Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics. Preservation of test organisms used for the determination of bactericidal, sporicidal and fungicidal activity

2006 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fungicidal Activity ◽  
Test Organisms

A Standard Primary Toxicity Bioassay Using Daphnia Magna as a Test Species

1977 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.A. Behie ◽  
J.E. Zajic ◽  
D. Berk ◽  
R.J.P. Brouzes ◽  
V.A. Naish
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Biological Indicator ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Toxicity Bioassay ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Dilution Water

Abstract Although Daphnia magna have been widely used in the determination of the toxicity of various substances, there are no reports in the literature that describe a rigorous bioassay method using this organism as a test species. The test described herein involves the standariza-tion of various important aspects of the method such as the age of the test organisms, and the dilution water used for the preparation of the various toxicant concentrations. Also described is a simple method for the statistical analysis of the results. The sensitivity of the proposed bioassay is demonstrated by determining the toxicity of various pulp and paper effluents. Finally, extensive bioassays were carried out simultaneously with rainbow trout and Daphnia magna indicating that Daphnia are as good a biological indicator of acute toxicity as fish.

FUNGICIDAL ACTION AS AFFECTED BY INTERACTION OF NICKEL CHLORIDE, NABAM, ZINEB, AND ZINC SULPHATE

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Forsyth ◽  
C. H. Unwin
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Sulphate ◽  
Early Blight ◽  
Fungicidal Activity ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Nickel Chloride ◽  
Fungicidal Action ◽  
Chloride Hexahydrate ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Test Organisms

Protectant fungicidal action of mixtures of nabam, zineb, nickel chloride, and zinc sulphate was evaluated by means of a "microbeaker method" and the slide germination method, using as test organisms the fungi causing leaf rust of wheat, crown rust of oats, early blight of tomatoes, and brown rot of peaches. All of the fungicides tested were more effective against the two rusts than against the organisms causing early blight and brown rot. The relatively insoluble nickel ethylenebisdithiocarbamate was much less effective than the other chemicals tested. Ratios (w/w) of nickel chloride hexahydrate to zineb around unity and to nabam plus zinc sulphate from 2–10 to 1 showed an unfavorable effect on fungitoxic activity against urediospores of P. recondita. The ratio showing greatest antagonism varied, depending on the test organism used and whether or not tankmix or wettable powder zineb was used. The formation of nickel ethylenebisdithiocarbamate in the aqueous solution and its low fungicidal activity adequately explain the results obtained.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF DIFFERENCES IN VIRULENCE OF STRAINS OF SALMONELLA TYPHOSA

1950 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Batson ◽  
Maurice Landy ◽  
Martha Brown
Keyword(s):  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Biological Characteristics ◽  
Intracerebral Injection ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Vi Antigen

An investigation is reported of a comparison by three methods of the degree and certainty of differentiation of strains of S. typhosa of different virulence for mice. These methods were (a) intracerebral injection, (b) intraperitoneal injection of saline suspensions, and (c) intraperitoneal injection of mucin suspensions of the test organisms. With the strains of S. typhosa employed, differentiation was questionable by the intracerebral method, somewhat more marked by the intraperitoneal-saline suspension method, and most definite by the intraperitoneal-mucin suspension method. Differentiation of the strains employed was found to be independent of the presence or absence of Vi antigen and apparently was more dependent upon the method of testing than upon any known differences in biological characteristics of the organisms.

Synthesis and Determination of the Absolute Configuration of Fugomycin and Desoxyfugomycin: CD Spectroscopy and Fungicidal Activity of Butenolides

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 4584-4593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Braun ◽  
Andreas Hohmann ◽  
Jaykumar Rahematpura ◽  
Corinna Bühne ◽  
Stefan Grimme
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Configuration ◽  
Fungicidal Activity ◽  
Cd Spectroscopy ◽  
The Absolute

scholarly journals Features of the determination of drinking water toxicity

2016 ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Е. Аrystarkhova
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chronic Effect ◽  
Water Toxicity ◽  
Quality Testing ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Tradescantia Fluminensis ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Test Objects

The article is devoted to the problem of the determination of drinking water toxicity in the system of water supply of Zhytomyr сity. An increase of reliability of control of drinking water quality is especially important in the conditions of tense ecological situation. That’s why it is expediently to apply so-called sets of test-organisms in which the representatives of vegetable and animal forms have to become as obligatory components for determination of water ecotoxicological potential. The results of such a biological testing enable more fully to estimate influence of contaminents on living creatures. It was suggested during the leadthrough of quality testing of drinking water to use Daphnia magna Straus and Tradescantia fluminensis Vellozo in the presented researches. On the basis of test-objects reactions the index of drinking water toxicity was calculated. The harmful influence of water secondary pollution on the living organisms (index of toxicity 50%, group D1) is noted. It was found out the specificity of  sensitiveness of tradescantia (on 8th day) and daphnia (on 15th day) to chronic effect of drinking water components.

SURFACTANTS AS FUNGICIDES

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 1335-1347 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Forsyth
Keyword(s):  
Fungicidal Activity ◽  
Surrounding Medium ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Puccinia Recondita ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Enzyme Systems ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Irreparable Damage

The cationic (Hyamine 3500, Cyprex, or dodine, and Triton X-400), anionic (Atlox G-3300 and Santomerse), and non-ionic (Tritons X-100, X-114, and B-1956 as well as Tween 81) surfactants were compared as inhibitors of respiration, as agents promoting the passage of amino acids out of spores into the surrounding medium, and as inhibitors of germination of the spores of one or more of the test organisms Monilinia fructicola, Alternaria solani, Puccinia recondita, and Puccinia coronata. The loss of cell constituents by leakage caused by the various surfactants paralleled their efficacy as fungicides against A. solani. Although the surfactants do cause reduction in respiration rates paralleling their fungicidal activity, the effect of the compounds on respiratory or other enzyme systems is considered to be secondary to the irreparable damage caused to the semipermeable outer membrane of the cytoplasm. The cations Ni++ and Cu++ were compared with the surfactants as inhibitors of respiration and as stimulators of cell leakage.

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