empire» only in the 20th century, when the traditional colonial powers were already in retreat1. But this has not always been the case. The Venetian republic successfully ruled for many centuries the first «colonial» empire in Western Europe 2.

scholarly journals No Signs of Genetic Erosion in a 19th Century Genome of the Extinct Paradise Parrot (Psephotellus pulcherrimus)

Diversity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Irestedt ◽  
Per G. P. Ericson ◽  
Ulf S. Johansson ◽  
Paul Oliver ◽  
Leo Joseph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Glacial Cycle ◽  
Genome Resequencing ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Dramatic Decline ◽  
Whole Genome Resequencing ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Last Glacial

The Paradise Parrot, Psephotellus pulcherrimus, was a charismatic Australian bird that became extinct around 1928. While many extrinsic factors have been proposed to explain its disappearance, it remains unclear as to what extent genetic erosion might have contributed to the species’ demise. In this study, we use whole-genome resequencing to reconstruct a 15x coverage genome based on a historical museum specimen and shed further light on the evolutionary history that preceded the extinction of the Paradise Parrot. By comparing the genetic diversity of this genome with genomes from extant endangered birds, we show that during the species’ dramatic decline in the second half of the 19th century, the Paradise Parrot was genetically more diverse than individuals from species that are currently classified as endangered. Furthermore, demographic analyses suggest that the population size of the Paradise Parrot changed with temperature fluctuations during the last glacial cycle. We also confirm that the Golden-shouldered Parrot, Psephotellus chrysopterygius, is the closest living relative of this extinct parrot. Overall, our study highlights the importance of museum collections as repositories of biodiversity across time and demonstrates how historical specimens can provide a broader context on the circumstances that lead to species extinctions.

The development of nursing care of the sick in Western Europe in the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Jerzy Supady
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Nursing Care ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Religious Congregations ◽  
The Right ◽  
Napoleon I ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Enlightenment ideology and the French Revolution had a very negative impact on the activities of religious congregations in respect of nursing care of the sick in hospitals in the 18th century. Emperor Napoleon I attempted to improve the existing situation by restoring the right for nursing care to nuns. In the first half of the 19th century, in Germany catholic religious orders had the obligation to provide nursing care and in the 30’s of the 19th century the Evangelical Church also joined charity work in hospitals by employing laywomen, i.e. deaconesses.

Ludwig Noiré and the Debate on Language Origins in the 19th Century

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-71
Author(s):  
Jacopo D’Alonzo
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Language Origins ◽  
German Philosopher ◽  
Special Mention ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The 19Th Century

Summary Among the scholars who tackled the topic of language origins in the 19th century, the German philosopher Ludwig Noiré (1829–1889) deserves special mention. To him, the unique sociability of humans implies cooperation and cooperation in turn involves language. Remarkably, Noiré’s theory deeply influenced the debate on language origins until the 1950s. Before offering some theoretical and historical explanations for the enduring influence of Noiré’s theory, it is necessary to describe the general features of his theory and the context in which it arose. After dealing with the German-English debate on language origins during the 19th century, a section will be especially devoted to Noiré’s theory of language origins. Finally, a comparison between Noiré’s insights and the naturalistic framework of the 19th century is provided.

scholarly journals In Spite of Dungeon, Fire, and Sword: Peadar Ó Gealacáin and the survival of the Gaelic Irish Literary Tradition

Oceánide ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 52-60
Author(s):  
Ciarán Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
Irish Language ◽  
Literary Movement ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Subsequent Failure

As we advance through the 19th century in Ireland, the Irish Gaelic Literary tradition, one of the oldest in Western Europe, found itself in danger of extinction. The failure of the Irish language to find foothold in the towns and cities, and the subsequent failure of the language’s literary movement to transition itself into the printed mode, left the literature and poetry locked within the oral and manuscript traditions. With the ethnic cleansing of Ireland by Westminster well under way, first through forced emigration and then through famine, a small group of scribes set themselves the mammoth task of preserving this national treasure by travelling the country and writing down the songs, poems, and prose which were the result of centuries of literary effort on the part of the native Irish. By the end of the period the population had fallen from almost 9.000.000 at its height to less than 4.000.000: with no monoglot Irish speakers left. However due to the efforts of this small group of individuals we retain most of our literary wealth. This work tells the story of one of them, Peadar Ó Gealacáin.

Falling birth rate in the capitalist countries of Western Europe

1935 ◽  
Vol 31 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 520-523
Author(s):  
F. G. Mukhamedyarov
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Social Status ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
The Social ◽  
Maternal Function ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Status Of Women

The beginning of a sharp decline in the birth rate in Europe dates back to the last quarter of the 19th century, the period of the heyday of capitalism, when the exploitation of the working class takes on the most refined forms, the contradiction between the social status of women and her maternal function appears sharper and brighter.

scholarly journals ‘Conquest from barbarism’: The Danube Commission, international order and the control of nature as a Standard of Civilization

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Yao
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Natural World ◽  
International Order ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
The 19Th Century

In recent years, International Relations scholarship has looked back to the 19th century as a watershed epoch for the formation of the current international order and the development of ‘Standards of Civilization’ to legitimate that order. However, limited attention has been paid to the role played by society’s relationship with the natural world in constructing these civilizational standards. This article argues that the control and exploitation of nature as a standard of civilization developed in the 19th century to constitute membership in a civilized European international society. The standard dictated that civilized polities must both demonstrate internal territorial control and uphold external obligations towards other actors. In examining 19th-century political contestations over the Danube River as a natural highway between Europe and the near periphery, I demonstrate that in the eyes of Western Europe, Russia failed to uphold the taming of nature as a civilizational standard, contributing to the delegitimization of its authority over the Danube. In its place, the Western powers following the Crimean War created an international commission to manage the Danube delta — a rational and scientific body to rectify the troublesome absence of civilized authority. These civilizational assumptions underpin the 1856 Danube Commission as an early international organization, and through its success, continue to have implications for today’s international order.

Spain in Europe

1976 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-155
Author(s):  
Manuel Medina
Keyword(s):  
European Country ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Constitutional Government ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Geographical Point

SPAIN IS A EUROPEAN COUNTRY, AT LEAST FROM A GEOGRAPHICAL point of view. Culturally and historically it is part of Western Europe. During most of the 19th century and the first third of the 20th century it enjoyed constitutional government in one form or another. The liberal revolution of 1820 was the first outbreak of rebellion against the legitimist order imposed by the Holy Alliance in continental Europe. Men, institutions and parties of the Spanish Republic of 1931–36 were of European stature.

Ein symphonisches Selbstbildnis: Über Zoltán Kodálys Symphonie in C (1961)

2009 ◽  
Vol 50 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 203-220
Author(s):  
Anna Dalos
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Music History ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Major Scale ◽  
Western European ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Revolution

After the revolution in 1956, the cultural policy in Hungary shifted to allow a new openness toward Western-European movements: consequently 1956–1967 became one of the most important transitional periods of Hungarian music history. Composers turned away from the tradition of the foregoing thirty years, determined by the influence of Bartók and Kodály, imitating rather the works of Schoenberg, Berg, Webern, Boulez, Nono, Lutosławski, Penderecki and Stockhausen. In this context the 78-year-old Zoltán Kodály’s Symphony, written in 1960–1961 for the Swiss Festival Orchestra and dedicated to the memory of Arturo Toscanini, was rejected by the young generation of composers and also Hungarian music critics, who turned themselves for the first time against the much-revered figure of authority. The Symphony’s emphasis on C major, its conventional forms, Brahms-allusions, pseudo self-citations and references to the 19th-century symphonic tradition were also received without comprehension in Western Europe. Kodály’s letters and interviews indicate that the composer suffered disappointment in this negative reception. Drawing on manuscript sources, Kodály’s statements and the Symphony itself, my study argues that the three movements can be read as caricature-like self-portraits of different phases of the composer’s life (the young, the mature and the old) and that Kodály identified himself with the symphonic genre and the C-major scale.

scholarly journals In the “Mirror” of Press: Preparation and Conduct of the First “Russian Season” by S. P. Diaghilev (1906)

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
Natalia D. Melnik
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Art ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cultural Activities ◽  
Russian Symbolism ◽  
The Press ◽  
The 19Th Century

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to examine the coverage in the Russian and foreign press the preparation and conduct of the first Russian season in Paris (then in Berlin) by S. P. Diaghilev in 1906, which became the beginning of implementation of large-scale activities of impresario in Western Europe, whose main objective was the promotion of almost unknown at the time for the Europeans the Russian art. Results. Quoting the correspondence of artists-friends of Diaghilev, memoirs of contemporaries, publications in the press, as well as modern research, allows the author to assert that the basis of this cultural project of the impresario was the exhibition “Two centuries of Russian painting and sculpture”, where he exhibited ancient Russian icons, works of Russian artists of the 18th century – the first half of the 19th century, as well as paintings by members of the art Association “World of Art” who were the representatives of Russian symbolism and modernism. Conclusion. The studied materials indicate that the success of the first Russian season set the stage for further cultural activities to acquaint Western Europe with a variety of achievements of Russian art and their success among critics and the public.

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