scholarly journals Water and Sewage Management Issues in Rural Poland

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Piasecki
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Treatment Standards ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Tap Water Quality

Water and sewage management in Poland has systematically been transformed in terms of quality and quantity since the 1990s. Currently, the most important problem in this matter is posed by areas where buildings are spread out across rural areas. The present work aims to analyse the process of changes and the current state of water and sewage management in rural areas of Poland. The author intended to present the issues in their broader context, paying attention to local specificity as well as natural and economic conditions. The analysis led to the conclusion that there have been significant positive changes in water and sewage infrastructure in rural Poland. A several-fold increase in the length of sewage and water supply networks and number of sewage treatment plants was identified. There has been an increase in the use of water and treated sewage, while raw sewage has been minimised. Tap-water quality and wastewater treatment standards have improved. At the same time, areas requiring further improvement—primarily wastewater management—were indicated. It was identified that having only 42% of the rural population connected to a collective sewerage system is unsatisfactory. All the more so, in light of the fact that more than twice as many consumers are connected to the water supply network (85%). The major ecological threat that closed-system septic sewage tanks pose is highlighted. It is pointed out that they are mainly being replaced by household wastewater treatment systems with ineffective filtering drainage. Furthermore, recommendations were also made for the future development of selected aspects of water and sewage management, including the legal and the political.

scholarly journals Development and application of biogas project for domestic sewage treatment in rural China: opportunities and challenges

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikun Cheng ◽  
Mingyue Zhao ◽  
Heinz-Peter Mang ◽  
Xiaoqin Zhou ◽  
Zifu Li
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Chinese Literature ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Low Efficiency

Abstract The biogas project for domestic sewage treatment (BPDST) is considered a promising facility for wastewater management in rural areas of China. This paper explores previous experimental works, cost analysis, and BPDST structure and design based on Chinese literature. Opportunities for developing decentralized or neighborhood-based BPDSTs include fulfilling Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the water pollution situation and deficiency of wastewater treatment facilities, the advantages of BPDSTs compared with centralized sewage plant, government support and policy drive for rural wastewater treatment, and reuse demand for resources. Meanwhile, challenges faced are emphasized as follows: uncertain responsibility for BPDSTs under different governmental departments restricts BPDST development and should be specified; uncertain effluent quality due to low efficiency of nutrient removal requires aerobic post-treatment to some extent; rural environmental awareness is still low and should be heightened; more funds should be invested in R&D for improvement of technology innovation; more reuse and resource recovery elements should be considered during implementation; follow-up services are lacking and should be improved; and BPDST maintenance should be trained. This paper could provide valuable reference for other developing countries.

scholarly journals Water Supply Challenges in Rural Areas: A Case Study from Central Kazakhstan

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alua Omarova ◽  
Kamshat Tussupova ◽  
Peder Hjorth ◽  
Marat Kalishev ◽  
Raushan Dosmagambetova
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Tap Water Quality

Rural water supplies have traditionally been overshadowed by urban ones. That must now change, as the Sustainable Development Goals calls for water for all. The objective of the paper is to assess the current access to and the perceived water quality in villages with various types of water supply. The survey was carried out during July–December 2017 in four villages in central Kazakhstan. Overall, 1369 randomly selected households were interviewed. The results revealed that even though villagers were provided with tap water, significant numbers used alternative sources. There were three reasons for this situation: residents’ doubts regarding the tap water quality; use of other sources out of habit; and availability of cheaper or free sources. Another problem concerned the volume of water consumption, which dropped sharply with decreased quality or inconvenience of sources used by households. Moreover, people gave a poor estimate to the quality and reliability of water from wells, open sources and tankered water. The paper suggests that as well decentralization of water management as monitoring of both water supply and water use are essential measures. There must be a tailor-made approach to each village for achieving the Sustainable Development Goal of providing rural Kazakhstan with safe water.

Microbiological requirements for safe drinking water production at a large river impacted by human wastewater: a scenario analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Demeter ◽  
Julia Derx ◽  
Jürgen Komma ◽  
Juraj Parajka ◽  
Jack Schijven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Large River ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
Safe Drinking Water

<p><strong>Background</strong>: Rivers are important sources for drinking water supply, however, they are often impacted by wastewater discharges from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and combined sewer overflows (CSO). Reduction of the faecal pollution burden is possible through enhanced wastewater treatment or prevention of CSOs. Few methodological efforts have been made so far to investigate how these measures would affect the long-term treatment requirements for microbiologically safe drinking water supply under future changes.</p><p><strong>Objectives</strong>: This study aimed to apply a new integrative approach to decipher the interplay between the effects of future changes and wastewater management measures on the required treatment of river water to produce safe drinking water. We investigated scenarios of climate change and population growth, in combination with different wastewater management scenarios (i.e., no upgrades and upgrades at WWTPs, CSOs, and both). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate this interplay. We focussed on the viral index pathogens norovirus and enterovirus and made a cross-comparison with a bacterial and a protozoan reference pathogen (Campylobacter and Cryptosporidium).</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: We significantly extended QMRAcatch (v1.0 Python), a probabilistic-deterministic model that combines virus fate and transport modelling in the river with quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). To investigate the impact of climatic changes, we used a conceptual semi-distributed hydrological model and regional climate model outputs to simulate river discharges for the period 2035 – 2049. We assumed that population growth leads to a corresponding increase in WWTP discharges. QMRAcatch was successfully calibrated and validated based on a four-year dataset of a human-associated genetic MST marker and enterovirus. The study site was the Danube in Vienna, Austria.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: In the reference scenario, approx. 98% of the enterovirus and norovirus loads at the study site (median: 10<sup>10</sup> and 10<sup>13</sup> N/d) originated from WWTP effluent, while the remainder was via CSO events. The required log reduction value (LRV) to produce safe drinking water was 6.3 and 8.4 log<sub>10</sub> for enterovirus and norovirus. Future changes in population size, river flows and CSO events did not affect these treatment requirements, and neither did the prevention of CSOs. In contrast, in the scenario of enhanced wastewater treatment, which showed lower LRVs by 2.0 and 1.3 log<sub>10</sub>, climate-change-driven increases in CSO events had a considerable impact on the treatment requirements, as they affected the main pollution source. Preventing CSOs and installing enhanced treatment at the WWTPs together had the most significant positive effect with a reduction of LRVs by 3.9 and 3.8 log<sub>10</sub> compared to the reference scenario.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The integrative modelling approach was successfully realised. The simultaneous consideration of source apportionment and concentrations of the reference pathogens were found crucial to understand the interplay among the effects of climate change, population growth and pollution control measures. The approach was demonstrated for a study site representing a large river impacted by WWTP and CSO discharges, but is applicable at other sites to support long term water safety planning.</p>

scholarly journals Wyposażenie obszarów wiejskich w systemy odprowadzania ścieków na przykładzie gmin powiatu olsztyńskiego

2018 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
Mirosława Witkowska-Dąbrowska
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Local Approach ◽  
Septic Tanks ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
The Town

The purpose of the study was to evaluate, in a local approach, the state of supply of rural areas in a rural district with household wastewater management systems, with the focus on home wastewater treatment plants. The study covered the rural areas of the district of Olsztyn. The data, which were acquired from the Bank of Local Data, were processed through basic mathematical transformations and statistical measures. The structure and intensity indices were calculated per 1,000 residents. Large differences were found in the access to linear infrastructure and to individual systems of wastewater discharge. The results showed a constant increase in the number of home wastewater treatment plants and septic tanks due to the constant influx of people to villages lying around the town of Olsztyn. In contrast to studies conducted on a regional scale, no decrease in the number of septic tanks was observed correlated with the growing number of home wastewater treatment plants. A possible reason can be the specific environmental conditions and protection of inland waters, which limit possible locations of home wastewater treatment plants.

Consumer managed co-operative - a solution for progressing wastewater management in rural areas

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 385-391
Author(s):  
H. Mattila ◽  
E. Santala ◽  
J. Aho
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Technical Solution ◽  
Water Services ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Septic Tanks ◽  
Professional Assistance ◽  
The Moment

In Finland the question of appropriate wastewater treatment in rural areas has become very prominent during the last years. The new Environmental Protection Act stipulates that wastewaters must be treated to the extent that they cannot have a negative impact on nature. The Ministry of the Environment is currently preparing a decree specifying the requirements. The draft of the decree proposes that on-site treatment units should decrease the BOD load by 90, total phosphorus load by 85 and total nitrogen load by 40 per cent. To meet the new requirements, the old systems that include septic tanks only need more efficient wastewater treatment methods. Whatever technical solution is selected, the house owner must pay for it. At the moment, even the septic tanks are emptied and maintained irregularly. More sophisticated wastewater treatment methods definitely need more maintenance, which cannot be made the sole duty of the house owners. One potential organisational alternative for managing wastewater treatment in rural areas is the co-operative. Finland has one such pioneering co-operative formed for on-site sanitation. Varsinais-Suomi Water Services Co-operative provides the house owner with professional assistance in wastewater treatment at a reasonable cost. Suvisaari Water Services Co-operative is another new organisation selling sewerage services to its members. But its technology is different: this co-operative operates an LPS-sewerage system instead of on-site treatment.

A waterborne Campylobacter jejuni outbreak on a Greek island

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (12) ◽  
pp. 1726-1734 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. KARAGIANNIS ◽  
T. SIDEROGLOU ◽  
K. GKOLFINOPOULOU ◽  
A. TSOURI ◽  
D. LAMPOUSAKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Crossover Study ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Case Crossover

SUMMARYA case-control and a case-crossover study were performed to investigate a Campylobacter jejuni outbreak in Crete in 2009. Most cases originated from rural areas, served by a different water-supply system from that of the adjacent town. Thirty-seven cases and 79 controls were interviewed; cases were interviewed for two different time periods for the case-crossover study. Stool cultures, PFGE and MLST subtyping were run in human samples. Univariately, consumption of tap water was associated with C. jejuni infection. Stratified analysis revealed that water-supply system was an effect modifier of this association. In the multivariable analysis, the rural areas' water supplier and drinking tap water were risk factors. No risk factors were revealed in the case-crossover study. No Campylobacter were isolated in the tested water samples. There is strong epidemiological evidence that tap water was the vehicle of the outbreak.

scholarly journals Tratamento de águas residuais utilizando o bambu como filtro

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (51) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Jaiane Dos Santos Pastor ◽  
Antônio Da Silva Sobrinho Júnior ◽  
Gabrielly Da Mota Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Reuse Water ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Untreated Water

Water is crucial for the survival of living beings, but its scarcity has been one of the biggest problems that humanity has faced. In Brazil, many households still do not have sewage collection and water supply, especially in rural areas, making it necessary to reuse water or even to use untreated water, which is unsuitable for human consumption. Therefore, scholars have developed means of water treatment, however, some methods are expensive, inefficient and can cause pollution to the environment. It is necessary to develop sustainable, accessible and economical treatments. This study exposes a method using bamboo as a filter for the treatment of wastewater from washing for non-potable purposes. The analyzes involve laboratory studies with devices and perception with the naked eye, the results obtained were compared to COEMA Resolution No. 2 of 02/02/2017 and NBR 13969/1997, which determine criteria and standards so that wastewater can be reused for purposes not drinkable or released into water bodies, in this study it was be shown that bamboo can be an alternative filter for wastewater treatment.

scholarly journals Wastewater treatment from washing agricultural machinery by electroflotation and sorption on activated carbons

2021 ◽  
Vol 937 (4) ◽  
pp. 042061
Author(s):  
A Smolyanichenko ◽  
I Kulik ◽  
E Yakovleva
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Circulating Water ◽  
Car Wash

Abstract Wastewater from car wash stations of agricultural machinery is contaminated with mechanical impurities, oil products, pollution generated by exhaust gases, fertilizers and processing agents used in agriculture, as well as a large amount of surfactants. Purification of this wastewater to the quality required for their reuse allows organizing a circulating water supply scheme, which significantly reduces not only the negative impact on the environment, but also the need for clean tap water. This article describes the results of wastewater treatment from car wash stations of agricultural machinery on an electroflotator and post-treatment by filtration through various filter media, incl. through a sorbent made of modified rice straw - agricultural waste.

scholarly journals Planning the optimal solution for wastewater management in rural areas - case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
pp. 01035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Boguniewicz-Zablocka ◽  
Iwona Klosok-Bazan ◽  
Andrea G. Capodaglio ◽  
Joanna Ploskonka
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Collection System ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

Water management and associated wastewater management is an inseparable element of life and development of modern societies. Collection and treatment of wastewater has a significant impact on the environment and economy, both at the local and global level. It is therefore necessary to proceed to activities that ensure proper wastewater management, especially in rural and low-density areas, where it is necessary to search for optimal solutions with regard to sewage systems, including wastewater treatment plants. One of the solution for wastewater treatment from houses without access to sewerage collection system is the construction of on-site wastewater treatment plants. Construction of on-site wastewater treatment plant poses a number of challenges for municipalities and potential investors and has been discussed by many. Aim of this paper is to draw the current status and perspectives of on-site wastewater treatment systems in Poland, with focus on selected case study from rural areas. The paper presents a way to solve the problem of wastewater management in the municipality of Pietrowice Wielkie using local biological wastewater treatment plants. The article presents technological, technical and economical aspects of the above-mentioned solutions and analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the system proposed by the municipality.

Drinking Water Quality: Temporary Deviations from Hygienic Standards

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
YuA Novikova ◽  
VN Fedorov ◽  
OS Alenteva ◽  
IO Myasnikov
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Tap Water Quality

Introduction: Current legislation permits a phased achievement of drinking water quality standards by making decisions on temporary deviations from hygienic standards for the period of design, construction, and/or upgrade of water supply facilities. Objective: To substantiate the mechanism for coordinating temporary deviations of concentrations of certain chemicals in drinking water from hygienic standards for the period of implementing measures for water quality improvement. Materials and methods: We applied methods of sanitary and epidemiological expert examination and assessment and the method of system analysis to review and study current regulations, results of laboratory testing of water quality in centralized cold water supply systems for 2011–2019, and action plans of 83 constituent entities of the Russian Federation for improvement of tap water quality. Results: We established that violation of hygienic standards was most often registered for aluminum, boron, bromine, iron, silicon, lithium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, and chloroform. Hygienic requirements for tap water quality determine necessary technological solutions to be implemented at water treatment facilities; yet, their implementation requires a certain amount of time and might cause temporary tap water quality deterioration making it necessary to agree with the local bodies in charge of federal sanitary and epidemiological surveillance a phased transition to eliminating threat to public health from poor quality drinking water. Conclusions: The authors propose an algorithm for conducting a risk assessment and a mechanism for decision making on temporary deviations.

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