scholarly journals Optimization of Vineyard Water Management: Challenges, Strategies, and Perspectives

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 746
Author(s):  
José Manuel Mirás-Avalos ◽  
Emily Silva Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Novel Technologies

Water availability is endangering the production, quality, and economic viability of growing wine grapes worldwide. Climate change projections reveal warming and drying trends for the upcoming decades, constraining the sustainability of viticulture. In this context, a great research effort over the last years has been devoted to understanding the effects of water stress on grapevine performance. Moreover, irrigation scheduling and other management practices have been tested in order to alleviate the deleterious effects of water stress on wine production. The current manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of the advances in the research on optimizing water management in vineyards, including the use of novel technologies (modeling, remote sensing). In addition, methods for assessing vine water status are summarized. Moreover, the manuscript will focus on the interactions between grapevine water status and biotic stressors. Finally, future perspectives for research are provided. These include the performance of multifactorial studies accounting for the interrelations between water availability and other stressors, the development of a cost-effective and easy-to-use tool for assessing vine water status, and the study of less-known cultivars under different soil and climate conditions.

scholarly journals How downstream sub-basins depend on upstream inflows to avoid scarcity: typology and global analysis of transboundary rivers

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2795-2809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hafsa Ahmed Munia ◽  
Joseph H. A. Guillaume ◽  
Naho Mirumachi ◽  
Yoshihide Wada ◽  
Matti Kummu
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Available Water

Abstract. Countries sharing river basins are often dependent upon water originating outside their boundaries; meaning that without that upstream water, water scarcity may occur with flow-on implications for water use and management. We develop a formalisation of this concept drawing on ideas about the transition between regimes from resilience literature, using water stress and water shortage as indicators of water scarcity. In our analytical framework, dependency occurs if water from upstream is needed to avoid scarcity. This can be diagnosed by comparing different types of water availability on which a sub-basin relies, in particular local runoff and upstream inflows. At the same time, possible upstream water withdrawals reduce available water downstream, influencing the latter water availability. By developing a framework of scarcity and dependency, we contribute to the understanding of transitions between system regimes. We apply our analytical framework to global transboundary river basins at the scale of sub-basin areas (SBAs). Our results show that 1175 million people live under water stress (42 % of the total transboundary population). Surprisingly, the majority (1150 million) of these currently suffer from stress only due to their own excessive water use and possible water from upstream does not have impact on the stress status – i.e. they are not yet dependent on upstream water to avoid stress – but could still impact on the intensity of the stress. At the same time, 386 million people (14 %) live in SBAs that can avoid stress owing to available water from upstream and have thus upstream dependency. In the case of water shortage, 306 million people (11 %) live in SBAs dependent on upstream water to avoid possible shortage. The identification of transitions between system regimes sheds light on how SBAs may be affected in the future, potentially contributing to further refined analysis of inter- and intrabasin hydro-political power relations and strategic planning of management practices in transboundary basins.

Single hyperspectral bands are highly sensitive to water stress in adult mandarin trees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Berríos ◽  
Abdelmalek Temnani ◽  
Susana Zapata ◽  
Manuel Forcén ◽  
Sandra Martínez-Pedreño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Plant Water Status ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Severe Water Stress

<p>Mandarin is one of the most important Citrus cultivated in Spain and the sustainability of the crop is subject to a constant pressure for water resources among the productive sectors and to a high climatic demand conditions and low rainfall (about 250 mm per year). The availability of irrigation water in the Murcia Region is generally close to 3,500 m<sup>3</sup> per ha and year, so it is only possible to satisfy 50 - 60% of the late mandarin ETc, which requires about 5,500 m<sup>3</sup> per ha. For this reason, it is necessary to provide tools to farmers in order to control the water applied in each phenological phase without promoting levels of severe water stress to the crop that negatively affect the sustainability of farms located in semi-arid conditions. Stem water potential (SWP) is a plant water status indicator very sensitive to water deficit, although its measurement is manual, discontinuous and on a small-scale.  In this way, indicators measured on a larger scale are necessary to achieve integrating the water status of the crop throughout the farm. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity to water deficit of different hyperspectral single bands (HSB) and their relationship with the midday SWP in mandarin trees submitted to severe water stress in different phenological phases. Four different irrigation treatments were assessed: i) a control (CTL), irrigated at 100% of the ETc throughout the growing season to satisfy plant water requirements and three water stress treatments that were irrigated at 60% of ETc throughout the season – corresponding to the real irrigation water availability – except  during: ii) the end of phase I and beginning of phase II (IS IIa), iii) the first half of phase II (IS IIb) and iv) phase III of fruit growth (IS III), which irrigation was withheld until values of -1.8 MPa of SWP or a water stress integral of 60 MPa day<sup>-1</sup>. When these threshold values were reached, the spectral reflectance values were measured between 350 and 2500 nm using a leaf level spectroradiometer to 20 mature and sunny leaves on 4 trees per treatment. Twenty-four HVI and HSB were calculated and a linear correlation was made between each of them with SWP, where the ρ940 and ρ1250 nm single bands reflectance presented r-Pearson values of -0.78** and -0.83***, respectively. Two linear regression curves fitting were made: SWP (MPa) = -11.05 ∙ ρ940 + 7.8014 (R<sup>2</sup> =0.61) and SWP (MPa) = -13.043 ∙ ρ1250 + 8.9757 (R<sup>2</sup> =0.69). These relationships were obtained with three different fruit diameters (35, 50 and 65 mm) and in a range between -0.7 and -1.6 MPa of SWP. Results obtained show the possibility of using these single bands in the detection of water stress in adult mandarin trees, and thus propose a sustainable and efficient irrigation scheduling by means of unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with sensors to carry out an automated control of the plant water status and with a suitable temporal and spatial scale to apply precision irrigation.</p>

scholarly journals Water Management for Improving Pearl Millet Production under Irrigated Environment: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parveen Kumar ◽  
Amit Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dry Land

Pearl millet also called “poor man food” is known for its drought resistance, well adaptation to harsh conditions like soils with poor water holding capacity, low nutrient status, problematic soils, etc. Irrigation has been recognized as a basic necessity for sustaining high productivity of various crops. Moreover, it affects the crop yield directly as well as indirectly by increasing their response to other inputs including fertilizers and various management practices. It is well known that water deficit is one of the major abiotic factors limiting crop productivity in the semi-arid tropics. Out of the various production constraints; low productivity of pearl millet is mainly attributed to its cultivation under dry land conditions and improper water management under irrigated conditions. So application of irrigation water offers the scope for improving the quality as well as productivity of pearl millet. Therefore, to augment the productivity of the poor’s man crop, review of the research work related to irrigation scheduling and moisture conservation practices of pearl millet has been presented here for directing the future research.

Development of a Continuous Leaf Monitoring System to Predict Plant Water Status

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1445-1455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajveer S. Dhillon ◽  
Shrini K. Upadhaya ◽  
Francisco Rojo ◽  
Jed Roach ◽  
Robert W. Coates ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Leaf Temperature ◽  
Plant Water Status ◽  
Mesh Network ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Plant Water Stress ◽  
Precision Irrigation

Abstract. There is increased demand for irrigation scheduling tools that support effective use of the limited supply of irrigation water. An efficient precision irrigation system requires water to be delivered based on crop needs by measuring or estimating plant water stress. Leaf temperature is a good indicator of water stress. In this study, a system was developed to monitor leaf temperature and microclimatic environmental variables to predict plant water stress. This system, called the leaf monitor, monitored plant water status by continuously measuring leaf temperature, air temperature, relative humidity, ambient light, and wind conditions in the vicinity of a shaded leaf. The system also included a leaf holder, a solar radiation diffuser dome, and a wind barrier for improved performance of the unit. Controlled wind speed and consistent light conditions were created around the leaf to reduce the effect of nuisance variables on leaf temperature. The leaf monitor was incorporated into a mesh network of wireless nodes for sensor data collection and remote valve control. The system was evaluated for remote data collection in commercial orchards. Experiments were conducted during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons in walnut () and almond () orchards. The system was found to be reliable and capable of providing real-time visualization of the data remotely, with minimal technical problems. Leaf monitor data were used to develop modified crop water stress index (MCWSI) values for quantifying plant water stress levels. Keywords: Almonds, CWSI, Infrared sensor, Irrigation scheduling, Leaf temperature, Nut crops, Plant water stress, Precision irrigation, Stem water potential, Walnuts, Wireless mesh network.

Assessing canopy temperature-based water stress indices for soybeans under subhumid conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Morales Santos ◽  
Reinhard Nolz
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Stress Indices ◽  
Soil Water Status ◽  
Crop Water Stress

<p>Sustainable irrigation water management is expected to accurately meet crop water requirements in order to avoid stress and, consequently, yield reduction, and at the same time avoid losses of water and nutrients due to deep percolation and leaching. Sensors to monitor soil water status and plant water status (in terms of canopy temperature) can help planning irrigation with respect to time and amounts accordingly. The presented study aimed at quantifying and comparing crop water stress of soybeans irrigated by means of different irrigation systems under subhumid conditions.</p><p>The study site was located in Obersiebenbrunn, Lower Austria, about 30 km east of Vienna. The region is characterized by a mean temperature of 10.5°C with increasing trend due to climate change and mean annual precipitation of 550 mm. The investigations covered the vegetation period of soybean in 2018, from planting in April to harvest in September. Measurement data included precipitation, air temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity. The experimental field of 120x120 m<sup>2</sup> has been divided into four sub-areas: a plot of 14x120 m<sup>2</sup> with drip irrigation (DI), 14x120 m<sup>2</sup> without irrigation (NI), 36x120 m<sup>2</sup> with sprinkler irrigation (SI), and 56x120 m<sup>2</sup> irrigated with a hose reel boom with nozzles (BI). A total of 128, 187 and 114 mm of water were applied in three irrigation events in the plots DI, SI and BI, respectively. Soil water content was monitored in 10 cm depth (HydraProbe, Stevens Water) and matric potential was monitored in 20, 40 and 60 cm depth (Watermark, Irrometer). Canopy temperature was measured every 15 minutes using infrared thermometers (IRT; SI-411, Apogee Instruments). The IRTs were installed with an inclination of 45° at 1.8 m height above ground. Canopy temperature-based water stress indices for irrigation scheduling have been successfully applied in arid environments, but their use is limited in humid areas due to low vapor pressure deficit (VPD). To quantify stress in our study, the Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) was calculated for each plot and compared to the index resulting from the Degrees Above Canopy Threshold (DACT) method. Unlike the CWSI, the DACT method does not consider VPD to provide a stress index nor requires clear sky conditions. The purpose of the comparison was to revise an alternative method to the CWSI that can be applied in a humid environment.</p><p>CWSI behaved similar for the four sub-areas. As expected, CWSI ≥ 1 during dry periods (representing severe stress) and it decreased considerably after precipitation or irrigation (representing no stress). The plot with overall lower stress was BI, producing the highest yield of the four plots. Results show that DACT may be a more suitable index since all it requires is canopy temperature values and has strong relationship with soil water measurements. Nevertheless, attention must be paid when defining canopy temperature thresholds. Further investigations include the development and test of a decision support system for irrigation scheduling combining both, plant-based and soil water status indicators for water use efficiency analysis.</p>

scholarly journals Water Stress Patterns of Xerophytic Plants in an Urban Landscape

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 818-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Martinson ◽  
John Lambrinos ◽  
Ricardo Mata-González
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Xylem Water Potential

Efficient water use in urban landscapes is a common objective throughout the western United States. Vegetative species promoted for their drought tolerance characteristics are often included in landscapes designed for resource conservation. However, water requirements of most common landscape species have not been quantified. This is especially true for xerophytic species. This lack of landscape plant water requirement data is a significant constraint on the design of efficient irrigation systems and management practices affecting urban landscape water use. Current irrigation practices often fail to consider the unique physiology of xerophytic species, and irrigation scheduling models may not be appropriate for xeric landscapes using xerophytic vegetation as the primary method of reducing water use. This work describes the seasonal patterns of growth and xylem water status for four regionally native xeric shrub species planted in an unirrigated urban landscape in the semi-arid environment of central Oregon. The four species (Artemisia tridentata, Holodiscus microphyllus, Ericameria nauseosa, and Ribes cereum) exhibited substantial growth over the course of 18 months without irrigation in a heavily modified urban soil profile. Water potential of the four species was strongly correlated with surface (10 cm) soil moisture (r ≥ 0.90), less so with reference monthly evapotranspiration (r ≤ 0.55), and only weakly with water vapor deficit (r ≤ 0.22). In A. tridentata and H. microphyllus, xylem water potential became more negative during the growing season and tracked the seasonal decline in soil moisture. In contrast, the xylem water potential of E. nauseosa and R. cereum tracked soil moisture early in the season but became less responsive to soil moisture in the driest months, suggesting different drought adaptation strategies in these species. Three of the four species showed no visual signs of drought stress and maintained acceptable aesthetics even as soil moisture decreased to less than 10%. However, R. cereum exhibited a drought dormancy strategy that made it less aesthetically desirable. These results suggest that extreme xerophytic shrubs provide an opportunity for significant reductions in water use in urban landscapes.

scholarly journals Evaluating Remotely-Sensed Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Water Stress Responses Across a Viticultural Region

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinay Pagay ◽  
Catherine M. Kidman
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Aerial Surveillance ◽  
Thermal Indices ◽  
Growing Seasons

The evolving spatial and temporal knowledge about vineyard performance through the use of remote sensing offers new perspectives for vine water status studies. This paper describes the application of aerial thermal imaging to evaluate vine water status to improve irrigation scheduling decisions, water use efficiency, and overall winegrape quality in the Coonawarra viticultural region of South Australia. Airborne infrared images were acquired during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons in the region of Coonawarra, South Australia. Several thermal indices of crop water status (CWSI, Ig, (Tc-Ta)) were calculated that correlated with conventional soil and vine water status measures (Ψpd, Ψs, gs). CWSI and Ig could discriminate between the two cultivars used in this study, Cabernet Sauvignon (CAS) and Shiraz (SHI), as did the conventional water stress measures. The relationship between conventional vine water status measures appeared stronger with CWSI in the warmer and drier season (2016) compared to the cooler and wetter season (2017), where Ig and (Tc-Ta) showed stronger correlations. The study identified CWSI, Ig and (Tc-Ta) to be reliable indicators of vine water status under a variety of environmental conditions. This is the first study to report on high resolution vine water status at a regional scale in Australia using a combination of remote and direct sensing methods. This methodology is promising for aerial surveillance of vine water status across multiple blocks and cultivars to inform irrigation scheduling.

scholarly journals Gas Exchange and Photochemical Efficiency of Caatinga Plants Submitted to Different Water Management Strategies

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Lennon Kledson dos Santos Silva ◽  
Maria Claudjane Jerônimo Leite Alves ◽  
Renato Nunes Costa ◽  
Dayane Mércia Ribeiro Silva ◽  
Jania Claudia Camilo dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Initial Growth Stage

Water availability is a critical point for dryland recovered on tropical regions of the world. This problem to become higher with the lacking information about the ecophysiologial behavior of the native plants on the initial growth stage under field conditions, mainly when these plants are submitted to different water availability levels. To address this question, we evaluated different water management strategies on the ecophysiological features of the five young native plants establishment in a degraded area located in the Caatinga, a dryland Brazilian forest. The water management strategies effects on native plants were checked by analyzing the photosynthesis rates, gas exchange and photochemistry efficiency in leaves of Crataeva tapia, Erythrina mulungu, Handroanthus impetiginosus, Tabebuia aurea and Ziziphus joazeiro. The experiment had four treatments (waterbox use, bovine manure, hydrogel, bovine manure plus hydrogel) and control. In the initial growth stage and under field conditions, the effects of water stress or water deficiency on the photosynthetic rates, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence a of the T. aurea, H. impetiginosus, C. tapia and E. mulungu, exposed to waterbox and hydrogel, associated or not with bovine manure, were partially or totally mitigated. The Z. joazeiro species has the adaptive intrinsic characteristics that allow them to with stand the most stressful environmental conditions and this naturally allowed presenting greater water use efficiency and absence of damage to the photosynthetic apparatus and high Fv/Fm ratio. In general, the water management strategies studied have alleviated the effects of water stress, totally or partially, on the ecophysiological processes of young native plants under field conditions.

Precision Management Practices for Legal Cultivation of Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.)

2021 ◽  
pp. 187-209
Author(s):  
Aitazaz Ahsan Farooque ◽  
Farhat Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Precision Management ◽  
Industry Needs ◽  
Disease Free

Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) growers worldwide lack reliable and research-based information about precision management practices (PMP) of cannabis. The history, legal framework, and PMP for cultivation of cannabis have been reviewed with special emphasis on water management, nutrient management, and disease control for optimum cannabis production. The aim is to provide guidelines for precision farming of cannabis to meet fibrous and medicinal needs of the humankind. Therefore, the scope of this chapter is for the potential of hemp cultivation to meet industry needs of fiber and medicine. Methods of irrigation scheduling, nutrient applications, and keeping greenhouse hygienically clean for disease-free (i.e., powdery mildew) hemp production are discussed. Reviewed and recommended application rates of irrigation and nutrients, and environment controls have been tabulated. Chemical, biological, and physical controls of PM control and crop input requirements for disease-free cultivation of hemp are presented.

scholarly journals Application of a Daily Crop Water Stress Index to Deficit Irrigate Malbec Grapevine under Semi-Arid Conditions

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 492
Author(s):  
Krista C. Shellie ◽  
Bradley A. King
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Crop Water Stress Index ◽  
Irrigation Amount ◽  
Water Stress Index ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
Crop Water Stress

Precision irrigation of wine grape is hindered by the lack of an automated method for monitoring vine water status. The objectives of this study were to: Validate an automated model for remote calculation of a daily crop water stress index (CWSI) for the wine grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivar Malbec and evaluate its suitability for use in irrigation scheduling. Vines were supplied weekly with different percentages of evapotranspiration-based estimated water demand (ETc) over four growing seasons. In the fifth growing season, different daily CWSI threshold values were used to trigger an irrigation event that supplied 28 mm of water. All three indicators of vine water status (CWSI, midday leaf water potential (Ψlmd), and juice carbon isotope ratio (δ13C)) detected an increase in stress severity as the irrigation amount decreased. When the irrigation amount decreased from 100% to 50% ETc, 70% to 35% ETc, or the daily CWSI threshold value increased from 0.4 to 0.6, berry fresh weight and juice titratable acidity decreased, juice δ13C increased, the weekly CWSI increased, and Ψlmd decreased. Under the semi-arid conditions of this study, utilizing a daily CWSI threshold for irrigation scheduling reduced the irrigation amount without compromising the yield or changes in berry composition and remotely provided automated decision support for managing water stress severity in grapevine.

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