scholarly journals Assessment of Full-Scale Indirect Potable Water Reuse in El Port de la Selva, Spain

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 325
Author(s):  
Soňa Fajnorová ◽  
Christoph Sprenger ◽  
Nina Hermes ◽  
Thomas A. Ternes ◽  
Lluís Sala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Soil Aquifer Treatment ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
La Selva ◽  
Monitoring Wells ◽  
Water Wells

In 2015, the town of El Port de la Selva in Spain implemented soil-aquifer treatment (SAT) using tertiary treated wastewater effluents to replenish the local potable aquifer. This study evaluated the initial phase of this indirect potable water reuse system including a characterization of hydraulic conditions in the aquifer and monitoring of microbial contaminants and 151 chemicals of emerging concern (CECs). The combined treatment resulted in very low abundances of indicator bacteria, enteric viruses and phages in the monitoring wells after three days of infiltration and a reduction of antibiotic microbial resistance to background levels of local groundwater. After tertiary treatment, 94 CECs were detected in the infiltration basin of which 15 chemicals exceeded drinking water thresholds or health-based monitoring trigger levels. Although SAT provided an effective barrier for many chemicals, 5 CECs were detected above health-based threshold levels in monitoring wells after short hydraulic retention times. However, additional attenuation is expected due to dilution prior to abstraction via downstream drinking water wells and during granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration, which was recently installed to mitigate residual CECs. Overall, the results demonstrate that indirect potable water reuse can be a reliable option for smaller communities, if related risks from microbial and chemical contaminants are adequately addressed by tertiary treatment and subsequent SAT, providing sufficient hydraulic retention times for pathogen decay and CEC removal.

scholarly journals Treatment of wastewater from a carbon monoxide production unit aimed at water reuse

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Almada ◽  
G. A. T. Fontoura ◽  
D. M. Bila ◽  
G. L. Sant'Anna ◽  
M. Dezotti
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Production Unit ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Treatment Unit

The industrial wastewater from a carbon monoxide production unit was treated by physico-chemical processes in order to achieve a quality level appropriate for reuse. In preliminary tests, coagulation/flocculation (CF), sand filtration and activated carbon adsorption were investigated in order to select the materials and the process conditions. Based on the results a combined treatment was proposed: CF followed by down-flow filtration in a combined medium (sand and granular activated carbon). The results obtained in a bench-scale treatment unit showed that the combined treatment removed wastewater turbidity (95%), total suspended solids (97%), volatile suspended solids (81%), chemical oxygen demand (74%) and dissolved organic carbon (65%). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were removed to non-detectable levels. The residual conductivity of the treated wastewater is a matter of concern, and considering the water characteristics of this industrial process, a reuse scheme was proposed based on on-line monitoring and control of conductivity and partial reuse of the treated wastewater.

scholarly journals Oil refinery wastewater treatment in biofilm reactor followed by sand filtration aiming water reuse

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelli N. Dias ◽  
Ana C. Cerqueira ◽  
Geraldo L. Sant'Anna ◽  
Marcia Dezotti
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Slow Rate ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Refinery Wastewater ◽  
Oil Refinery Wastewater

Oil refinery wastewater was sequentially treated in a moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) and a slow-rate sand filter (SF) in order to obtain an effluent with adequate characteristics for downstream reverse osmosis (RO) operation. Experiments were conducted in bench scale units and the results showed that the MBBR was able to remove 90% chemical oxygen demand (COD), 75% NH4+, 95% phenols, operating with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 9 h. Additional removal of COD (15–40%) and ammonia (30–60%) was achieved in the slow-rate SF that was also effective for removing microorganisms. The silt density index (SDI) of the treated wastewater (4.5) was below the maximum limit recommended for RO operation. The quality of the effluent from the combined treatment system (MBBR+SF) was already adequate for cooling tower make-up. The RO produced an effluent with quality compatible with that required for use in boilers.

scholarly journals Pathogen survival in recycled water

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Jatinder PS Sidhu ◽  
Simon G Toze
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
Health Hazards ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Pathogen Survival

Pathogen survival in recycled water Water shortages affect more than 2 billion people worldwide in over 40 countries, with 1.1 billion people living without sufficient drinking water. Captured stormwater and treated wastewater can be used for supplementing non-potable water supplies. However presence of enteric pathogens in the reclaimed water can lead to potential health hazards.

scholarly journals Effluent Water Reuse Possibilities in Northern Cyprus

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Gozen Elkiran ◽  
Fidan Aslanova ◽  
Salim Hiziroglu
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Effluent Water ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Northern Cyprus

Northern Cyprus (NC) is suffering from limited water resources and reiterated drought condition experiences due to global warming effects. Previous studies revealed that the water management policy in the country is not sustainable from the perspective of demand and balance. Apparently, the reuse of recycled water will be an alternative resource and can be utilized for some specific purposes to reduce water extraction from the ground. It is expected that treated wastewater will reach 20 million cubic meters (MCM) per year after the completion of the new sewage system for Lefkosa. Today, 20,000 m3 of wastewater is treated at the Lefkosa Central Treatment Plant up to the secondary treatment level, in which the degree of treatment varies from 60% to 95% owing to the weather conditions in the country during the year. Effluent water reuse in NC was not accepted due to cultural belief. However, water scarcity was experienced in the country during the last decade, forcing the farmers to benefit from the recycled water. There is no regulatory framework available in the country for effluent water reuse. However, preparation studies are almost finalized after discussions among government and European Union (EU) agencies. Cyprus, as an EU country, has an obligation to treat the wastewater up to the secondary level before releasing it in an environmentally friendly nature, following the Directive 91/271/EEC. This paper analyzes the effluent water reuse possibilities as a component of integrated water resource management in Northern Cyprus considering laboratory experiment results. It appears that applying tertiary treatment in Northern Cyprus will allow 20 MCM of water contribution to the water budget and it will help protect the vulnerable environment. Also, since the cost of tertiary treatment will be 0.2 United States dollars (USD)/m3, it would be reasonable to prefer this process to the desalination of water, which costs of 1 USD/m3.

Pesticides in groundwater and drinking water wells: overview of the situation in the Netherlands

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 1277-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. M. Schipper ◽  
M. J. M. Vissers ◽  
A. M. A van der Linden
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Fresh Groundwater ◽  
Water Abstraction ◽  
Pesticides Residues ◽  
Monitoring Wells ◽  
Water Wells

In the Netherlands, many of the fresh groundwater resources are vulnerable to pollution. Owing to high population densities and intensive farming practices, pesticide residues are found in groundwater at many places. Hence a number of drinking water abstraction wells contain pesticides residues, causing considerable costs for purification. The Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires countries to assess the chemical status of groundwater bodies and set up monitoring plans for groundwater quality, including pesticides. 771 groundwater samples were taken from monitoring wells in 2006 and analysed for a broad list of pesticides in order to fulfil these requirements. Pesticide were detected in 27% of samples, while in 11% the WFD limit of 0.1 μg/l was exceeded. In this paper, these and earlier measurements are evaluated further, considering also measurements in drinking water wells, information about the origin of measured pesticides and calculated trends in use and emissions. The measurements in the monitoring wells showed that where pesticides are used, 15–55% (minimal and maximal estimation) of the wells in shallow groundwater (1 to 20m below soil surface) contain pesticides residues at concentrations above 0.1 μg/l. When the metabolites BAM and AMPA are excluded (as not relevant in human toxicological terms), the estimation range is 7–37%. These patterns observed in shallow groundwater are reflected by the occurrence of pesticides in vulnerable abstraction wells that are used for the production of drinking water. The WFD requires the determination of both status and trends. The design of current monitoring network is evaluated from this perspective. Several recommendations are made for more adequate and efficient monitoring.

scholarly journals HESS Opinions: Agricultural irrigation with effluent – Pharmaceutical residues that we should worried about

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dror Avisar ◽  
Gefen Ronen-Eliraz
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Effluent Water ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Water Leaching ◽  
Pharmaceutical Residues ◽  
Inorganic Matter

Abstract. Policy regarding effluent water and reclamation aims to prevent environmental pollution while proposing an alternative water resource. Water makes up 99–99.9 % of raw wastewater. Thus extracting organic and inorganic matter from water is a must. Worldwide, but especially in developed countries, great effort has been made to reuse wastewater, and it is becoming a reliable alternative source. Israel is the world leader in water reuse, allocating 85 % of effluent water for agricultural irrigation. As such, it constitutes a living laboratory in which to study the implications of the intensive use of treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation, leading to research and legislation regarding effluent quality and regulation. Effluent produced in Israel is subject to severe regulations and standards and is considered suitable for every use except drinking water. It is mostly allocated for agricultural irrigation with no restrictions. The irrigated lands are close to natural water sources, and therefore water leaching from the fields infiltrate those sources, becoming part of the water cycle. A group of persistent and toxic nano- and micro-organic contaminants, including pharmaceutical residues, flows to water-treatment plants from hospitals, industry, agriculture and especially the domestic sector. These contaminants' chemical structure, characterized by a couple of aromatic rings and double bonds, makes them especially persistent; they are resistant to conventional biological treatment, used as a secondary treatment. As a result, the effluent that leaves the treatment plants, which is considered to be of high quality, actually contains pharmaceutical residues. After secondary and tertiary treatment, these persistent chemical residues can still be found in surface water, groundwater and agricultural products. Pharmaceutical residues in effluent allocated for agricultural irrigation are undesirable. Expansion of the monitoring system for those contaminants, improvement of the tertiary treatment, and implementation of advanced technologies for decomposition and removal of pharmaceutical contaminants are thus needed

scholarly journals Reclaiming Suburbia: Differences in Local Identity and Public Perceptions of Potable Water Reuse

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Redman ◽  
Kerri Jean Ormerod ◽  
Scott Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Local Identity ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Northern Nevada

Urban water managers are increasingly interested in incorporating reclaimed water into drinking supplies, particularly in rapidly growing arid and semi-arid urban areas, such as the western United States. Northern Nevada is one location that is considering augmenting drinking water supplies with reclaimed water, a practice that is known as planned potable water reuse. Potable water reuse can expand water supply and reduce wastewater disposal. However, past studies have shown that the introduction of potable reclaimed water can be controversial and requires an understanding of public perceptions of the resource prior to implementation. This study explores the factors that influence whether or not respondents in northern Nevada express willingness to drink reclaimed water. We pay specific attention to the degree to which self-identification as an urban, suburban, or rural resident influences how people consider using treated wastewater for both potable and non-potable purposes. To address this, we conducted a survey to assess community perceptions of reclaimed water use and applications in northern Nevada in the spring of 2018. We find that years spent living in the home and a respondent being female are negative and significant predictors of being willing to drink reclaimed water, while having heard of reclaimed water before and self-identification as a suburban resident are positive and significant predictors. As the region becomes more developed, particularly in its growing suburbs, it is essential to understand the nature of the interests and concerns regarding water resources and the expanded use of reclaimed water.

Fate of Viruses in Treated Sewage Effluent During Soil Aquifer Treatment Designed for Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles P. Gerba ◽  
David K. Powelson ◽  
Moyasar T. Yahya ◽  
Lorne G. Wilson ◽  
Gary L. Amy
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Soil Aquifer Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Monitoring Wells ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Treated Sewage Effluent ◽  
A Site

Land application or soil aquifer treatment of wastewater has been considered as a low-cost method for improving its quality for potential reuse. The objective of this work was to evaluate more quantitatively than in the past the fate and removal of viruses as they pass through the soil. A mini-basin (12 feet × 12 feet) was constructed at a site where secondary treated wastewater will be applied to large basins for underground storage. Suction samplers were placed at various depths in the upper 20 feet of the vadose zone directly beneath the mini-basin, and monitoring wells were placed at various distances (10 to 150 feet) from the mini-basin. Two experiments (August and September, 1990) were conducted where bacteriophage MS-2 and PRD-1 were added to the effluent before its application to the basins. High infiltration rate (up to 50 feet/day) and impeding layers at 15 ft resulted in nearly saturated flow conditions and up to 150 ft of horizontal transport of the viruses. The results also indicated that at least 90% removal of MS-2 and 99% removal of PRD-1 could be expected after movement of the sewage through 15 ft of soil and greater removal was observed at a slower infiltration rate (3 feet/day).

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