Inductive proximity switches. Methods for measuring the operating distance and operating frequency

Optimization in brown field developments is always challenging in terms of cost. One of it is XY Field, Rimau Block, South Sumatera with more than 70% of artificial lift is Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP). At ESP wells that are already running at maximum operating frequency of 60 Hz, some are still having problems to optimize their potential. The option to replace the pump with a higher rate is less of an option due to high cost. This leaves an opportunity to gain oil production by increasing frequency above 60 Hz. Upon discussion with the ESP Principal on the risks and possibilities, a trial was then planned for 3-wells. Candidates are selected from the list of ESP wells with the following criteria such as already operated at 60 Hz, still have sufficient fluid submergence, and based on simulated motor load at 70 Hz is still at safe motor load level. Frequency was increased gradually while continuously monitoring ESP Parameters (motor load, voltage and harmonic). It is also necessary to monitor the cable temperature as it is directly affected by the frequency changes. For each frequency increment, a well test is also performed to monitor the production changes. The trial was done on 3-wells (XY-364, XY-370 and XY-378), with the following promising results. XY-364 and XY-378 successfully reached the targeted 70Hz, while XY-370 stopped at 65Hz due to a cable temperature issue. Oil gain from this optimization was 48 BOPD with 1,043 BLPD and similar BS&W profile. ESP operation still normal until present day with all parameters at acceptable range. There were, however, challenges found during the trial. Cable temperature of XY-364 increased at junction box and found cable scun loosen. The problem was solved by replacing the cables. For XY-370, found temperature increment at moulded case circuit breaker during trial at 65 Hz. It was decided to hold at existing frequency. Unbalanced motor load at XY-364 and broken capacitor at XY-370 occurred at Harmonic Filter. The problem was solved by replacing the capacitor. The trial proves that we can operate ESP higher than base frequency (60 Hz) and resulted in decent oil gain. This opens an opportunity in ESP optimization above 60 Hz at an even larger scale.

Download Full-text

An E-Band 21-dB Variable-Gain Amplifier with 0.5-V Supply in 40-nm CMOS

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics10070804 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 804

Author(s):

Gibeom Shin ◽

Kyunghwan Kim ◽

Kangseop Lee ◽

Hyun-Hak Jeong ◽

Ho-Jin Song

Keyword(s):

Power Consumption ◽

Frequency Band ◽

Noise Figure ◽

Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽

Oxide Semiconductor ◽

Operating Frequency ◽

Variable Gain Amplifier ◽

Variable Gain ◽

Operating Frequency Band ◽

Shunt Capacitors

This paper presents a variable-gain amplifier (VGA) in the 68–78 GHz range. To reduce DC power consumption, the drain voltage was set to 0.5 V with competitive performance in the gain and the noise figure. High-Q shunt capacitors were employed at the gate terminal of the core transistors to move input matching points for easy matching with a compact transformer. The four stages amplifier fabricated in 40-nm bulk complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) showed a peak gain of 24.5 dB at 71.3 GHz and 3‑dB bandwidth of more than 10 GHz in 68–78 GHz range with approximately 4.8-mW power consumption per stage. Gate-bias control of the second stage in which feedback capacitances were neutralized with cross-coupled capacitors allowed us to vary the gain by around 21 dB in the operating frequency band. The noise figure was estimated to be better than 5.9 dB in the operating frequency band from the full electromagnetic (EM) simulation.

Download Full-text

A Low-Profile HF Meandered Dipole Antenna with a Ferrite-Loaded Artificial Magnetic Conductor

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11052237 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 2237

Author(s):

Oh Heon Kwon ◽

Won Bin Park ◽

Juho Yun ◽

Hong Jun Lim ◽

Keum Cheol Hwang

Keyword(s):

High Frequency ◽

Dipole Antenna ◽

Unit Cell ◽

Operating Frequency ◽

High Permeability ◽

Magnetic Conductor ◽

Artificial Magnetic Conductor ◽

Low Profile ◽

Compact Size ◽

Binary Genetic Algorithm

In this paper, a low-profile HF (high-frequency) meandered dipole antenna with a ferrite-loaded artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) is proposed. To operate in the HF band while retaining a compact size, ferrite with high permeability is applied to the unit cell of the AMC. The operating frequency bandwidth of the designed unit cell of the AMC is 1.89:1 (19–36 MHz). Thereafter, a meandered dipole antenna is designed by implementing a binary genetic algorithm and is combined with the AMC. The overall size of the designed antenna is 0.06×0.06×0.002 λ3 at the lowest operating frequency. The proposed dipole antenna with a ferrite-loaded AMC is fabricated and measured. The measured VSWR bandwidth (<3) covers 20–30 MHz on the HF band. To confirm the performance of the antenna, a reference monopole antenna which operates on the HF band was selected, and the measured receiving power is compared with the result of the proposed antenna with the AMC.

Download Full-text

Optimization of MicroStrip Patch Antenna Dimensions for Enhanced Bandwidth, Operating Frequency, Return Loss and Feed Width using Genetic Algorithm

2021 7th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS) ◽

10.1109/icaccs51430.2021.9441673 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

B Manoj ◽

Stephen Rodriguez

Keyword(s):

Genetic Algorithm ◽

Patch Antenna ◽

Return Loss ◽

Microstrip Patch Antenna ◽

Operating Frequency ◽

Microstrip Patch

Download Full-text

Design and Realization of a Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna with Wide, Dual, and Single-Band Operations for Compact Sized Wireless Applications

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics10111321 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1321

Author(s):

Wahaj Abbas Awan ◽

Syeda Iffat Naqvi ◽

Wael Abd Ellatif Ali ◽

Niamat Hussain ◽

Amjad Iqbal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wireless Local Area Network ◽

Local Area Network ◽

Single Band ◽

Dual Band ◽

Operating Frequency ◽

Reconfigurable Antenna ◽

Area Network ◽

Wireless Applications ◽

Operating Modes ◽

Compact Size

This paper presents a compact and simple reconfigurable antenna with wide-band, dual-band, and single-band operating modes. Initially, a co-planar waveguide-fed triangular monopole antenna is obtained with a wide operational frequency band ranging from 4.0 GHz to 7.8 GHz. Then, two additional stubs are connected to the triangular monopole through two p-i-n diodes. By electrically switching these p-i-n diodes ON and OFF, different operating frequency bands can be attained. When turning ON only one diode, the antenna offers dual-band operations of 3.3–4.2 GHz and 5.8–7.2 GHz. Meanwhile, the antenna with single-band operation from 3.3 GHz to 4.2 GHz can be realized when both of the p-i-n diodes are switched to ON states. The proposed compact size antenna with dimensions of 0.27λ0 × 0.16λ0 × 0.017λ0 at the lower operating frequency (3.3 GHz) can be used for several wireless applications such as worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), wireless access in the vehicular environment (WAVE), and wireless local area network (WLAN). A comparative analysis with state-of-the-art works exhibits that the presented design possesses advantages of compact size and multiple operating modes.

Download Full-text

Spatial Decomposition of a Broadband Pulse Caused by Strong Frequency Dispersion of Sound in Acoustic Metamaterial Superlattice

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14010125 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 125

Author(s):

Yuqi Jin ◽

Yurii Zubov ◽

Teng Yang ◽

Tae-Youl Choi ◽

Arkadii Krokhin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acoustic Pulse ◽

Frequency Dispersion ◽

Transmission Band ◽

Lateral Position ◽

Operating Frequency ◽

Frequency Range ◽

Frequency Spectra ◽

Acoustic Metamaterial ◽

Superlattice Structure ◽

Broadband Pulse

An acoustic metamaterial superlattice is used for the spatial and spectral deconvolution of a broadband acoustic pulse into narrowband signals with different central frequencies. The operating frequency range is located on the second transmission band of the superlattice. The decomposition of the broadband pulse was achieved by the frequency-dependent refraction angle in the superlattice. The refracted angle within the acoustic superlattice was larger at higher operating frequency and verified by numerical calculated and experimental mapped sound fields between the layers. The spatial dispersion and the spectral decomposition of a broadband pulse were studied using lateral position-dependent frequency spectra experimentally with and without the superlattice structure along the direction of the propagating acoustic wave. In the absence of the superlattice, the acoustic propagation was influenced by the usual divergence of the beam, and the frequency spectrum was unaffected. The decomposition of the broadband wave in the superlattice’s presence was measured by two-dimensional spatial mapping of the acoustic spectra along the superlattice’s in-plane direction to characterize the propagation of the beam through the crystal. About 80% of the frequency range of the second transmission band showed exceptional performance on decomposition.

Download Full-text