scholarly journals No Signs of Genetic Erosion in a 19th Century Genome of the Extinct Paradise Parrot (Psephotellus pulcherrimus)

Diversity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Irestedt ◽  
Per G. P. Ericson ◽  
Ulf S. Johansson ◽  
Paul Oliver ◽  
Leo Joseph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Glacial Cycle ◽  
Genome Resequencing ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Dramatic Decline ◽  
Whole Genome Resequencing ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Last Glacial

The Paradise Parrot, Psephotellus pulcherrimus, was a charismatic Australian bird that became extinct around 1928. While many extrinsic factors have been proposed to explain its disappearance, it remains unclear as to what extent genetic erosion might have contributed to the species’ demise. In this study, we use whole-genome resequencing to reconstruct a 15x coverage genome based on a historical museum specimen and shed further light on the evolutionary history that preceded the extinction of the Paradise Parrot. By comparing the genetic diversity of this genome with genomes from extant endangered birds, we show that during the species’ dramatic decline in the second half of the 19th century, the Paradise Parrot was genetically more diverse than individuals from species that are currently classified as endangered. Furthermore, demographic analyses suggest that the population size of the Paradise Parrot changed with temperature fluctuations during the last glacial cycle. We also confirm that the Golden-shouldered Parrot, Psephotellus chrysopterygius, is the closest living relative of this extinct parrot. Overall, our study highlights the importance of museum collections as repositories of biodiversity across time and demonstrates how historical specimens can provide a broader context on the circumstances that lead to species extinctions.

scholarly journals Updates in the Language ofHistoplasmaBiodiversity

mBio ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Gladieux
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Species Status ◽  
Genome Resequencing ◽  
Intraspecific Divergence ◽  
Testing Framework ◽  
Population Genomic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Whole Genome Resequencing

ABSTRACTIn a recent article, Sepúlveda et al. (mBio 8:e01339-17, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01339-17) investigated the genetic structure and evolutionary history of the human pathogenHistoplasma. Using whole-genome resequencing data, Sepúlveda et al. found that theHistoplasmagenus is composed of at least four strongly differentiated lineages. Their tour de force is to use a smart combination of population genomic approaches to show that the advanced stage of intraspecific divergence observed withinHistoplasmadoes not simply reflect population structure, but instead results from previously unidentified speciation events. The four independently evolvingHistoplasmalineages are elevated to the species status and assigned names. The newly described species exhibit medically important differences in phenotype, and these findings, therefore, have important epidemiological implications. This work provides a blueprint for phylogenomic species recognition in fungi, opening the way for a new age of enlightenment in which fungal species are diagnosed using highly discriminatory tools within a hypothesis-testing framework.

1. What is an emotion?

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Dylan Evans
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Difference ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Biological Nature

The word ‘emotion’ is fairly recent. Before the 19th century, people talked instead about ‘passions’, ‘sentiments’, and ‘affections’. ‘What is an emotion?’ begins by outlining the complex history of these words before exploring the variety of emotional experience in different cultures. However, our common emotional heritage binds humanity together in a way that transcends cultural difference. It is now widely accepted among anthropologists and emotion researchers that some emotions, at least, are not learned, but innate. The universality of basic and higher cognitive emotions argues strongly for their biological nature, shaped by our common evolutionary history.

scholarly journals Evidence of post-domestication hybridization and adaptive introgression in Western European grapevine varieties

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Freitas ◽  
M.A. Gazda ◽  
M. Rebelo ◽  
A.J. Muñoz-Pajares ◽  
C. Vila-Viçosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Genome Resequencing ◽  
Adaptive Introgression ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Whole Genome Resequencing ◽  
Historical Periods

ABSTRACTGrapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most significant crops in the world. Today’s richness in grapevine diversity results from a complex domestication history over multiple historical periods. Here, we employed whole genome resequencing to elucidate different aspects of the recent evolutionary history of this crop. Our results support a model in which a central domestication event in grapevine was followed by post-domestication hybridization with local wild genotypes, leading to the presence of an introgression signature in modern wine varieties across Western Europe. The strongest signal was associated with a subset of Iberian grapevine varieties, which show large introgression tracts. We targeted this study group for further analysis, demonstrating how regions under selection in wild populations from the Iberian Peninsula were preferentially passed on to the cultivated varieties by geneflow. Examination of underlying genes suggests that environmental adaptation played a fundamental role in both the evolution of wild genotypes and the outcome of hybridization with cultivated varieties, supporting a case of adaptive introgression in grapevine.

scholarly journals Review of the historical distribution of the Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus in Europe

Ornis Svecica ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (3–4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan H Mooji
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Population Modelling ◽  
Dramatic Decline ◽  
Species Population ◽  
Migratory Routes ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Key Sites ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Anser Erythropus

The Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus showed a dramatic decline since the first population estimates of the 1950s. At most wintering sites the species was overlooked until the middle of the 20th century and the migratory routes, staging areas and wintering sites were poorly known. Population modelling under consideration of the official estimates of the size of the total Lesser White-fronted Goose population since the 1950s indicates the possibility that the species population may have reached a level of 250,000–300,000 individuals in the second half of the 19th century, which means that the decline probably started already at the middle of the 19th century. Records from hunting, catching and observations in wintering and staging areas indicate that Lesser White-fronted Geese not only migrated over western Siberia and eastern Europe but also over western Europe. Because hunting is still one of the major threats, the species can only be saved from extinction if the key sites are protected and hunting of all goose species is banned in all staging areas of the species.

scholarly journals Inferring the evolutionary history of Populus trichocarpa from whole genome resequencing data

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (S7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen DiFazio ◽  
Gancho Slavov ◽  
Eli Rodgers-Melnick ◽  
Joel Martin ◽  
Wendy Schackwitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Genome Resequencing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Whole Genome Resequencing

scholarly journals Incipient sympatric speciation in wild barley caused by geological-edaphic divergence

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. e202000827
Author(s):  
Kexin Li ◽  
Xifeng Ren ◽  
Xiaoying Song ◽  
Xiujuan Li ◽  
Yu Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Barley ◽  
Sympatric Speciation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Genome Resequencing ◽  
Recombination Rates ◽  
Whole Genome Resequencing ◽  
The Last Glacial Maximum ◽  
The Last Glacial

Sympatric speciation (SS) has been contentious since the idea was suggested by Darwin. Here, we show in wild barley SS due to geologic and edaphic divergence in “Evolution Plateau,” Upper Galilee, Israel. Our whole genome resequencing data showed SS separating between the progenitor old Senonian chalk and abutting derivative young Pleistocene basalt wild barley populations. The basalt wild barley species unfolds larger effective population size, lower recombination rates, and larger genetic diversity. Both species populations show similar descending trend ∼200,000 yr ago associated with the last glacial maximum. Coalescent demography analysis indicates that SS was local, primary, in situ, and not due to a secondary contact from ex situ allopatric population. Adaptive divergent putatively selected genes were identified in both populations. Remarkably, disease resistant genes were selected in the wet basalt population, and genes related to flowering time, leading to temporal reproductive isolation, were selected in the chalk population. The evidence substantiates adaptive ecological SS in wild barley, highlighting the genome landscape during SS with gene flow, due to geologic-edaphic divergence.

Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.

Immigrant Arab Women in Chile during the Renaissance (Nahda), 1910s-1920s

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Arab Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.

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