scholarly journals Performance, Energy and Cost of Produced Water Treatment by Chemical and Electrochemical Coagulation

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3426
Author(s):  
Chia Miang Khor ◽  
Jinwen Wang ◽  
Minghua Li ◽  
Bruce A. Oettel ◽  
Richard B. Kaner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Separation Performance ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Water Separation ◽  
Chemical Coagulation ◽  
Water Matrix

The separation performance, energy demand, and operating costs of electro-coagulation (EC) are compared to conventional chemical coagulation for oil–water separation using a simulated oil- and gas-produced water matrix. An iron-based chemical coagulant and sacrificial iron electrodes are evaluated. Effluent turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), and oil and grease (O&G) removal were determined for various coagulant concentrations and reaction times and current densities. Chemical coagulation produced superior turbidity removal when scaled by the total iron dose. At lower iron doses (<500 mg/L), chemical coagulation yielded better COD, turbidity, and O&G removal. However, chemical coagulation was unable to effectively remove contaminants to meet the offshore discharge limit of 29 ppm O&G. At higher iron doses, EC was more effective at removing COD and O&G. The energy consumption of EC was found to be much higher even when factoring in the energy of production, transporting, and mixing of chemical coagulants, but the overall cost of EC was approximately half the cost of chemical coagulation, and more effective at O&G removal.

scholarly journals Ultrafiltration Membrane Technology for Oily Wastewater Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 877 (1) ◽  
pp. 012012
Author(s):  
Zahraa N. Mahbouba ◽  
Abdulkhalik K. Mahmood ◽  
Musa H. Alshammari
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Ultrafiltration Membrane ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Oily Wastewater ◽  
Oil And Grease

Abstract Oil and gas sectors generate large amounts of oily wastewater, which is called produced water. In which, it contains high concentrations of hazardous organic and inorganic pollutants. This paper attempts to evaluate the performance and quality of using a polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane (UFM) to treat the produced water of Al-Ahdab oil field (Wassit, Iraq). 8 rectangular flat sheets of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane were used. The area of each is 60 cm2 and pore size about 15 nm used in the experimental work. Prepared UFM is characterized by determining the surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result showed that the UFM indicated high removal efficiency in all parameters and especially oil and grease and total suspended solid but in general it still less than the requirement of water reuse. The results showed that, a combination of a conventional treatment method and UFM technology have higher efficiency than using UFM only.

Biotreatment of Hydrate-Inhibitor-Containing Produced Waters at Low pH

SPE Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (06) ◽  
pp. 1254-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold Janson ◽  
Ana Santos ◽  
Altaf Hussain ◽  
Simon Judd ◽  
Ana Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ph Control ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Successful Operation ◽  
Gas Field

Summary With proper treatment to remove organics and inorganics, one can use the produced water (PW) generated during oil-and-gas extraction as process water. Biotreatment is generally regarded as the most cost-effective method for organics removal, and although widely used in industrial wastewater treatment, PW biotreatment installations are limited. This paper follows up to an earlier paper published in the SPE Journal (Janson et al. 2014). Although the earlier paper assessed the biotreatability of PW from a Qatari gas field from the summer season, this paper focuses on assessing the biotreatability of PW during the winter season [i.e., containing the thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor monoethylene glycol (MEG) and a kinetic hydrate inhibitor (KHI)]. Tests were conducted in batch and continuous reactors under aerobic mixed-culture conditions without pH control during 31 weeks. The results indicated that one could remove &gt;80% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) through biological treatment of PW with 1.5% MEG added. In contrast, biotreatment can remove only ≈43% of COD and TOC present in PW when 1.5% KHI was added as a hydrate inhibitor; 2-butoxyethanol, a solvent in KHI, is extremely biodegradable; it was reduced in concentration from &gt;5000 to &lt;10 mg/L by biotreatment; the KHI polymer though was only partially biodegradable. Cloudpoint tests conducted on PW with 1.5% KHI added showed only an 8°C increase in cloudpoint temperature (from 35 to 43°C). The target cloudpoint temperature of &gt;60°C was not achieved. Although the feed to the reactors (PW with either KHI or MEG) was at pH 4.5, the reactors stabilized at a pH of 2.6, considered extremely acidic for aerobic bioactivity. The successful operation of an aerobic biological process for an extended period of time at a pH of 2.6 was unexpected, and published reports of bioactivity at that pH are limited. After extensive analytical tests, it was concluded that the pH decrease was caused by the production of an inorganic acid. A mechanism by which hydrochloric acid could be produced biologically was proposed; however, further research in this area by the academic community is recommended.

Removal of dissolved and dispersed hydrocarbons from oil and gas produced water with Macro Porous Polymer Extraction technology to reduce toxicity and allow water reuse

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dick Meijer ◽  
Chris Madin
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Porous Polymer ◽  
Extraction Technology ◽  
The North

Legislation worldwide and current technologies used in the treatment of offshore oil and gas/condensate produced water are mainly aimed at the removal of dispersed hydrocarbons (dispersed oil). From the beginning of this century, new insights in the North Sea area revealed that specific contaminants in produced water are toxic and their impact on the environment was assessed. This insight was later supported by work in the Philippines. A comparison of water with the same total organic carbon (TOC) levels showed in one case that the unknown toxic content was higher with an unexpected disastrous effect on the biocultures. Overall parameters like biological, chemical and total oxygen demand (BOD, COD and TOC) are of no value in identifying and managing the toxic content of waste and produced water streams. New extraction based technologies such as the Macro Porous Polymer Extraction (MPPE) technology appear to remove dispersed and dissolved toxic constituents and reduce the environmental impact. Industrial applications show a >99% toxic content reduction in produced water streams. A recent application (at Woodside Petroleum’s Pluto LNG project) is described where the ultimate reuse of produced water was as demineralised water in an LNG plant. Emerging potential is presented for floating LNG plants currently investigated in conceptual studies by the oil and gas industry. Finally, fundamental technological mechanisms are presented that are required to meet zero harmful discharge legislation.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIFOULING POLYETHERSULFONE (PES)-NANO ZnO MEMBRANE FOR PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (3-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tutuk Djoko Kusworo ◽  
Nita Aryanti ◽  
Qudratun Qudratun ◽  
Via Dolorosa Tambunan ◽  
Natalia Rosa Simanjuntak
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Environmental Stability ◽  
Phase Method ◽  
Separation Performance ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Nano Zno ◽  
The Right

Produced water is the side product of the oil and gas processing. This water is different from any common water because it contains the dangerous chemical substances and matters in the oil and gas. The usage of produced water and unprocessed waste of produced water contains a lot of dangerous substances that can endanger the environmental stability. The right processing is all that it needs to make produced water that is drinkable or usable. The membrane technology is one of the alternative waste water treatment technologies. But, as in the usage, it still lacks in the field of fouling and cannot fulfilled the specification of usable water. Thus, this becomes the reason that bases this research. In this paper, there will be made a polyethersulfone membrane with an inversion phase method and an addition of Nano-antifouling compound, ZnO. The experimental results show that the TDS value of produced water decreased from 6600 into 1500 mg/L. Nano ZnO addition of 1.5 wt-% increase the permeate flux from 28 to 43 L/m2.hr. The UV irradiation on the membrane increase the initial flux from 28 to 48 L/m2.hr and also increase the TDS rejection from 16 to 25%. This shows that by using Polyethersulfone (PES)-ZnO membrane, we can increase the separation performance. Hence, this method is suitable for processing the produced water into usable water.

Performance Analysis of a Novel Compact Flotation Unit

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hayatdavoudi ◽  
M. Howdeshell ◽  
E. Godeaux ◽  
N. Pednekar ◽  
V. Dhumal
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Dissolved Gas ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Water Stream ◽  
Efficient Operation

The oil and gas industry produces large quantities of water as a by-product of petroleum production. Discharge specification of produced water requires efficient management and sophisticated technology. Conventional technologies such as those based on gravity separation, cyclonic separation method, filtration techniques, flotation technique, and natural gas/air sparge tube systems are used for treating produced water. However, most, if not all, of these technologies require a large footprint. This problem has created a challenge for the produced water industry, as well as for operators managing the offshore production facilities. Responding to the challenge at hand, Siemens Water Technologies Corporation has developed a novel compact flotation unit (CFU) equipped with a dissolved gas flotation (DGF) pump for treating produced water. The CFU has a small foot print and shorter residence time. The DGF pump is equipped with a unique, dual-sided impeller, which pulls the blanket gas on one side and the produced water on the other. Under applied backpressure, the gas entering the DGF pump dissolves in a portion of a recycled, cleaned water stream. The dissolved gas generates bubbles due to the pressure drop when the mixture of produced water and gas passes through a special valve before entering the CFU. The ratio of the inlet produced water flow rate to the DGF pump output rate plays an important role in optimum separation of oil droplets from the produced water. Besides the above-mentioned ratio, generation of an adequate number and size of bubbles provides another critical key factor in efficient operation of the CFU system. To validate our theoretical approach regarding the controlled forced vortex of the multiphase flow, we performed various tests in the shop facility of Siemens Water Technologies Corporation, as well as on a platform facility offshore Louisiana. We used a response surface methodology technique to analyze the CFU performance data and to generate an optimum surface response for free oil and grease removal efficiency. For optimizing the size of the piping and CFU dimensions, we used the rigorous yet simple principles of the constrained similitude. The free oil removal efficiency results in the shop and field tests, for CFU without the use of packing material, were satisfactory. Additionally, we found that CFU system tests resulted in the removal efficiency of water soluble oil (WSO). We did not expect this additional outcome as the CFU system was not designed to affect the removal of WSO.

scholarly journals Control-Oriented Modeling and Experimental Validation of a Deoiling Hydrocyclone System

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1010
Author(s):  
Mads V. Bram ◽  
Stefan Jespersen ◽  
Dennis S. Hansen ◽  
Zhenyu Yang
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Separation Performance ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Modeling Methodology ◽  
Offshore Oil And Gas ◽  
Separation Equipment

As the treated water from offshore oil and gas production is discharged to the surrounding sea, there is an incentive to improve the performance of the offshore produced water treatment, to reduce the environmental pollutants to the sea. Regulations determine both the maximum allowed oil concentration and the total annual quantity. It is reasonable to assume that when better separation equipment or methods are developed, the regulation will become more strict, and force other producers to follow the trend towards zero harmful discharge. This paper develops and validates a hydrocyclone model to be used as a test-bed for improved control designs. The modeling methodology uses a combination of first-principles to define model structure and data-driven parameter identification. To evaluate and validate the separation performance, real-time fluorescence-based oil-in-water (OiW) concentration monitors, with dual redundancy, are installed and used on sidestreams of a modified pilot plant. The installed monitors measure the inlet and outlet OiW concentration of the tested hydrocyclone. The proposed control-oriented hydrocyclone model proved to be a reasonable candidate for predicting the hydrocyclone separation performance.

scholarly journals Performance of Ultrafiltration–Ozone Combined System for Produced Water Treatment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nita Aryanti ◽  
Tutuk Djoko Kusworo ◽  
Wiharyanto Oktiawan ◽  
Dyah Hesti Wardhani
Keyword(s):  
Oil Content ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Separation Performance ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Combined System ◽  
Flux Profile ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
Pre Treatment

Oil exploration waste, also called produced water, contains hazardous pollutants, such as benzene; benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX); naphthalene, phenanthrene, and dibenzothiophene (NDP); polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); and phenol. Produced water is characterized by high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and oil content, which exceed the standard limits of regulation. In this study, the combination of ultrafiltration (UF) and ozone pre-treatment and post-treatment were applied for treatment of produced water to minimize its environmental impact. Produced water and membrane were characterized, and their ultrafiltration performance for removal of oil content, benzene, toluene, xylene, and COD. Two commercial Polyethersulfone membranes, with molecular-weight cut-off values of 10 and 20 kDa, were used. The membrane flux profile illustrated that ozone pre-treatment had higher normalized flux than UF only. Separation performance was evaluated based on flux profile and removal of COD, oil and grease content, toluene, and xylene. Significant finding was found where the combination of UF with ozone pre-treatment and post-treatment could significantly eliminate COD, oil content, toluene, and xylene. The rejection of these components was found higher than conventional process, which was in the range of 80 % to 99 %. In addition, almost oil and grease can be removed by using this combined system. Permeate quality of this system confirmed the acceptable level as water discharge.

Impact of salinity on coagulation and dissolved air flotation treatment for oil and gas produced water

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Younker ◽  
Margaret E. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Dissolved Air Flotation ◽  
Coagulation Process ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Air Flotation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dissolved Air

Produced water is a major wastewater stream in the oil and gas industry which typically consists of dispersed and dissolved oils, and high levels of salinity. Despite concerns that dissolved aromatics in produced water may be detrimental to marine life, discharge regulations and treatment technologies for produced water largely focus on dispersed oil and grease removal. The purpose of this research project was to investigate coagulation with ferric chloride (FeCl3) and dissolved air flotation (DAF) at bench-scale for the removal of both dispersed and dissolved oils from synthetic and offshore produced water samples, with a specific focus on the impact of salinity on the coagulation process. Coagulation and DAF treatment of the produced water samples achieved high removals of dispersed oil and grease, but had limited impact on dissolved aromatics. The coagulation process in the saline produced water samples reduced dispersed oil and grease concentrations from 100 mg/L to below North American discharge limits (i.e. 30 mg/L in Canada, 29 mg/L in the USA) under all conditions tested, while the effectiveness of coagulation treatment in the fresh water synthetic samples was highly dependent on coagulation pH.

scholarly journals Performance Comparison of Control Strategies for Plant-Wide Produced Water Treatment

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 418
Author(s):  
Leif Hansen ◽  
Mads Valentin Bram ◽  
Simon Pedersen ◽  
Zhenyu Yang
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Separation Performance ◽  
Concentration Variance ◽  
Produced Water Treatment

Offshore produced water treatment (PWT) accounts for cleaning the largest waste stream in the offshore oil and gas industry. If this separation process is not properly executed, large amounts of oil are often directly discharged into the ocean. This work extends two grey-box models of a three-phase gravity separator and a deoiling hydrocyclone, and combines them into a single plant-wide model for testing PWT control solutions in a typical process configuration. In simulations, three known control solutions—proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, H∞ control, and model predictive control (MPC)—are compared on the combined model to evaluate the separation performance. The results of the simulations clearly show what performance metrics each controller excels at, such as valve wear, oil discharge, oil-in-water (OiW) concentration variance, and constraint violations. The work incentivizes future control to be based on operational policy, such as defining boundary constraints and weights on oil discharge, rather than maintaining conventional intermediate performance metrics, such as water level in the separation and pressure drop ratio (PDR) over the hydrocyclone.

Treatment of soy oil effluent using ultrafiltration

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Mousavi ◽  
H. Dolati ◽  
V. Ghaffarian
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Separation Performance ◽  
Soy Oil ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Nitrocellulose Membrane ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Increasing Temperature

A pilot-scale ultrafiltration (UF) system is applied to determine UF process feasibility for treating soy oil effluent. Effluent pollutions consist of turbidity, total solid (TS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and oil and grease. Permeate flux and rejection percentages of pollutants are evaluated at different temperatures and transmembrane pressures (TMPs) using nitrocellulose membrane. Permeate flux is increased with increasing temperature and TMP. Considerable amount of effluent pollutants is reduced by used membrane as the rejection percentage for TS, BOD, COD, and oil and grease are about 50%, 70%, 70%, and 55%, respectively. The best separation performance of nitrocellulose membrane is in reduction of effluent turbidity which is almost 95%.

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