scholarly journals Long-Term Modelling of an Agricultural and Urban River Catchment with SWMM Upgraded by the Evapotranspiration Model UrbanEVA

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3089
Author(s):  
Frauke Kachholz ◽  
Jens Tränckner
Keyword(s):  
Base Flow ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
River Catchment ◽  
The North ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Stream Model ◽  
Receiving Water ◽  
Base Flows

Evapotranspiration (ET) has a decisive effect on groundwater recharge and thus also affects the base flow of the receiving water. This applies above all to low-lying areas with a low depth to groundwater (GW), as is often the case in the north German lowlands. In order to analyze this relation, a coupled rainfall-runoff and hydraulic stream model was set up using the software SWMM-UrbanEVA, a version of the software SWMM that was upgraded by a detailed ET module. A corresponding model was set up for the same site but with the conventional software SWMM to compare the water balance and hydrographs. The total amount of ET calculated with the SWMM software is 7% higher than that computed with the upgraded version in the period considered. Therefore, less water is available for soil infiltration and lateral groundwater flow to the stream. This generally leads to a slight underestimation of base flows, with the exception of a notably wet summer month when the base flows were highly overestimated. Nevertheless, the base flow hydrograph shows a good adaptation to observed values (MAE = 0.014 m3s−1, R = 0.88, NSE = 0.81) but gives worse results compared to SWMM-UrbanEVA. The latter is very well able to reflect the GW-fed base flow in the sample stream in average (MAE = 0.011 m3s−1) and in its dynamics (R = 0.93, NSE = 0.85). By applying the UrbanEVA upgrade, SWMM is applicable to model the seasonal dynamics of near-natural river basins.

Soluble phosphate in fluctuating groundwater under cropping in the north-eastern wet tropics of Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 329 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Rasiah ◽  
P. W. Moody ◽  
J. D. Armour
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Soluble Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Base Flow ◽  
Soluble Phosphate ◽  
Organic P ◽  
Flow Discharge ◽  
River Catchment ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Wet Tropics

Soluble reactive phosphorus (SP) present in groundwater (GW) is generally considered insignificant, and therefore of little consequence to the quality of waters receiving base-flow discharges. In this study we investigated whether: (i) significant quantities of SP were present in GW (GW-SP); (ii) potential existed for GW-SP to be exported to streams via base-flow discharge; and (iii) the exports are a health risk to ecosystems receiving base-flow discharges. Investigations were carried out at two sites in the Tully River Catchment (TRC) during three consecutive rainy seasons, and 24 wells in the Johnstone River Catchment (JRC) were also monitored during one rainy season, in the north-eastern wet tropics of Australia. In the TRC, the GW-SP varied temporally, within and between rainy seasons, from 2 to 158 μg P/L at Site 1 and from 3 to 31 μg P/L at Site 2. The temporal variations in GW-SP were driven by fluctuating water-table at Site 2, but no such trend was observed at Site 1. The SP in drain-water (DW-SP) varied temporally from 0.6 to 110 μg P/L at Site 1, compared with 2–83 μg P/L at Site 2. The positive association between DW-SP and GW-SP at Site 2 indicated an export of SP from GW to a drain via base-flow discharge. In the JRC, the GW-SP in the 24 wells varied temporally from 0 to 300 μg P/L with the means across the wells ranging from 5 to 190 μg P/L, with the variations driven by fluctuating water-tables. More than 50% of the GW-SP or DW-SP concentrations in TRC were significantly higher than the P trigger values, 2–5 μg P/L, proposed to sustain the health of aquatic ecosystems in this region; a similar result was observed in the JRC. Speciation analysis via filtering (i.e. P passing through a 0.45-μm filter) for selected GW samples indicated substantial quantities of soluble organic P in some wells, ranging from 5 to 89% (mean 38%) of the total soluble P (SP plus soluble organic P). Because the soluble organic P was not included in GW-SP determinations, the hazard/risk mentioned above is an underestimate. The GW-SP exported during rainy seasons, from both catchments, ranged from 0.16 to 0.43 kg P/ha. Our findings indicate there were significant quantities of SP and soluble organic P in GW, it was exported to streams, and there is a health risk to receiving surface water bodies.

Climate-change-induced changes in steep alpine permafrost bedrock. 13 years of 3D-ERT at the Steintälli ridge, Switzerland.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Scandroglio ◽  
Michael Krautblatter
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Active Layer Thickness ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
The North ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Long Term Observation ◽  
Induced Changes

<p>Warming of mountain permafrost leads to growth of active layer thickness and reduction of rock wall stability. The subsequent increase of instable rock volumes can have disastrous or even fatal consequences, especially when cascading events are simultaneously triggered. This growth of climate-change-connected hazard, together with the recent increase of exposition of infrastructure and people, poses the alpine environments at a high risk, which needs to be monitored. Laboratory-calibrated Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) has shown to provide a sensitive record for frozen vs. unfrozen conditions, presumably being the most accurate quantitative permafrost monitoring technique in permafrost areas where boreholes are not available.</p><p>The data presented here are obtained at the Steintälli ridge in Switzerland, which presents highly vulnerable permafrost conditions. A consistent 3D field set-up, the robust temperature calibration and the quantitative inversion scheme allow to compare measurements from the longest time series (2006-2019) of ERT in steep bedrock. A direct link to mechanical changes measured with tape extensometer is provided. Comparison of repeated hourly measurements as well as Wenner and Schlumberger arrays are also shown here, in order to increase the robustness of the delivered results.</p><p>Confirming the long-term observation from air temperatures, results from multiple parallel transects show an average resistivity reduction of 22%, concentrated at deeper layers of the permafrost lens. The permafrost area in the 3D cross sections also decreased from 30 to 10% (about 500 to 150m<sup>2</sup> in our transects), with losses mainly localized on the south-east part of the study site, but in some cases also extending to the north face. </p>

scholarly journals Hydrological modelling of the karst Ljubljanica River catchment using lumped conceptual model

2018 ◽  
pp. 87-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cenk Sezen ◽  
Nejc Bezak ◽  
Mojca Šraj
Keyword(s):  
Water System ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
Base Flow ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
River Catchment ◽  
Simulation Performance

Modelling rainfall runoff is important for several human activities. For example, rainfall runoff models are needed for water resource planning and water system design. In this regard, the daily runoff was modelled using the Genie Rural, a 4-parameter Journalier (GR4J), Genie Rural, a 6-parameter Journalier (GR6J), and the CemaNeige GR6J lumped conceptual models that were developed by the IRSTEA Hydrology Group. The main difference among the tested models is in the complexity and processes that are considered in the various model versions. As a case study, the non-homogeneous mostly karst Ljubljanica River catchment down to the Moste discharge gauging station was selected. Models were evaluated using various efficiency criteria. For example, base flow index (BFI) was calculated for the results of all tested models and observed discharges in order to compare low flow simulation performance. Based on the presented results we can conclude that in case of the non-homogeneous and karst Ljubljanica catchment the CemaNeige GR6J yields better modelling results compared to the GR4J and GR6J models. Compared to the GR6J and GR4J model versions, the CemaNeige CR6J also includes the snow module and improved methodology for the low-flow simulations that are also included in the GR6J model version.

Images of the Adversary: NATO Assessments of the Soviet Union, 1953–1964

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-116
Author(s):  
Evanthis Hatzivassiliou
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Military Force ◽  
The North ◽  
Nikita Khrushchev ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Set Up

The article presents the analysis of the study groups set up by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to assess the non-military aspects of Soviet power and potential during the era of Nikita Khrushchev. Following Stalin's death, the Western alliance tried to form a comprehensive view of the strengths and weaknesses of the USSR's economy and political system. This was part of NATO's effort to adjust to the realities of a long Cold War, the outcome of which would not be decided by military force alone. The NATO reports were largely successful in describing the long-term trends of the Soviet economy and the weaknesses of the Soviet system. However, they usually failed to anticipate specific, though significant and potentially dangerous, initiatives of the Soviet regime. On balance they were a crucial input for NATO ministers, and their importance in the shaping of Western policies needs to be evaluated carefully.

Long-term Cyclic Variations of Prominences, Green and Red Coronae over Solar Cycles

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 201-204
Author(s):  
Vojtech Rušin ◽  
Milan Minarovjech ◽  
Milan Rybanský
Keyword(s):  
Emission Lines ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Green Line ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
The South ◽  
Coronal Emission ◽  
Local Maxima ◽  
The North ◽  
Cyclic Variations

AbstractLong-term cyclic variations in the distribution of prominences and intensities of green (530.3 nm) and red (637.4 nm) coronal emission lines over solar cycles 18–23 are presented. Polar prominence branches will reach the poles at different epochs in cycle 23: the north branch at the beginning in 2002 and the south branch a year later (2003), respectively. The local maxima of intensities in the green line show both poleward- and equatorward-migrating branches. The poleward branches will reach the poles around cycle maxima like prominences, while the equatorward branches show a duration of 18 years and will end in cycle minima (2007). The red corona shows mostly equatorward branches. The possibility that these branches begin to develop at high latitudes in the preceding cycles cannot be excluded.

Mafias on the Move

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Varese
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Market Expansion ◽  
The North ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
At Will

Organized crime is spreading like a global virus as mobs take advantage of open borders to establish local franchises at will. That at least is the fear, inspired by stories of Russian mobsters in New York, Chinese triads in London, and Italian mafias throughout the West. As this book explains, the truth is more complicated. The author has spent years researching mafia groups in Italy, Russia, the United States, and China, and argues that mafiosi often find themselves abroad against their will, rather than through a strategic plan to colonize new territories. Once there, they do not always succeed in establishing themselves. The book spells out the conditions that lead to their long-term success, namely sudden market expansion that is neither exploited by local rivals nor blocked by authorities. Ultimately the inability of the state to govern economic transformations gives mafias their opportunity. In a series of matched comparisons, the book charts the attempts of the Calabrese 'Ndrangheta to move to the north of Italy, and shows how the Sicilian mafia expanded to early twentieth-century New York, but failed around the same time to find a niche in Argentina. The book explains why the Russian mafia failed to penetrate Rome but succeeded in Hungary. A pioneering chapter on China examines the challenges that triads from Taiwan and Hong Kong find in branching out to the mainland. This book is both a compelling read and a sober assessment of the risks posed by globalization and immigration for the spread of mafias.

CURRENT STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES OF THE CASPIAN SPRAT FISHERIES

2018 ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
Tatiana Vasilievna Pomogaeva ◽  
Aliya Ahmetovna Aseinova ◽  
Yuriy Aleksandrovich Paritskiy ◽  
Vjacheslav Petrovich Razinkov
Keyword(s):  
Food Item ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
North West ◽  
Marine Fishery ◽  
The North ◽  
Current State ◽  
West Part ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Intensive Growth

The article presents annual statistical data of the Caspian Research Institute of Fishery. There has been kept track of the long term dynamics of the stocks of three species of Caspian sprat (anchovy, big-eyed kilka, sprat) and investigated a process of substituting a food item of sprats Eurytemora grimmi to a small-celled copepod species Acartia tonsa Dana. According to the research results, there has been determined growth potential of stocks of each species. Ctenophoran-Mnemiopsis has an adverse effect on sprat population by eating fish eggs and larvae. Ctenophoram - Mnemiopsis is a nutritional competitor to the full-grown fishes. The article gives recommendations on reclamation of stocks of the most perspective species - common sprat, whose biological characteristics helped not to suffer during Ctenophoram outburst and to increase its population during change of the main food item. Hydroacoustic survey data prove the intensive growth of common sprat biomass in the north-west part of the Middle Caspian. According to the results of the research it may be concluded that to realize the volumes of recommended sprat catch it is necessary to organize the marine fishery of common sprat at the Russian Middle Caspian shelf.

In memory of Vera Antonovna Martynenko (1936-2018)

2018 ◽  
pp. 149-154
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Ussr Academy ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Komi Republic ◽  
Great Contribution ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Natural Flora

Vera Antonovna Martynenko (17.02.1936–06.01.2018) — famous specialist in the field of studying vascular plant flora and vegetation of the Far North, the Honored worker of the Komi Republic (2006), The Komi Republic State Scientific Award winner (2000). She was born in the town Likhoslavl of the Kali­nin (Tver) region. In 1959, Vera Antonovna graduated from the faculty of soil and biology of the Leningrad State University and then moved to the Komi Branch of USSR Academy of Science (Syktyvkar). From 1969 to 1973 she passed correspondence postgraduate courses of the Komi Branch of USSR Academy of ­Science. In 1974, she received the degree of candidate of biology (PhD) by the theme «Comparative analysis of the boreal flora at the Northeast European USSR» in the Botanical Institute (St. Petersburg). In 1996, Vera Antonovna received the degree of doctor of biology in the Institute of plant and animal ecology (Ekaterinburg) «Flora of the northern and mid subzones of the taiga of the European North-East». The study and conservation of species and coenotical diversity of the plant world, namely the vascular plants flora of the Komi Republic and revealing its transformation under the anthropogenic influence, was in the field of V. A. Martynenko’ scientific interests. She made great contribution to the study of the Komi Republic meadow flora and the pool of medi­cinal plants. She performed inventorying and mapping the meadows of several agricultural enterprises of the Republic, revealed the species composition and places for harvesting medicinal plants and studied their productivity in the natural flora of the boreal zone. The results of her long-term studies were used for making the NPA system and the Red Book of the Komi Republic (1998 and 2009). Vera Antonovna participated in the research of the influence of placer gold mining and oil development on the natural ecosystems of the North, and developed the method of long-term monitoring of plant cover. Results of these works are of high practical value. V. A. Martynenko is an author and coauthor of more than 130 scientific publications. The most important jnes are «Flora of Northeast European USSR» (1974, 1976, and 1977), «Floristic composition of fodder lands of the Northeast Europe» (1989), «The forests of the Komi Republic» (1999), «Forestry of forest resources of the Komi Republic» (2000), «The list of flora of the Yugyd va national park» (2003), «The guide for vascular plants of the Syktyvkar and its vicinities» (2005), «Vascular plants of the Komi Republic» (2008), and «Resources of the natural flora of the Komi Republic» (2014). She also was an author of «Encyclopedia of the Komi Republic» (1997, 1999, and 2000), «Historical and cultural atlas of the Komi Republic» (1997), «Atlas of the Komi Republic» (2001, 2011). V. A. Martynenko made a great contribution to the development of the botanical investigations in the North. Since 1982, during more than 10 years, she was the head of the Department of the Institute of Biology. Three Ph. D. theses have been completed under her leadership. Many years, she worked actively in the Dissertation Council of the Institute of biology Komi Scientific Centre UrB RAS.  The death of Vera Antonovna Martynenko is a heavy and irretrievable loss for the staff of the Institute of Biology. The memory of Vera Antonovna will live in her numerous scientific works, the hearts of students and colleagues.

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