scholarly journals Campus Study of the Impact of Ultra-Low Flush Toilets on Sewerage Networks and Water Usage

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 419
Author(s):  
Peter Melville-Shreeve ◽  
Sarah Cotterill ◽  
Alex Newman ◽  
David Butler
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Sewer Network ◽  
Annual Cost Saving ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

Water demand management often focuses on quantifying the benefits of water efficiency rather than the potential impact of reduced flows on the sewer network. This study assessed the impact of a high-density deployment of ultra-low flush toilets (ULFT). A pre-installation washroom survey was carried out in July 2018. Water demand and sewer network condition were assessed ahead of the installation of 119 ULFTs and a real-time monitoring system across seven buildings on the University of Exeter campus. ULFTs were flushed 257,925 times in 177 days saving an estimated 2287 m3 per annum (compared to traditional 6 litre WCs). The annual cost saving of this reduction is approximately £12,580/annum, assuming a volumetric cost of £5.50/m3 of water. Mean discharge to the sewer network reduced by 6 m3/day. In the six-month period, 95 maintenance issues were reported, equating to 1 in 2700 flushes (0.037%). However, the frequency of incidents decreased after an initial commissioning period. There is no evidence, from blockage reports or photographs of manhole flow conditions, that the risk of blockage in the sewer network increased as a result of the ULFT installation programme.

A Multi-Objective Decision-Making Model for Water Demand Management Based on ET Indicator

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 2955-2962
Author(s):  
Fan Lu ◽  
Ming Na Wang ◽  
Dong Dong Zhang ◽  
Zhi Guo Gan ◽  
Bai Sha Weng
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
Water Demand Management ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Economy System

This paper aims at comprehensively considering the mutual coupling between available water resources and water consumption in (i) a regional social economy system; (ii) a macro-economy system; and (iii) an ecological environmental system. The main focus is to investigate the impact of controlling the total amount of ET and to be able to utilize water resources efficiently. An analytic model for multi-objective decision making of water demand management based on ET indicator is developed in order to research the strategies and corresponding water demand schemes that are relevant to future objectives for economic development, agricultural development, ET regulation and control, water engineering investment, and water environment management of Beijing. Various scenarios examined in the study indicate the validity of the proposed method in analyzing water demand administrative decisions.

What's your story? Practitioners' tacit knowledge and water demand management policies in southern Africa and Canada

Water Policy ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Tacit Knowledge ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Water Demand Management ◽  
Beliefs And Values ◽  
The World ◽  
Consumption Rates

Water efficiency research has focused on consumption rates and the tools—for example, pricing—designed to modify consumers' demand. But municipal practitioners can also be a highly influential group and have been neglected in the conventional water demand management (WDM) research. To understand better how to make WDM policy implementation more successful, practitioners “tacit knowledge” must be identified and examined. Tacit knowledge consists of deep beliefs and values about the way the world works and is important. Grounded in practical experience, tacit knowledge is informal, unspoken and often difficult to articulate. People may not even be consciously aware of their tacit knowledge; rather, their deepest beliefs and values operate as an implicit and unquestioned background understanding that shapes how they see the world and act within it. Tacit knowledge influences why practitioners are concerned about WDM, how they act on that concern and what they say about the issue when they talk to their colleagues. Identifying and understanding the potential influence of tacit knowledge would be tremendously valuable for day-to-day practices in growing municipalities and for government agencies that are responsible for infrastructure and sustainable development. By understanding practitioners' learning processes, their rationale for action and the organizational cultures in which they operate, it will be possible to make more informed policy recommendations.

scholarly journals Modeling of water demand management in an arid area: case of Bechar city

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Seddiki ◽  
El Amine Cherif
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Computer Tool ◽  
Algerian Sahara ◽  
Average Annual Rainfall ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town ◽  
Water Evaluation And Planning

AbstractBechar city is located in arid climate of the Algerian Sahara, with an average annual rainfall of about 72 mm. There are two sources to ensure the water supply of the town of Bechar; the first comes from a watershed made up of eight non-renewable boreholes, and the second comes from the Djorf Torba dam, located about 45 km to the west. The pressure on water demand in the highland region depends on many factors, namely: demographic, social, climatic and economic. This study is based on the application of a water evaluation and planning computer tool on the city of Bechar. Which allows us to analyze the supply–demand balance in the water and assess the impact of different scenarios on the study area for manage the water resource and the projected water demand for the different sectors (drinking water, industrial water and agriculture) until 2060.

scholarly journals Fees and governance: Towards sustainability in water resources management at schools in post-apartheid South Africa

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Booysen ◽  
Buddhi Wijesiri ◽  
Cheroline Ripunda ◽  
Ashantha Goonetilleke
Keyword(s):  
Demand Management ◽  
High Water ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Early Afternoon ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
The Impact

Water scarcity is increasingly staking a claim next to energy as a threat to the sustainability of large cities, especially in developing countries with limited resources. The recent crisis brought on by Cape Town’s “Day Zero” drought created the impetus to expand on existing research on water demand management to include analysis of school usage patterns and key determinants thereof. With the effects of apartheid still visible in society and in school infrastructure coupled with the high water usage rates at schools, this paper evaluates the impact of school affluence (whether it is fee-paying or not, and self-governing or not) on water usage. We find that poor schools use substantially more water, partially because of poor maintenance, with mean water efficiencies of poor schools around 50% and 80% for affluent schools. Bayesian models were used to further determine which characteristics of a school are good proxies for the higher usage to help administrators and policy makers in the resource constrained educational environment. In addition to the obvious impact of maintenance, the results point an incriminatory finger at early morning-school usage, early afternoon usage, and Saturday usage

A methodology to determine the effectiveness of water demand management measures in South Africa

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-229
Author(s):  
E. Johnson ◽  
J. Bhagwan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Water Demand Management ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this project was to develop a methodology to determine the effectiveness of Water Demand Management (WDM) and Water Conservation (WC) measures in developing regions and countries. The project, which was sponsored by South Africa's Water Research Commission, involved a critical examination of those applicable local (South African) conditions that guide the development of the methodology. Some of the specific challenges identified included the practical definition of linkage between the principle of increasing the supply of water through the implementation of WDM/WC measures and the unlimited needs of users, a strong culture of non-payment for water which limits the impact of economic measures, the overall lack of programmes for the repair and maintenance of water infrastructure as well as the increasing shortage of skilled human resources. Several existing related methodologies were examined in order to provide a historic and conceptual framework for the research. Selected WDM/WC case studies, both locally in South Africa and internationally, have provided useful insight during the development of the methodology. A pragmatic and easy to understand consolidated methodology has been developed that takes cognisance of the objectives of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). The methodology is a consultative and consensus based approach assisted by numerous graphic based techniques, tools and examples.

Sacramento implements guidance for river, growth and demand management

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 241-248
Author(s):  
Charles W. Pike
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
American River ◽  
The World ◽  
Aesthetic Values ◽  
Regional Water

The Sacramento California Region has long enjoyed ample water supplies and popular rivers providing esthetic, recreation and environmental resources. Ground and surface water supplies have been managed by twenty independent management agencies. In the 1980s and 1990s the region experienced dramatic population growth and increased water demand. Environmental organizations sought to preserve the environmental values of the Lower American River. Six years of negotiation resulted in the Water Forum Agreement, a memorandum of understanding signed by business and agricultural leaders, citizens groups, environmentalists, water managers, and local governments to fulfill two co-equal objectives: (i) to provide a reliable and safe water supply for the region's economic health and planned development to the year 2030; and (ii) to preserve the fishery, wildlife, recreational, and aesthetic values of the Lower American River. This paper describes three major parameters guiding the water future of the Sacramento Region, which may be a model for other regions of the world: (1) the seven policy elements of the Water Forum Agreement; (2) the Regional Water Authority (RWA) and the Sacramento Groundwater Authority help to implement the policies of the Water Forum Agreement; (3) RWA's regional water efficiency program provides “pick and choose” water efficiency measures to twenty water suppliers in three counties.

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