scholarly journals Information Entropy for Evaluation of Wastewater Composition

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Praus
Keyword(s):  
Information Entropy ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Weighted Index ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Shannon Information Entropy ◽  
Simple Additive Weighting ◽  
Entropy Weighted ◽  
One Year

The composition of wastewaters collected during one year was evaluated based on the Shannon information entropy. Eleven physico-chemical parameters, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved salts (TDS), pH, ammonium, phosphate, cyanide and phenol, were determined for their characterization. Entropy of the parameters calculated by means of their histograms decreased in the order: phosphate > ammonium > TDS > TN > pH > BOD > COD > TSS > TP > phenol > cyanide. Entropy weights of the parameters were calculated for the evaluation of wastewater composition by means of the entropy weighted index (EWI) defined according to the simple additive weighting (SAW) model. The EWI values were statistically processed by us to observe temporal wastewater composition changes and were verified by means of the principal component weighted index (PCWI). The EWI values were statistically analyzed by univariate statistics. The outlaying samples were also confirmed by multivariate analysis. The entropy-based approach allowed us to simply evaluate wastewater composition by means of one index instead of several parameters. The main advantage of EWI is the simple histogram-based calculation of entropy with no need of the normal distribution of the used parameters.

scholarly journals Principal Component Weighted Index for Wastewater Quality Monitoring

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Praus
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Weighted Index ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Wastewater Quality ◽  
Total Variability ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Quality Indexes ◽  
Component Scores

The quality of raw and treated wastewater was evaluated using the principal component weighted index (PCWI) which was defined as a sum of principal component scores weighted according to their eigenvalues. For this purpose, five principal components (PCs) explaining 88% and 83% of the total variability of raw and treated wastewater samples, respectively, were extracted from 11 original physico-chemical parameters by robust principal component analysis (PCA). The PCWIs of raw and treated wastewater were analyzed in terms of their statistical distributions, temporal changes, mutual correlations, correlations with original parameters, and common water quality indexes (WQI). The PCWI allowed us to monitor temporal wastewater quality by one parameter instead of several. Unlike other weighted indexes, the PCWI is composed of independent variables with minimal information noise and objectively determined weights.

Spatial and seasonal variations in physico-chemical parameters of the Imo River Estuary, Niger Delta, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
L. E. Obuba ◽  
A.A. Nlewadim ◽  
A. Uka
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Coastal Wetlands ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Analysis Of Results

Variations in the water quality of the Imo River estuary was investigated by measuring values of selected physico-chemical parameters. Samples were collected bi-monthly between April 2015 and March 2016, covering the dry and wet seasons of the year. Three stations were selected: upstream (Kalibiama), midstream (Opobo) and downstream (Queenstown). Analysis of results showed that physico-chemical parameters were affected more on seasonal than spatial scale. Principal component analysis carried out indicated that values of most of the parameters recorded within the stations clustered together. On the other hand, dispersed values were recorded in months and seasons with significant variations at (p≤0.05) among most parameters. The high spatial variations in phosphates, suspended solids and lead could be associated to human activities like laundry and waste disposal within Opobo and Kalibiama stations. While, high seasonal variability in most parameters could be associated with intense sunshine, cloud cover and tidal intrusion/dilution due to runoff. It can be concluded that nutrient fluxes due to nitrogenous fertilizers are not a problem within the estuary. However, chemical factors and biodegradable components which cause fluctuations in biological oxygen demand are more of the challenge. Keywords: Land-use, nutrient flux, water-quality, pollution, coastal wetlands.

scholarly journals Environmental Impact Assessment of Taza City’s Wastewater: Application through Principal Component Analysis

Scientifica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Touzani ◽  
Mohammed Machkor ◽  
Otmane Boudouch ◽  
Imane El Machrafi ◽  
Rachid Flouchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Wastewater Discharge ◽  
One Year ◽  
Sewerage Network ◽  
Highly Loaded

Taza City is among the Moroccan cities which is in full urban expansion, with a daily wastewater discharge volume estimated at 16534 m3/d in 2020, and expected to reach 20056 m3/d by 2030. These waters, collected in a combined sewerage network, are directly released into the natural environment without any treatment. Indeed, a large part of this water is discharged into Oued Defali, the main tributary of Oued Larbâa. In order to manage and better understand these discharges impact on the streams crossing this city, wastewater sampling campaigns were carried out for one year from May 2018 to April 2019 at domestic (S1) and industrial (S2) sites. The wastewater physicochemical characterization revealed that these discharges are highly loaded with organic matter in terms of chemical oxygen demand (S1 avg = 1231.44 mg/l and S2 avg = 933.03 mg/l), biochemical oxygen demand (S1 avg = 511.87 mg/l and S2 avg = 464.35 mg/l), and suspended matter (S1 avg = 744.11 mg/l and S2 avg = 578.13 mg/l). The use of principal component analysis (PCA) has allowed us to collect as much information as possible from the database of the physicochemical analyses performed for the studied parameters.

scholarly journals Efficiency of Private Household Sand Filters in Removing Nutrients and Microbes from Wastewater in Finland

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kati Martikainen ◽  
Anna-Maria Veijalainen ◽  
Eila Torvinen ◽  
Helvi Heinonen-Tanski ◽  
Ari Kauppinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Private Household ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Private Households ◽  
Bathing Water Directive ◽  
Water Wells ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
One Year

Sand filters have been shown to be an economic and effective solution for wastewater treatment in private households, although the removal of phosphorus (P) may be insufficient. However, P removal can be improved by adding a P-adsorbing material, such as biotite, into the sand filters. The physico-chemical characteristics and the microbial quality of the effluents of family-scale sand filters without adsorbing media (SF), sand filters with a biotite layer (B), and sand filters with a modular filter (MB) were followed for one year. Sand filters with a biotite layer displayed the highest capacity to remove nitrogen (N) and biological oxygen demand BOD7. The efficiency of these filters did not depend on the age of the filter or the season. The P load of the effluent did not differ between sand filters with and without a biotite layer, but the modular sand filter failed to adequately reduce P. The treatment efficiency of sand filters without biotite decreased with increasing age. These private household sand filters can be a good way to treat domestic wastewaters, since these generally comply with the minimum requirements of a Finnish Decree (157/2017). However, enteric viruses (noro- and adenoviruses) were commonly found in the effluents, and the numbers of Escherichia coli were often above 103 colony forming units (CFU) 100 mL−1 (limit for the the EU Bathing Water Directive 2006/7/EC) for good water quality), signifying a risk of microbial contamination of nearby drinking water wells, as well as bathing and irrigation waters.

scholarly journals Caracterisation Physico-Chimique Des Eaux Du Barrage Foum El-Khanga (Region De Souk-Ahras, Algerie)

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 258
Author(s):  
Amel Allalgua ◽  
Nouha Kaouachi ◽  
Chahinez Boualeg ◽  
Adel Ayari ◽  
Mourad Bensouileh
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Hot Season

The objective of our work is to assess the quality of the dam Foum El-Khanga (east of Algéria) monthly during the year 2014. This study planned to make a physico-chemical characterization to highlight several parameters which come into play the determination of the quality of this water such as: temperature; pH; conductivity; turbidity; dissolved oxygen; title hydrotimetric; calcium; magnesium; title alcalimetric complet; nitrate; nitrite; ammoniacal nitrogen; sulfate; chloride; bicarbonate; phosphate; iron; biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demands (COD). The results of physico-chemical analysis show that the water of this dam is characterized by a significant mineralization as indicated by high values of electrical conductivity and chloride. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) clearly showed a stronger relation between the hot season and temperature. However, the cold season was strongly correlated with mineralization and pollution parameters.

DECOLOURIZATION AND COD REMOVAL OF WASEWATER FROM ETHANOL PRODUCTION PROCESS FROM MOLASSES BY COAGULANTION USING INORGANIC ALUM

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-102
Author(s):  
Trung Duc Le
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Treatment Step ◽  
Main Material

The industrial production of ethanol by fermentation using molasses as main material that generates large quantity of wastewater. This wastewater contains high levels of colour and chemical oxygen demand (COD), that may causes serious environmental pollution. Most available treatment processes in Vietnam rely on biological methods, which often fail to treat waste water up to discharge standard. As always, it was reported that quality of treated wastewater could not meet Vietnameses discharge standard. So, it is necessary to improve the treatment efficiency of whole technological process and therefore, supplemental physico-chemical treatment step before biodegradation stage should be the appropriate choice. This study was carried out to assess the effect of coagulation process on decolourization and COD removal in molasses-based ethanol production wastewater using inorganic coaglutant under laboratory conditions. The experimental results showed that the reductions of COD and colour with the utilization of Al2(SO4)3 at pH 9.5 were 83% and 70%, respectively. Mixture FeSO4 – Al2(SO4)3 at pH 8.5 reduced 82% of colour and 70% of COD. With the addition of Polyacrylamide (PAM), the reduction efficiencies of colour, COD and turbidity by FeSO4 – Al2(SO4)3 were 87%, 73.1% and 94.1% correspondingly. It was indicated that PAM significantly reduced the turbidity of wastewater, however it virtually did not increase the efficiencies of colour and COD reduction. Furthermore, the coagulation processes using PAM usually produces a mount of sludge which is hard to be deposited.

scholarly journals Water quality and antifungal susceptibility of opportunistic yeast pathogens from rivers

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 1319-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Monapathi ◽  
C. C. Bezuidenhout ◽  
O. H. J. Rhode
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
26S Rrna

Yeasts from water sources have been associated with diseases ranging from superficial mucosal infections to life threatening diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the water quality as well as diversity and antifungal susceptibility of yeasts from two rivers. Yeast levels and physico-chemical parameter data were analyzed by principal component analysis to determine correlations between physico-chemical data and yeast levels. Yeast morphotypes were identified by biochemical tests and 26S rRNA gene sequencing. Disk diffusion antifungal susceptibility tests were conducted. Physico-chemical parameters of the water were within target water quality range (TWQR) for livestock farming. For irrigational use, total dissolved solids and nitrates were not within the TWQR. Yeast levels ranged between 27 ± 10 and 2,573 ± 306 cfu/L. Only non-pigmented, ascomycetous yeasts were isolated. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida glabrata were most frequently isolated. Several other opportunistic pathogens were also isolated. A large number of isolates were resistant to azoles, especially fluconazole, but also to other antifungal classes. Candida species were resistant to almost all the antifungal classes. These water sources are used for recreation and religious as well as for watering livestock and irrigation. Of particular concern is the direct contact of individuals with opportunistic yeast, especially the immune-compromised. Resistance of these yeast species to antifungal agents is a further health concern.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND SOME HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION ANALYSES ON THREE COMMON SPECIES OF FISH IN TUNGAN KAWO RESERVOIR KONTAGORA, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-232
Author(s):  
Mohammed Jr. Kinta ◽  
A. V. Ayanwale ◽  
U. N. Keke ◽  
Y. I. Auta ◽  
B. S. Adama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Fish Samples

Developing countries like Nigeria are faced with increased in generation of domestic, industrial and agricultural wastes, with a large percentage moving. This study evaluates the physico-chemical and some heavy metals concentration in three common species of fish from Tungan Kawo reservoir Kontagora, Nigeria; using standard methods between (July 2018 – February 2019); at four different sampling stations of human activities on the water. Five heavy metals were evaluated (Lead, Copper, Manganese, Iron and Chromium) in the fish samples. Phosphate (0.4 – 2.5) mg/L, Nitrate (3.2 – 7.5) mg/L, Temperature (27 – 32.4) 0C, Dissolved Oxygen (2.4 – 5.2 mg/L), Conductivity (81 – 125 µS/cm), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (1.9 – 4.4 mg/L), Alkalinity (mg/L) and Total Dissolved Solids (117 – 198) ppm were within the standard for drinking water and survival of fish.  However, the pH (6.3 – 9.8) was above the standard for NIS and WHO drinking water but can support aquatic life. Iron (0.64 ± 0.072 mg/kg) was the most highly concentrated in Synodontis clarias while lead (0.01 ± 0.013 mg/kg) was the lowest in Oreochromis niloticus and Coptidon zillii (formerly Tilapia zillii. This current finding indicates that the water is safe for both aquatic life and domestic purpose but not suitable for direct human consumption without being properly treated. However, there is the need for regular monitoring of the heavy metals load in this water body and the aquatic organisms because of the long term effects

scholarly journals Limnological study of Piraquara river (Upper Iguaçu basin): spatiotemporal variation of physical and chemical variables and watershed zoning

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Henrique C. Marques ◽  
Haydée Torres de Oliveira ◽  
Eunice da Costa Machado
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Serra Do Mar ◽  
Spatial Gradients ◽  
Water Composition ◽  
Physical And Chemical Variables ◽  
Nitrite Nitrate ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Iguaçu River

The Piraquara river basin (Upper Iguaçu River basin - Brazil) was studied as an ecological system throughout a complete seasonal cycle, comprising the rainy and dry season. Analyzes of 16 physical and chemical water variables (dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, temperature, pH, conductivity, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ortophosphates, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, reagent silicate, total suspended solids, chlorophyll - a, flow velocity and depth) showed correlations between water composition and watershed physiographic features, and the Principal Component Analysis allowed to evidence spatial gradients and seasonal differences. The sampling points were clustered in patches with homogeneous behavior, according to ecologycal concepts: patch 1, with strong influence of Serra do Mar mountains; patch 2, medium course, under Piraquara Dam influence and patch 3, under wetlands influence. Two main factors of serial discontinuity were identified: the Piraquara dam effect and the influence of wetlands. The watershed zoning based on limnological characteristics seeks to subsidize research and biomonitoring for this public springs area.

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