Ludwig Noiré and the Debate on Language Origins in the 19th Century

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-71
Author(s):  
Jacopo D’Alonzo
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Language Origins ◽  
German Philosopher ◽  
Special Mention ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The 19Th Century

Summary Among the scholars who tackled the topic of language origins in the 19th century, the German philosopher Ludwig Noiré (1829–1889) deserves special mention. To him, the unique sociability of humans implies cooperation and cooperation in turn involves language. Remarkably, Noiré’s theory deeply influenced the debate on language origins until the 1950s. Before offering some theoretical and historical explanations for the enduring influence of Noiré’s theory, it is necessary to describe the general features of his theory and the context in which it arose. After dealing with the German-English debate on language origins during the 19th century, a section will be especially devoted to Noiré’s theory of language origins. Finally, a comparison between Noiré’s insights and the naturalistic framework of the 19th century is provided.

scholarly journals Speech, gesture and the origins of language

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLEM J. M. LEVELT
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Genetic Evidence ◽  
Language Origins ◽  
Sole Purpose ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
The 19Th Century

During the second half of the 19th century, the psychology of language was invented as a discipline for the sole purpose of explaining the evolution of spoken language. These efforts culminated in Wilhelm Wundt's monumental Die Sprache of 1900, which outlined the psychological mechanisms involved in producing utterances and considered how these mechanisms could have evolved. Wundt assumes that articulatory movements were originally rather arbitrary concomitants of larger, meaningful expressive bodily gestures. The sounds such articulations happened to produce slowly acquired the meaning of the gesture as a whole, ultimately making the gesture superfluous. Over a century later, gestural theories of language origins still abound. I argue that such theories are unlikely and wasteful, given the biological, neurological and genetic evidence.

From Maine de Biran to the ‘Motor Theory’ of speech

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-364
Author(s):  
Federico Albano Leoni ◽  
Francesca M. Dovetto
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
General Theory ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Motor Theory ◽  
Ferdinand De Saussure ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
The 19Th Century

Summary The basic idea of the modern Motor Theory of Speech Perception (Liberman et al. 1963) is that “the perception of speech is tightly linked to the feedback from the speaker’s own articulatory movements”. In this paper we try to show how the same idea was already formulated by the French philosopher Maine de Biran (1805) and taken up in the second half of the 19th century by psychologists (like Steinthal) and linguists (like Kruszewski and Paul). However, whereas in the 19th century the articulatory point of view was not only dominant, but also the only one incorporated in a general theory of language, in the 20th century the articulatory perspective is supplemented by the acoustic one (cf. Malmberg 1967). This was only hinted at by Ferdinand de Saussure in the Cours, but fully expressed in Jakobson & Halle (1956). In this respect, Liberman’s Motor Theory is to be considered much less original than it has been claimed.

Tobacco

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-589
Author(s):  
ARNOLD BURGEN
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Limited Success ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The 19Th Century

Tobacco use was well established among the inhabitants of the Americas when Columbus made his epic voyage. They smoked it in pipes and as cigars and also used it as snuff; it played an important role in social and religious practices. By 1550 pipe smoking was well established in Europe, to be largely supplanted by snuff in the 18th century and by cigarettes in the latter part of the 19th century. It was only proven in the 1950s that smoking was the major cause of lung cancer, which in turn, was responsible for an increasing proportion of deaths. Efforts to reduce smoking have had a limited success so far, but the overall incidence of lung cancer in the UK is now falling. Patterns across Europe are generally similar.

scholarly journals Pædagogik – opdragelse. Frihed og demokrati. Kausalitet og totaliserende elementer

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Karsten Tuft
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Philosophical Hermeneutics ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
What Works ◽  
Political Concept ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
The 19Th Century

ResuméBegreberne pædagogik, opdragelse, frihed, demokrati, kausalitet og totaliserende elementer analyseres ud fra sprogteorien i filosofisk hermeneutik (Gadamer). I Oplysningstiden ser vi en konfrontation mellem pædagogik (Pädagogik), som føres frem af de nye socialvidenskaber (Sozialwissenschaft, Staats-; Achenwall, Schlözer), og opdragelse (Erziehung), som føres frem i filosofi (Kant). Oplysningstidens begreb om kausalitet i pædagogik (Schlözer; det, der virker) antages at være forbundet med vore dages totaliserende elementer (Rousseau, Arendt). Frihedens betydning i Oplysningstidens opdragelsesfilosofi (Kant; det, der sker) svækkes i 1800-tallet. Derimod er frihed et stærkt begreb i den politiske proces omkring såvel det repræsentative demokrati (Nevers) som ved opbygningen af danske institutioner for børn og for uddannelse af pædagoger. Gennem den lange politiske kamp for frihed blev samfundet også reformeret med børnehaver og fritidshjem, der blev skabt i tæt sammenhæng med uddannelse af pædagoger; tilsammen kaldet den reformpædagogiske bevægelse. I dag ser vi totaliserende elementer vinde frem og true børns og voksnes myndighed og frihed. AbstractThe concepts of pedagogy, upbringing, freedom, democracy, causality and totalizing elements are analysed through the theory of language in philosophical hermeneutics (Gadamer). During The Enlightenment we find a confrontation between pedagogy (Pädagogik) promoted by the new social sciences (Sozialwissenschaft, Staats-) and upbringing (Erziehung) promoted by philosophy. Enlightenments conception of causality in pedagogy (Schlözer, what works) is assumed to have connection with todays totalizing elements (Arendt). The position of freedom in the Enlightenment philosophy of upbringing (Kant, what happens) is weakend during the 19th century. Nevertheless freedom is a strong political concept connected with representative democracy (Nevers) and the field of Danish early childhood education. During the long political fight for freedom Kindergartens were established together with education of pedagogues, and the reform-pedagogical movement were promoted. Today we are in a transition where totalizing elements gain strength and threatens genuine independency in the life of children and adults.

scholarly journals Translation difficulties in the Romanian version of Arthur Schopenhauer’s Aphorisms. A contrastive and diachronic analysis (I)

Diacronia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia-Iuliana Vârlan
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Arthur Schopenhauer ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Late Work ◽  
Philosophical Text ◽  
German Philosopher ◽  
Diachronic Analysis ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Way

The present paper concentrates on a late work of the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, Aphorisms on the Wisdom of Life, and on its only Romanian version, delivered at the end of the 19th century by Titu Maiorescu. The existence of five editions of this Romanian version, that have been published by the translator himself during a period of 40 years, represents a clear proof of the fact that transposing a German philosophical text into Romanian involved a series of translating difficulties. Observing the way Titu Maiorescu tried to overcome these difficulties by adopting specific translation solutions produced an analysis which was conducted from the linguistic perspective and which followed two directions: the contrastive one (as a result of direct comparison between source-text and target-text) and the diachronic one (which considered the interventions made by the same translator on his own text at different points in time). The linguistic analysis of a philosophical text was considered to be the most appropriate and useful approach not only for the present research, but also for future translators of the Aphorisms, who would aim at adapting the discourse of Titu Maiorescu’s version to the contemporary Romanian language, by taking into consideration its obvious evolution, especially in terms of its philosophical vocabulary.

scholarly journals The History of Bodybuilding: International and Hungarian Aspects

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 165-178
Author(s):  
Petra Németh ◽  
Andrea Gál
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Given

Bodybuilding is a scarcely investigated cultural phenomenon in social sciences, and, in particular, historiography despite the fact that its popularity both in its competitive and leisure form has been on the rise, especially since the 1950s. Development periods of this sport are mainly identified with those iconic competitors, who were the most dominant in the given era, and held the ‘Mr. Olympia’ title as the best bodybuilders. Nevertheless, sources reflecting on the evolution of organizational background and the system of competitions are more difficult to identify. It is similarly challenging to investigate the history of female bodybuilding, which started in the 19th century, but its real beginning dates back to the 1970s. For analysing the history of international bodybuilding, mainly American sources can be relied on, but investigating the Hungarian aspects is hindered by the lack of background materials. Based on the available sources, the objective of this study is to discover the development of the bodybuilding scene, its most important events and participants, from the beginning up to the present days.

scholarly journals Swahili Terminology in the Context of the Development of the Versification Theory and “Dispute about Poetry”

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-520
Author(s):  
Natalya S. Frolova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Language Poetry ◽  
European Language ◽  
Critical Essay ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article discusses the problem of the development of a scientific approach and Swahili terminology by national Swahili literary science in the context of the emergence of new Swahili poetry in the 1970s against the background of prevailing traditional genres, as well as the comprehension, interpretation and application of this terminology by scientists. Born at the end of the 19th century among European missionaries and scholars, the theory of Swahili versification continued to develop in European-language works until the 1950s when the first critical essay on Swahili versification by the traditional poet Amri Abedi appeared. The emergence of new Swahili poetry in the mid-1970s against the background of traditional genres not only produced the well-known mgogoro wa ushairi (dispute about poetry), but also required the comprehension of poetry itself and Swahili literature as a whole. An important role in this process was the priority of developing a unified scientific approach, as well as Swahili terminology. The emergence of a new Swahili-language poetry embodied in the works of Kezilahabi, Mulokozi, Kahigi and others, from the very beginning posed the task of naming this kind of poetry. The article focuses on the unsettled nature of certain Swahili poetry terms denoting new, modernist, Swahili poetry, a reflection of which is shown by the evident heterogeneity of their use in the studies of literary Swahili scholars of the 2000–2010s.

scholarly journals Review of the historical distribution of the Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus in Europe

Ornis Svecica ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (3–4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan H Mooji
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Population Modelling ◽  
Dramatic Decline ◽  
Species Population ◽  
Migratory Routes ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Key Sites ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Anser Erythropus

The Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus showed a dramatic decline since the first population estimates of the 1950s. At most wintering sites the species was overlooked until the middle of the 20th century and the migratory routes, staging areas and wintering sites were poorly known. Population modelling under consideration of the official estimates of the size of the total Lesser White-fronted Goose population since the 1950s indicates the possibility that the species population may have reached a level of 250,000–300,000 individuals in the second half of the 19th century, which means that the decline probably started already at the middle of the 19th century. Records from hunting, catching and observations in wintering and staging areas indicate that Lesser White-fronted Geese not only migrated over western Siberia and eastern Europe but also over western Europe. Because hunting is still one of the major threats, the species can only be saved from extinction if the key sites are protected and hunting of all goose species is banned in all staging areas of the species.

scholarly journals The Rise of the Idea of Model in Policymaking

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pertti Alasuutari ◽  
Marjaana Rautalin ◽  
Jukka Tyrkkö
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Parliamentary Debates ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractThe paper addresses the question whether national decision-making has become increasingly interdependent in recent decades, and what role “world models” play in any such trend. These questions are scrutinised by utilising the “Historic Hansard” corpus, which contains all records of the UK Parliament from 1803 to 2005, complemented by other corpora. The results show that references to other countries were most frequent in parliamentary debates very early in the 19th century. However, allusions to other countries have evolved from referencing case examples to referencing policies that are constructed and branded as models. The idea of transferable models caught on particularly strongly from the 1950s onward. The other corpora used for the study confirmed that these changes reflect a global trend. Hence, the post-war era has witnessed a worldwide spread of the idea of model as a precondition for a global proliferation of named models.

scholarly journals Love of the Road and Memories in the Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-123
Author(s):  
Morana Jarec
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Organized Activities ◽  
Artificial Lake ◽  
The Road ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Physical Features ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Village

The article presents various ways of transformation of infrastructural spaces in the region of Gorski Kotar (Croatia) into a symbolic place, through affects of the local population. The research is conducted within the context of the Lujzijana road, dating from the beginning of the 19th century, connecting the cities of Rijeka and Karlovac, and a dam with its vast artificial lake, built in the 1950s in the village of Lokve. Certain events, scenes, situations, narratives, practices and reactions as generators and consequences of affects are used as a base for the analysis. The study shows that people experience different kinds of affects in relation to both physical features of infrastructure and its influences, which are then expressed through literature, in plain conversations, through individual practice and organized activities. While the Lujzijana road, as an instance of cultural heritage, provokes feelings of love and respect, the dam and the lake create a hybrid place composed of joyous memories related to the time of the construction of the dam, as well as sad memories of the lost villages, flooded by the lake.

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