scholarly journals Combined Electrocoagulation and Chemical Coagulation in Treating Brewery Wastewater

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly Swain ◽  
Bassim Abbassi ◽  
Chris Kinsley
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Brewery Wastewater ◽  
Chemical Coagulation ◽  
Electrode Consumption ◽  
Initial Ph

Significant over-strength discharge fees are often imposed on breweries for the disposal of high-strength effluent to sanitary sewers. In this research work, the removal performances of electrocoagulation (EC) compared with operating electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation in sequence (EC-CC) or vice-versa (CC-EC) was examined to determine the capability of treatment in reducing the strength of the wastewater. Optimal operating parameters regarding electrolysis time, initial pH, and applied power were determined in conjunction with nutrient removal performance, electrode consumption and energy usage. Combined EC-CC treatment has been demonstrated to be economically feasible for brewery wastewater applications from an energy consumption perspective due to the efficiency of nutrient removal and the reduction of sewer discharge costs. Treatment by EC-CC at 5 W for 20 min using aluminum electrodes resulted in enhanced and consistent removal efficiencies of 26%, 74%, 76%, and 85% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), reactive phosphorous (RP), total phosphorous (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS), respectively. Energy consumption was the main contributor to operating cost. By considering potential recovered over-strength discharge fees (ODF), EC-CC treatment is economically feasible and beneficial in a brewery wastewater application. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the CC-EC process to remove phosphorous, organics and solids from brewery wastewater at lower power supply, so that the recovered ODF cost for CC-EC at 5 W-EC is 23% higher than at 10 W-EC.

scholarly journals Removal of COD and BOD from biologically treated municipal wastewater by electrochemical treatment

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 475-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Kumar Sharma ◽  
A. K. Chopra
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Treated Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Maximum Removal

The present investigation observed the effect of current density (CD), operating time (OT), inter electrode distance (IED), electrode area (EA), initial pH and settling time (ST) using Fe-Fe electrode combination on the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from biologically treated municipal wastewater (BTMW) of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP). The maximum removal of COD (92.35%) from BTMW was found with the optimum operating conditions of CD (2.82 A/m2), OT (40 mins.), IED (0.5 cm), EA (160 cm2), initial pH (7.5) and ST (60 min.), while the maximum removal of BOD (84.88%) was found with the ST (30 min.) at the same operating conditions. There was no need of pH adjustment of the BTMW during ET as the optimal removal efficiency was close to the pH of 7.5. Under optimal operating conditions, the operating cost was found to be 54.29 Rs./m3 / 1.08 US$/m3 in terms of the electrode consumption (78.48 x 10-5 kg Al/m3 ) and energy consumption (108.48 Kwh/m3).

scholarly journals Energy consumption and performance of a rotating biological contactor treating high-strength wastewater

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakesh Desai
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Aeration Rate ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Rotating Biological Contactor ◽  
Unit Energy ◽  
Unit Energy Consumption

Clean water availability, energy costs and the environmental impact of energy usage are major concerns all over the world. At the same time, the Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) has emerged as a low energy-consuming technology used in wastewater treatment which compares favorably with other treatment methods. RBC is a fixed-film bioreactor employing rotating discs to provide support medium for the microbial growth and to supply dissolved oxygen. RBCs, when applied in the treatment of high strength wastewater, demand some modifications such as the addition of aeration systems or change the flow configuration. Aeration systems certainly reduce the footprint but at the cost of energy consumption. Therefore, the optimization of energy consumption in a modified RBC is a very relevant research objective. This thesis is an investigation on energy optimization in a commercial scale RBC modified with an aeration system and treating high strength synthetic wastewater. The coarse bubble diffuser was replaced by fine bubble air diffusers. To study energy consumption a mono-block main drive system and the central compressed air supply were replaced by a three phase motor with variable frequency drive and an aeration blower respectively. Removal performance and unit energy consumption were studied at various combinations of rotating speed (2.5-5 RPM) and rate of aeration (0-15 SCFM). Constant hydraulic (0.017 m³/m²-day), organic (86.1 gCOD/m²-day) and ammonia (3.444 gNH₃-N/m²-day) loadings were maintained throughout the study. The modified RBC was able to remove 34 to 96% COD and 21 to 68% ammonia depending on the aeration rate and angular velocity. The suspended growth section of the modified RBC contributed 47 to 85% and 38 to 87% of the total removal of COD and ammonia respectively. Conversion of ammonia-nitrogen to nitrate-nitrogen was observed very negligible at 0.26 to 1.59%. The angular velocity, 3.66 RPM and the rate of aeration 8.13 SCFM, were found to be the optimum parameters to achieve minimum unit energy consumption of 1.31 KWH/kg CODr. A mathematical model correlating energy consumption per unit oxygen demand with the rate of aeration and the angular velocity was developed.

Electrochemical treatment and operating cost analysis of textile wastewater using sacrificial iron electrodes

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 2261-2270 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kobya ◽  
E. Demirbas ◽  
A. Akyol
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Textile Wastewater ◽  
Iron Electrode ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Potential Measurement ◽  
Initial Ph

Electrocoagulation (EC) method with iron electrode was used to treat the textile wastewater in a batch reactor. Iron electrode material was used as a sacrificial electrode in monopolar parallel mode in this study. The removal efficiencies of the wastewater by EC were affected by initial pH of the solution, current density, conductivity and time of electrolysis. Under the optimal experimental conditions (initial pH 6.9, current density of 10 mA/cm2, conductivity of 3,990 μS/cm, and electrolysis time of 10 min), the treatment of textile wastewater by the EC process led to a removal capacity of 78% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 92% of turbidity. The energy and electrode consumptions at the optimum conditions were calculated to be 0.7 kWh/kg COD (1.7 kWh/m3) and 0.2 kgFe/kg COD (0.5 kgFe/m3), respectively. Moreover, the operating cost was calculated as 0.2 €/kg removed COD or 0.5 €/m3 treated wastewater. Zeta potential measurement was used to determine the charge of particle formed during the EC which revealed that Fe(OH)3 might be responsible for the EC process.

scholarly journals Energy consumption and performance of a rotating biological contactor treating high-strength wastewater

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakesh Desai
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Aeration Rate ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Rotating Biological Contactor ◽  
Unit Energy ◽  
Unit Energy Consumption

Clean water availability, energy costs and the environmental impact of energy usage are major concerns all over the world. At the same time, the Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) has emerged as a low energy-consuming technology used in wastewater treatment which compares favorably with other treatment methods. RBC is a fixed-film bioreactor employing rotating discs to provide support medium for the microbial growth and to supply dissolved oxygen. RBCs, when applied in the treatment of high strength wastewater, demand some modifications such as the addition of aeration systems or change the flow configuration. Aeration systems certainly reduce the footprint but at the cost of energy consumption. Therefore, the optimization of energy consumption in a modified RBC is a very relevant research objective. This thesis is an investigation on energy optimization in a commercial scale RBC modified with an aeration system and treating high strength synthetic wastewater. The coarse bubble diffuser was replaced by fine bubble air diffusers. To study energy consumption a mono-block main drive system and the central compressed air supply were replaced by a three phase motor with variable frequency drive and an aeration blower respectively. Removal performance and unit energy consumption were studied at various combinations of rotating speed (2.5-5 RPM) and rate of aeration (0-15 SCFM). Constant hydraulic (0.017 m³/m²-day), organic (86.1 gCOD/m²-day) and ammonia (3.444 gNH₃-N/m²-day) loadings were maintained throughout the study. The modified RBC was able to remove 34 to 96% COD and 21 to 68% ammonia depending on the aeration rate and angular velocity. The suspended growth section of the modified RBC contributed 47 to 85% and 38 to 87% of the total removal of COD and ammonia respectively. Conversion of ammonia-nitrogen to nitrate-nitrogen was observed very negligible at 0.26 to 1.59%. The angular velocity, 3.66 RPM and the rate of aeration 8.13 SCFM, were found to be the optimum parameters to achieve minimum unit energy consumption of 1.31 KWH/kg CODr. A mathematical model correlating energy consumption per unit oxygen demand with the rate of aeration and the angular velocity was developed.

Depiction of possible solutions to improve the cold supply chain performance system

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeraj Kumar ◽  
Mohit Tyagi ◽  
Anish Sachdeva
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Content Type

PurposeA poor performance of the cold supply chain (CSC) may increase the loss of quality and potency of perishables and temperature-sensitive products that deteriorate the financial and environmental aspects of the same. The purpose of the current research work is to identify the critical performance factors (criteria) and their co-factors (sub-criteria) that are responsible for the performance measurement of CSC and suggest the best possible solutions (alternatives) to improve the same.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve the objective of the research, a hierarchical model has been developed and analyzed using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)-Fuzzy TOPSIS as a hybrid approach to obtain the severity weights of the identified criteria and prioritization toward their relative importance for the best possible alternatives.FindingsAnalysis reveals that the criteria “energy consumption” comes out to be the most critical criteria, and alternative “application of passive cold devices” is the most effective solution for improving the performance of CSC. Higher energy consumption leads to a higher rate of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions increasing the global warming phenomenon, high operational cost and degradation of natural energy resources. The Application of Passive Cold Devices (PCDs) utilizes solar energy to operate the refrigeration units reducing the energy consumption, environmental and operating cost of CSC.Research limitations/implicationsThe research work provides several insights into the critical issues related to the CSC and suggests significant findings that enable the management and decision-makers to adopt these practices for performance evaluation and improvement of the same. The key findings of the work, such as “application of passive cold devices” and “application of IoT in cold chain logistics”, facilitate an improved platform to improve the CSC performance and proposed several directions that will enhance the merit of future research.Originality/valueThe presented study consolidates the various perspectives associated with CSC performance, explores the most critical criteria and proposes the best suitable cold chain practices for organizational growth. The work also provides an analytical analysis with the essence of practicalities and sensitivity analysis to support the robustness of the results. By enriching the literature and quantitative analysis of the new proposed model, this paper forms vast managerial and research implications in the field of CSC.

pH-adjustment strategy for volatile fatty acid production from high-strength wastewater for biological nutrient removal

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 2043-2051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Xie ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Yin-guang Chen ◽  
Qi Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Thin Stillage ◽  
Ph Adjustment ◽  
Adjustment Strategy ◽  
Initial Ph

Volatile fatty acid (VFA) production from three types of high-strength organic wastewater (cassava thin stillage, starch wastewater and yellow-wine processing wastewater) were compared. The results showed that cassava thin stillage was the most suitable substrate, based on its high specific VFA production (0.68 g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/g initial soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD)) and yield (0.72 g COD/g SCOD) as well as low nutrient content in the substrate and fermented liquid. The acid fermented cassava thin stillage was evaluated and compared with sodium acetate in a sequencing batch reactor system. Total nitrogen removal efficiency was higher with fermented cassava thin stillage than with the sodium acetate. The effects of pH and a pH-adjustment strategy on VFA production and composition were determined using cassava thin stillage. At an initial pH range of 7–11, a relatively high VFA concentration of about 9 g COD/L was obtained. The specific VFA production (g COD/g initial SCOD) increased from 0.27 to 0.47 to 0.67 at pH 8 and from 0.26 to 0.68 to 0.81 at pH 9 (initial pH, interval pH, and constant pH adjustment, respectively). The dominant VFA species changed significantly with the increasing frequency of the pH adjustment. Further studies will examine the metabolic pathways responsible for VFA composition.

scholarly journals Optimization of coagulation-flocculation process in the treatment of surface water for a maximum dissolved organic matter removal using RSM approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Khettaf ◽  
Imen Khounı ◽  
Ghofrane Louhichi ◽  
Ahmed Ghrabi ◽  
Latifa Bousselmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Flocculation Process

Abstract The aim of this research work is the optimization of the coagulation/flocculation process in the treatment of surface water for a maximum dissolved organic matter (DOM) removal using response surface methodology (RSM). For this purpose, several jar test experiments have been performed in order to identify the most influencing factors. Afterwards, RSM has been done to investigate the effects and the interactions of three chosen variables (coagulant concentration, flocculent concentration, and initial pH), whereas the responses were the DOM removal in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD), in terms of absorbance at the wavelength 254 nm (UV-254), and the final pH. The optimal conditions were as follows: 133 mg/L of coagulant, 60 mg/L of flocculent and an initial pH equal to 6.91. Under these conditions, the efficiency removals were 56% in terms of COD and 59% in terms of UV-254 with a final pH equal to 6.78. High variance coefficient R2 values, with 0.96 for the removal in terms of COD and 0.92 in terms of UV-254 confirm the reliability and the validity of the obtained model.

scholarly journals COD removal from petrochemical wastewater by UV/hydrogen peroxide, UV/persulfate and UV/percarbonate: biodegradability improvement and cost evaluation

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 484-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Akbar Babaei ◽  
Farshid Ghanbari
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Cost Evaluation ◽  
Petrochemical Wastewater ◽  
Ferrous Ions ◽  
Initial Ph

The petrochemical industry has been highly considered by environmentalists since it can affect the environment through the production of high strength wastewater. This study investigates chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from petrochemical wastewater by ultra violet (UV)/oxidant systems with varying dosages of oxidants, initial pH values and reaction time. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), persulfate (PS) and percarbonate (PC) were used as oxidants. The results showed that pH = 3.0 was suitable for H2O2 and PC, while PS had the best performance at pH = 7.0. The presence of ferrous ions improved the removal efficiency, especially in the case of UV/PC. However, COD removal efficiencies of UV/PS and UV/H2O2 were more effective than that of the UV/PC system. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)/COD ratio achieved >0.4 by UV/PS/Fe2+, UV/H2O2 and UV/H2O2/Fe2+ systems. Complete decolorization occurred for all the UV/oxidant systems after only 30 min reaction time. Besides the effective performances of PS and H2O2 in COD removal, PC was considered as an inexpensive oxidant. The order of total costs based on kg COD removed was: UV/PS/Fe2+ > UV/PS > UV/H2O2/Fe2+ > UV/H2O2 > UV/PC/Fe2+ > UV/PC. In conclusion, UV/H2O2 displayed an effective, applicable and clean process for petrochemical wastewater treatment.

Distance Aware VM allocation process to minimize energy consumption in cloud computing

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurpreet Singh ◽  
Manish Mahajan ◽  
Rajni Mohana
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Virtual Machine ◽  
Virtual Machines ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Service Level Agreement ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Physical Machine ◽  
Allocation Process

BACKGROUND: Cloud computing is considered as an on-demand service resource with the applications towards data center on pay per user basis. For allocating the resources appropriately for the satisfaction of user needs, an effective and reliable resource allocation method is required. Because of the enhanced user demand, the allocation of resources has now considered as a complex and challenging task when a physical machine is overloaded, Virtual Machines share its load by utilizing the physical machine resources. Previous studies lack in energy consumption and time management while keeping the Virtual Machine at the different server in turned on state. AIM AND OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this research work is to propose an effective resource allocation scheme for allocating the Virtual Machine from an ad hoc sub server with Virtual Machines. EXECUTION MODEL: The execution of the research has been carried out into two sections, initially, the location of Virtual Machines and Physical Machine with the server has been taken place and subsequently, the cross-validation of allocation is addressed. For the sorting of Virtual Machines, Modified Best Fit Decreasing algorithm is used and Multi-Machine Job Scheduling is used while the placement process of jobs to an appropriate host. Artificial Neural Network as a classifier, has allocated jobs to the hosts. Measures, viz. Service Level Agreement violation and energy consumption are considered and fruitful results have been obtained with a 37.7 of reduction in energy consumption and 15% improvement in Service Level Agreement violation.

scholarly journals Energetic and exergetic analysis of a convective drier: A case study of potato drying process

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 563-572
Author(s):  
Iman Golpour ◽  
Mohammad Kaveh ◽  
Reza Amiri Chayjan ◽  
Raquel P. F. Guiné
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Exergy Efficiency ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Convective Drying ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Energy And Exergy ◽  
Exergy Losses

AbstractThis research work focused on the evaluation of energy and exergy in the convective drying of potato slices. Experiments were conducted at four air temperatures (40, 50, 60 and 70°C) and three air velocities (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m/s) in a convective dryer, with circulating heated air. Freshly harvested potatoes with initial moisture content (MC) of 79.9% wet basis were used in this research. The influence of temperature and air velocity was investigated in terms of energy and exergy (energy utilization [EU], energy utilization ratio [EUR], exergy losses and exergy efficiency). The calculations for energy and exergy were based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Results indicated that EU, EUR and exergy losses decreased along drying time, while exergy efficiency increased. The specific energy consumption (SEC) varied from 1.94 × 105 to 3.14 × 105 kJ/kg. The exergy loss varied in the range of 0.006 to 0.036 kJ/s and the maximum exergy efficiency obtained was 85.85% at 70°C and 0.5 m/s, while minimum exergy efficiency was 57.07% at 40°C and 1.5 m/s. Moreover, the values of exergetic improvement potential (IP) rate changed between 0.0016 and 0.0046 kJ/s and the highest value occurred for drying at 70°C and 1.5 m/s, whereas the lowest value was for 70°C and 0.5 m/s. As a result, this knowledge will allow the optimization of convective dryers, when operating for the drying of this food product or others, as well as choosing the most appropriate operating conditions that cause the reduction of energy consumption, irreversibilities and losses in the industrial convective drying processes.

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