scholarly journals Clinically Important Phleboviruses and Their Detection in Human Samples

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1500
Author(s):  
Amy J. Lambert ◽  
Holly R. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Human Samples ◽  
Virus Level ◽  
Genetic Complexity ◽  
Clinical Associations ◽  
The Individual

The detection of phleboviruses (family: Phenuiviridae) in human samples is challenged by the overall diversity and genetic complexity of clinically relevant strains, their predominantly nondescript clinical associations, and a related lack of awareness among some clinicians and laboratorians. Here, we seek to inform the detection of human phlebovirus infections by providing a brief introduction to clinically relevant phleboviruses, as well as key targets and approaches for their detection. Given the diversity of pathogens within the genus, this report focuses on diagnostic attributes that are generally shared among these agents and should be used as a complement to, rather than a replacement of, more detailed discussions on the detection of phleboviruses at the individual virus level.

scholarly journals Modelling biological evolution: recent progress, current challenges and future direction

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 20130054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Morozov
Keyword(s):  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Genetic Complexity ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Getting Lost ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
The Individual

Mathematical modelling is widely recognized as a powerful and convenient theoretical tool for investigating various aspects of biological evolution and explaining the existing genetic complexity of the real world. It is increasingly apparent that understanding the key mechanisms involved in the processes of species biodiversity, natural selection and inheritance, patterns of animal behaviour and coevolution of species in complex ecological systems is simply impossible by means of laboratory experiments and field observations alone. Mathematical models are so important because they provide wide-ranging exploration of the problem without a need for experiments with biological systems—which are usually expensive, often require long time and can be potentially dangerous. However, as the number of theoretical works on modelling biological evolution is constantly accelerating each year as different mathematical frameworks and various aspects of evolutionary problems are considered, it is often hard to avoid getting lost in such an immense flux of publications. The aim of this issue of Interface Focus is to provide a useful guide to important recent findings in some key areas in modelling biological evolution, to refine the existing challenges and to outline possible future directions. In particular, the following topics are addressed here by world-leading experts in the modelling of evolution: (i) the origins of biodiversity observed in ecosystems and communities; (ii) evolution of decision-making by animals and the optimal strategy of populations; (iii) links between evolutionary and ecological processes across different time scales; (iv) quantification of biological information in evolutionary models; and (v) linking theoretical models with empirical data. Most of the works presented here are in fact contributed papers from the international conference ‘Modelling Biological Evolution’ (MBE 2013), which took place in Leicester, UK, in May 2013 and brought together theoreticians and empirical evolutionary biologists with the main aim of creating debates and productive discussions between them. Finally, we should emphasize that the individual papers in this issue are not limited to only one of the topics mentioned above, but often lie at the interface of them.

scholarly journals PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY AMONG ALLELES AT THE PER-1 LOCUS OF NEUROSPORA CRASSA

Genetics ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Branch Howe ◽  
T E Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Neurospora Crassa ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Genetic Complexity ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT Comparison of 11 perithecial color mutants suggested that all were alleles at the per-1 locus but nonetheless separable into two groups because of phenotypic differences. Three of the mutant strains produced orange perithecia and black ascospores, and eight produced paler, yellow perithecia and white ascospores. Perithecial phenotype was dependent upon the genotype of the protoperithecial parent; ascospore phenotype, upon the genotype of the individual ascospore. No evidence was found that the white ascospores were due to chromosomal rearrangements. No separation of the perithecial and ascospore phenotypes by recombination was observed in a cross between one of the mutants and a per-1  + strain. However, apparent low levels of recombination in crosses between some of the mutants indicated possible genetic complexity at the per-1 locus. The phase specificity of the per-1 mutations and the possible nature and mode of expression of the orange and yellow perithecial pigments are discussed.

scholarly journals An interaction-based model for neuropsychiatric features of copy-number variants

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Jensen ◽  
Santhosh Girirajan
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Copy Number Variants ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Expression Data ◽  
Individual Gene ◽  
Functional Assays ◽  
Genetic Complexity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

ABSTRACTVariably expressive copy-number variants (CNVs) are characterized by extensive phenotypic heterogeneity of neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Approaches to identify single causative genes for these phenotypes within each CNV have not been successful. Here, we posit using multiple lines of evidence, including pathogenicity metrics, functional assays of model organisms, and gene expression data, that multiple genes within each CNV region are likely responsible for the observed phenotypes. We propose that candidate genes within each region likely interact with each other through shared pathways to modulate the individual gene phenotypes, emphasizing the genetic complexity of CNV-associated neuropsychiatric features.

scholarly journals Theoretical Consequences of Truncation Selection Based on the Individual Phenotype

1960 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Griffing
Keyword(s):  
Arbitrary Number ◽  
Single Locus ◽  
Truncation Selection ◽  
Genetic Complexity ◽  
The Individual

Theoretical consequences of truncation selection based on the individual phenotype are examined for the following cases of increasing genetic complexity: (i) an arbitrary number of alleles at a single locus, (ii) an arbitrary number of alleles at each of two linked loci, and (iii) a completely general genetic situation.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and genetic complexity of psychosis

2007 ◽  
Vol 190 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Craddock ◽  
Michael C. O'Donovan ◽  
Michael J. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Clinical Heterogeneity ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Dna Variation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Complex Disorders ◽  
Risk Variants ◽  
Genetic Complexity ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual

SummaryPsychosis, like other major psychiatric disorders, is both genetically and clinically complex. Increasingly powerful molecular genetic studies have the potential to identify DNA variation that influences susceptibility to genetically complex disorders. There is a need to use a range of genetic approaches appropriate to identifying a spectrum of risk variants from the common through to the rare. Some variants might have large effects at the level of the individual but most are likely to have modest or small effects at both population and individual level. Extensive clinical heterogeneity is likely to have a significant impact on the power of even the largest studies and, more importantly, will lead to extensive variability between studies and hamper attempts at replication. If we are to realise the potential of molecular genetics, we need to overcome the major limitations imposed by current psychiatric diagnostic classifications and identify clinical phenotypes that reflect the presence of underlying entities with biological validity.

The Ultrastructure of Monkey Gingival Epithelium

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 16-17
Author(s):  
C.N. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Macaca Nemestrina ◽  
Stratum Granulosum ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Gingival Epithelial Cells ◽  
Stratum Spinosum ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Gingival Epithelium ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Thickness

The present study demonstrates the ultrastructure of the gingival epithelium of the pig tail monkey (Macaca nemestrina). Specimens were taken from lingual and facial gingival surfaces and fixed in Dalton's chrome osmium solution (pH 7.6) for 1 hr, dehydrated, and then embedded in Epon 812.Tonofibrils are variable in number and structure according to the different region or location of the gingival epithelial cells, the main orientation of which is parallel to the long axis of the cells. The cytoplasm of the basal epithelial cells contains a great number of tonofilaments and numerous mitochondria. The basement membrane is 300 to 400 A thick. In the cells of stratum spinosum, the tonofibrils are densely packed and increased in number (fig. 1 and 3). They seem to take on a somewhat concentric arrangement around the nucleus. The filaments may occur scattered as thin fibrils in the cytoplasm or they may be arranged in bundles of different thickness. The filaments have a diameter about 50 A. In the stratum granulosum, the cells gradually become flatted, the tonofibrils are usually thin, and the individual tonofilaments are clearly distinguishable (fig. 2). The mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are seldom seen in these superficial cell layers.

A Study of the Ultrastructure of Visual Cell Outer Segment Membranes, Using a Water-Miscible Embedding Medium and Differential Staining

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 50-51
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Godfrey
Keyword(s):  
Outer Segment ◽  
Protein Denaturation ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Differential Staining ◽  
Visual Cell ◽  
Lead Citrate ◽  
Chick Retina ◽  
Dark Staining ◽  
Embedding Medium ◽  
The Individual

Aldehyde-fixed chick retina was embedded in a water-containing resin of glutaraldehyde and urea, without dehydration. The loss of lipids and other soluble tissue components, which is severe in routine methods involving dehydration, was thereby minimized. Osmium tetroxide post-fixation was not used, lessening the amount of protein denaturation which occurred. Ultrathin sections were stained with 1, uranyl acetate and lead citrate, 2, silicotungstic acid, or 3, osmium vapor, prior to electron microscope examination of visual cell outer segment ultrastructure, at magnifications up to 800,000.Sections stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate (Fig. 1) showed that the individual disc membranes consisted of a central lipid core about 78Å thick in which dark-staining 40Å masses appeared to be embedded from either side.

The Red Neuronal Pigment in the Nervous System of the Mussel, Mytilus Edulis: Localization and Its Effect on Lateral Ciliary Activity with Spectral and Analytical Changes

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 494-495
Author(s):  
Anthony A. Paparo ◽  
Judith A. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Intracellular Organelles ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cryostat Sections

The purpose of this study was to localize the red neuronal pigment in Mytilus edulis and examine its role in the control of lateral ciliary activity in the gill. The visceral ganglia (Vg) in the central nervous system show an over al red pigmentation. Most red pigments examined in squash preps and cryostat sec tions were localized in the neuronal cell bodies and proximal axon regions. Unstained cryostat sections showed highly localized patches of this pigment scattered throughout the cells in the form of dense granular masses about 5-7 um in diameter, with the individual granules ranging from 0.6-1.3 um in diame ter. Tissue stained with Gomori's method for Fe showed bright blue granular masses of about the same size and structure as previously seen in unstained cryostat sections.Thick section microanalysis (Fig.l) confirmed both the localization and presence of Fe in the nerve cell. These nerve cells of the Vg share with other pigmented photosensitive cells the common cytostructural feature of localization of absorbing molecules in intracellular organelles where they are tightly ordered in fine substructures.

Some Effects of Oxidant Air Pollutants (Ozone and Peroxyacetyl Nitrate) on the Ultrastructure of Leaf Tissues

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 360-361
Author(s):  
William W. Thomson ◽  
Elizabeth S. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Peroxyacetyl Nitrate ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Growth Physiology ◽  
Physiology And Biochemistry ◽  
Entire Plant ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Gaseous Hydrocarbons ◽  
The Individual

The oxidant air pollutants, ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate, are produced in the atmosphere through the interaction of light with nitrogen oxides and gaseous hydrocarbons. These oxidants are phytotoxicants and are known to deleteriously affect plant growth, physiology, and biochemistry. In many instances they induce changes which lead to the death of cells, tissues, organs, and frequently the entire plant. The most obvious damage and biochemical changes are generally observed with leaves.Electron microscopic examination of leaves from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and cotton (Gossipyum hirsutum L.) fumigated for .5 to 2 hours with 0.3 -1 ppm of the individual oxidants revealed that changes in the ultrastructure of the cells occurred in a sequential fashion with time following the fumigation period. Although occasional cells showed severe damage immediately after fumigation, the most obvious change was an enhanced clarity of the cell membranes.

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