scholarly journals Thermal and Fluid Dynamic Analysis within a Batch Micro-Reactor for Biodiesel Production from Waste Vegetable Oil

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Carlini ◽  
Sonia Castellucci ◽  
Andrea Mennuni
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil ◽  
Micro Reactor

scholarly journals Ethanol-Based Biodiesel from Waste Vegetable Oil

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1 & 2) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Mary Grace M. Oliveros ◽  
Amiliza B. Baiting ◽  
Menchie G. Lumain ◽  
Maria Theresa I. Cabaraban
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil ◽  
Power Testing ◽  
Technological Analysis

Waste vegetable oil, mainly coming from frying residues, can be used as raw material to obtain a diesel fuel (biodiesel). Biodiesel, a nontoxic, biodegradable, diesel-like fuel, is an important energy alternative capable of decreasing environmental problems caused by the consumption of fossil fuels. The utilization of waste vegetable oils as raw material in biodiesel production was studied. Research was undertaken to establish the availability of used vegetable oil to supply a biodiesel process. It is intended that this work forms an academic study combined with an environmental and technological analysis of the merits of biodiesel as a sustainable fuel. Laboratory experimentation investigated the possibility of using waste vegetable oil from the local fast food chains, and potassium hydroxide as catalyst for the transesterification process. The cleaned waste vegetable oil undergoes transesterification for 4 hours, after which, the biodiesel is separated from the glycerin by gravity. Washing is necessary to remove residual catalyst or soap. Overall material balance for the process gives: 1 kg Waste Vegetable oil + 0.18 kg EtOH + 0.01 kg KOH → 0.74 kg Biodiesel + 0.44 kg Glycerin The biodiesel, in pure form (B100) and in 50% proportion (B50) with petroleum diesel, was run in an essentially unmodified Toyota 2C diesel engine. Smoke density (opacity) and CO exhaust emission both decreased with B50. However, Nox increased with B50. Fuel consumption during engine power testing is significantly greater using the biodiesel, but is also significantly reduced with B50.

scholarly journals Optimisation of biodiesel production from waste vegetable oil and eggshell ash

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 145-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngoya Tshizanga ◽  
Elizabeth Funmilayo Aransiola ◽  
Oluwaseun Oyekola
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil

scholarly journals Transesterification of Low FFA Waste Vegetable Oil using Homogeneous Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production: Optimization, Kinetics and Product Stability

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 586-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.G. Al-Sakkari ◽  
S.T. El-Sheltawy ◽  
A. Soliman ◽  
I. Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Production Optimization ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Order Model ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
The Stability

The most common method of biodiesel production is base catalyzed transesterification where alkaline materials, such as potassium hydroxide, are used as a catalyst. This paper presents a study of factors affecting biodiesel production from low free fatty acids (FFA) content waste vegetable oil through base catalyzed transesterification as well as the optimum reaction conditions. The optimum conditions were found to be a time of 60 min, catalyst loading of 1% of oil mass, mixing speed of 400 rpm and temperature of 65 °C. It also introduces a kinetic study of this reaction to determine the best model to fit the experimental data. First order model was found to be the best one to fit the early reaction stages while the second order model was the best to describe reaction kinetics in later stages. The stability of produced biodiesel was studied through determination of acid value and viscosity of stored biodiesel along three months.

Comparative Evaluation of a Developed Batch Reactor Using Various Feedstock

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin N. Nwaigwe ◽  
Nnamdi V. Ogueke ◽  
Paulinus E. Ugwuoke ◽  
Emmanuel E. Anyanwu
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Fresh Vegetable ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil ◽  
Characterization Test

The performance evaluation of a developed batch reactor using beniseed oil, fresh vegetable oil, and waste vegetable oil is presented. The transesterification process was used on samples of each feedstock at different reaction temperature and time while methanol and sodium hydroxide were used as the reagent and catalyst respectively. Optimum yield obtained at 55°C and 50 minutes gave the value of 1.65 litres of biodiesel for beniseed, 1.97 litres of biodiesel for fresh vegetable palm oil and 1.81 litres of biodiesel for waste vegetable palm oil. The yield of the by product (Glycerol) was maximum at the reaction time and temperature of 70 minutes and 60°C respectively. Characterization test results showed that the produced biodiesel has similar fuel properties with the conventional diesel and agrees with the ASTM standards for biodiesel. The outcome shows that the various feedstock are good sources for biodiesel production using the developed batch reactor.

scholarly journals Glimpses Of Dynamic Biodiesel Product Pricing Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.5) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Zakir Hussain ◽  
Deepa Meghavathu ◽  
Rakesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil ◽  
The Government

Entrepreneurship development, energy crisis, rising fossil fuel prices, increasing greenhouse gas emission and waste management are the key issues which concern the government to tackle them sustainably. The advent of biodiesel as a fuel paves the pathway to handle these issues and together it creates an opportunity to develop a small/medium to large-scale biodiesel production units. Current research is mainly focused on creating the roadmap to solve the feedstock scarcity issue faced by Indian biodiesel industries through the field survey. It also presents a robust model framework to fix the minimum selling price of biodiesel through energy input-output and cost input-out analysis in producing a unit volume of biodiesel. The results show that the surveyed area may have the potential to supply on an average of 129 liters/day waste vegetable oil. Energy analysis shows that the highest share of energy 71.84% was from waste vegetable oil followed by 25.99% corresponds to alcohol. Others are being at 0.85% due to the catalyst, 0.44% due to electricity, 0.68% due to machinery and 0.2% due to human labor. Cost analysis shows that the highest share of cost 52.13% was due to alcohol followed by 39.34% due to waste cooking oil. 

Evaluation of small-scale batch biodiesel production options for developing economies

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Gabriel Chukwuka
Keyword(s):  
Product Quality ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Developing Economy ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil ◽  
Batch Systems ◽  
Experimental Trials ◽  
Local User

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can be produced from animal fats, vegetable oils or recycled used cooking oil. From the 1970’s, biodiesel received increased focus as an alternative to crude oil and its component products. Among various processes used for biodiesel production, transesterification of glyceride and alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to produce ester (biodiesel) and glycerin remains the most common. In Africa, biodiesel is currently produced industrially in a number of ways via different methods. In South Africa, there are a number of biodiesel production plants that are continuous processes with feed samples from different sources. Reviewing the batch systems for developing economies, various observations were made. Some produced biodiesel using batch systems at room or day temperatures, another used different temperatures, some also used flat based buckets for their mixing and so on. This becomes difficult for local producers who desired to produce biodiesel on a very small scale for their farms or business. Hence, the study was aimed at evaluation batch biodiesel systems and to come up with a simplified approach for a producer in a developing economy or a local user. The objectives of this study were as follows; To evaluate biodiesel production options, and hence develop a simplified process that can be used to produce biodiesel in developing economies. The criteria for evaluation will include: ease of operation, non-specialist equipment, range of feedstock, product quality and product yield. To evaluate various factors that affect these criteria and make recommendations that will enable a local producer to remain within an optimum range Compare the produced biodiesel properties against general biodiesel and petroleum diesel ASTM standard range Recommend simplified equipment design for a local producer Perform economic evaluation to establish cost required both for equipment and raw materials for a local producer. After literature review on the existing processes, base catalyzed transesterification was selected. This is because of the simplicity as well as ease of operation. Experimental trials commenced using feeds from pure vegetable oil (PVO) and waste vegetable oil (WVO) to familiarize biodiesel production, as well as study the behavior of each having the research criteria in focus. Various variables that affect ease of operation, product quality, and yield were also investigated. These include temperature, type of catalyst (KOH or NaOH), type of alcohol (Methanol or Ethanol), concentration of catalyst, and purity of alcohol, and nature of feed (PVO or WVO). The effect of temperature was compared against product quality, yield, and ease of operation. Other variables were also compared against the same criteria. Treatment of WVO because of impurity and moisture contamination associated with such samples was also studied. The product was then tested using some ASTM procedures to compare biodiesel quality to acceptable standards. Efficient reaction time is paramount for a quality biodiesel. It was observed that biodiesel required between 25 and 30 minutes for a complete reaction. Lower temperatures clearly affected the quality of biodiesel produced. Best operating range was found to be between 55 oC – 75 oC is usually recommended for a transesterification reaction to obtain optimum yield and quality. The use of KOH compared to NaOH yields similar results even though NaOH is usually selected because of the reduced cost. The use of methanol compared to ethanol also yields similar results, even though methanol is usually preferred due to cost. Purity of available alcohol is vital as its reduction from 99.5 % to 75 % during experimental trials, yielded poor quality biodiesel. This is mainly due to moisture content that usually gives room for bacteria growth and corrosion of fuel lines in engines. As long as a titration test is carried out on the feed, the use of WVO is a good option. Varying catalyst concentrations from 0.5 % to 1.75 % were considered and the best regimes identified. This test will enable a producer from a growing economy to use the appropriate reagent, which will ensure the transesterification reaction is complete. After comparing appleseed and cone based design, the latter was selected as it will eliminate any difficulty that a local producer might encounter in making the biodiesel batch. In terms of costs, it was discovered that the major costs to a local producer will be the biodiesel mixer and fittings which will be fixed costs. Other variable costs are considered to be affordable, as the cost of waste vegetable oil is very low as well as other industrial reagent grade that will be required. In summary, batch biodiesel production for a local user or developing economy is a very feasible exercise. One needs to ensure that the recommendations regarding pre-treatment of feed oil, basic reaction criteria and other generic parameters are considered during production.

Methanolysis of Low FFA Waste Vegetable Oil using Homogeneous Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production: New Process Design

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.G. Al-Sakkari ◽  
S.T. El-Sheltawy ◽  
A. Soliman ◽  
I. Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Process Design ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil ◽  
New Process ◽  
Liquid Biofuel

Biodiesel is an alternative liquid biofuel consists of a mixture of methyl or ethyl esters. It can be produced through transesterification where low molecular weight alcohol (e.g. methanol or ethanol) reacts with lipid or fat (triglyceride) to produce biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester FAME) and glycerol as a valuable byproduct. The most common method of biodiesel production is base catalyzed transesterification where alkaline material such as potassium hydroxide is used as a catalyst. This paper presents a suggested new process design of a biodiesel plant that treats about 24 tons/ day of low free fatty acids, FFA, waste vegetable oil and WVO.

Biodiesel Production from Waste Vegetable Oils over MgO/Al2O3 Catalyst

2014 ◽  
Vol 492 ◽  
pp. 350-355
Author(s):  
T. Sithole ◽  
K. Jalama ◽  
R. Meijboom
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
External Surface ◽  
Catalyst Support ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Incipient Wetness Impregnation ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil ◽  
Small Pore ◽  
Al2o3 Catalyst

MgO/Al2O3 catalysts with 10 and 20 wt.% MgO loadings have been prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method. A low-surface area alumina with small pore sizes was used as catalyst support to stabilise most of the MgO particles on the external surface area of the support. The prepared catalysts were subsequently tested in the conversion of a waste vegetable oil to biodiesel. The waste vegetable oil conversion was found to increase with the increase in reaction temperature, reaction time and MgO loading in the catalyst.

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