scholarly journals Ethanol-Based Biodiesel from Waste Vegetable Oil

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1 & 2) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Mary Grace M. Oliveros ◽  
Amiliza B. Baiting ◽  
Menchie G. Lumain ◽  
Maria Theresa I. Cabaraban
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil ◽  
Power Testing ◽  
Technological Analysis

Waste vegetable oil, mainly coming from frying residues, can be used as raw material to obtain a diesel fuel (biodiesel). Biodiesel, a nontoxic, biodegradable, diesel-like fuel, is an important energy alternative capable of decreasing environmental problems caused by the consumption of fossil fuels. The utilization of waste vegetable oils as raw material in biodiesel production was studied. Research was undertaken to establish the availability of used vegetable oil to supply a biodiesel process. It is intended that this work forms an academic study combined with an environmental and technological analysis of the merits of biodiesel as a sustainable fuel. Laboratory experimentation investigated the possibility of using waste vegetable oil from the local fast food chains, and potassium hydroxide as catalyst for the transesterification process. The cleaned waste vegetable oil undergoes transesterification for 4 hours, after which, the biodiesel is separated from the glycerin by gravity. Washing is necessary to remove residual catalyst or soap. Overall material balance for the process gives: 1 kg Waste Vegetable oil + 0.18 kg EtOH + 0.01 kg KOH → 0.74 kg Biodiesel + 0.44 kg Glycerin The biodiesel, in pure form (B100) and in 50% proportion (B50) with petroleum diesel, was run in an essentially unmodified Toyota 2C diesel engine. Smoke density (opacity) and CO exhaust emission both decreased with B50. However, Nox increased with B50. Fuel consumption during engine power testing is significantly greater using the biodiesel, but is also significantly reduced with B50.

scholarly journals Feasibility of a Dual-Fuel Engine Fuelled with Waste Vegetable Oil and Municipal Organic Fraction for Power Generation in Urban Areas

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
L. De Simio ◽  
M. Gambino ◽  
S. Iannaccone
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Organic Fraction ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Cogeneration System

Biomass, in form of residues and waste, can be used to produce energy with low environmental impact. It is important to use the feedstock close to the places where waste are available, and with the shortest conversion pathway, to maximize the process efficiency. In particular waste vegetable oil and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste represent a good source for fuel production in urban areas. Dual fuel engines could be taken into consideration for an efficient management of these wastes. In fact, the dual fuel technology can achieve overall efficiencies typical of diesel engines with a cleaner exhaust emission. In this paper the feasibility of a cogeneration system fuelled with waste vegetable oil and biogas is discussed and the evaluation of performance and emissions is reported on the base of experimental activities on dual fuel heavy duty engine in comparison with diesel and spark ignition engines. The ratio of biogas potential from MSW and biodiesel potential from waste vegetable oil was estimated and it results suitable for dual fuel fuelling. An electric power installation of 70 kW every 10,000 people could be achieved.

scholarly journals RAPE SEED OIL TETRAHYDROFURFURYLESTERS

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
K. Malins ◽  
V. Kampars ◽  
R. Kampare ◽  
T. Rusakova
Keyword(s):  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Cold Filter Plugging Point ◽  
Mineral Oils

The transesterification of vegetable oil using various kinds of alcohols is a simple and efficient renewable fuel synthesis technique. Products obtained by modifying natural triglycerides in transesterification reaction substitute fossil fuels and mineral oils. Currently the most significant is the biodiesel, a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters, which is obtained in a reaction with methanol, which in turn is obtained from fossil raw materials. In biodiesel production it would be more appropriate to use alcohols which can be obtained from renewable local raw materials. Ethanol rouses interest as a possible reagent, however, its production locally is based on the use of grain and therefore competes with food production so it would implicitly cause increase in food prices. Another raw material option is alcohols that can be obtained from furfurole. Furfurole is obtained in dehydration process from pentose sugars which can be extracted from crop straw, husk and other residues of agricultural production. From furfurole the tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA), a raw material for biodiesel, can be produced. By transesterifying rapeseed oil with THFA it would be possible to obtain completely renewable biodiesel with properties very close to diesel [2-4]. With the purpose of developing the synthesis of such fuel, in this work a three-stage synthesis of rapeseed oil tetrahydrofurfurylesters (ROTHFE) in sulphuric acid presence has been performed, achieving product with purity over 98%. The most important qualitative factors of ROTHFE have been determined - cold filter plugging point, cetane number, water content, Iodine value, phosphorus content, density, viscosity and oxidative stability.

scholarly journals Catalytic hydrogenation of straight vegetable oil using NiMo/ Al2O3 catalyst for biodiesel production

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 02045
Author(s):  
SD Sumbogo Murti ◽  
J. Prasetyo ◽  
G.W. Murti ◽  
Z. D. Hastuti ◽  
F. M. Yanti
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Catalytic Hydrogenation ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Operation Condition ◽  
Straight Vegetable Oil ◽  
Al2o3 Catalyst

The attractiveness of biodiesel as an alternative fuel compared to fossil fuels because it has many advantages such as the availability of abundant raw materials, more environmentally friendly, high combustion efficiency, low sulphur content, high cetane number and biodegradability. Making biodiesel from straight vegetable oil (VGO) has been done through the catalytic hydrogenation process. A VGO of callophylum inophyllum oil was treated via degumming and neutralisation to remove all impurities before hydroprocessing. Hydroprocessing was carried out in a 500ml autoclave at 30 – 50 MPa of initial hydrogen pressure, 300 – 400oC of reaction temperature and equipped with stirrer and cooling system. NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst was activated with CS2 mixture at 370oC prior to the reaction. Some physical and chemical properties of the catalytic hydroprocessing product have been investigated in accordance to ASTM standard. The measurement result of product varies according to the operation condition. The result showed that callophyllum inophyllum oil can be used as raw material for biodiesel production over NiMo/Al2O3. Sulfided NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts are preferred due to high diesel yield.

scholarly journals Optimisation of biodiesel production from waste vegetable oil and eggshell ash

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 145-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngoya Tshizanga ◽  
Elizabeth Funmilayo Aransiola ◽  
Oluwaseun Oyekola
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil

Impact of Using Biodiesels of Different Origin and Additives on the Performance of a Stationary Diesel Engine

2000 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 624-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Serdari ◽  
K. Fragioudakis ◽  
S. Kalligeros ◽  
S. Stournas ◽  
E. Lois
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions

With the exception of rape seed oil which is the principal raw material for biodiesel Fatty Acid Methyl Esters, (FAME) production, sunflower oil, corn oil, and olive oil, which are abundant in Southern Europe, along with some wastes, such as used frying oils, appear to be attractive candidates for biodiesel production. In this paper fuel consumption and exhaust emission measurements from a single cylinder, stationary diesel engine are described. The engine was fueled with fuel blends containing four different types of biodiesel, at proportions up to 100 percent; the further impact of the usage of two specific additives was also investigated. The four types of biodiesel appeared to have equal performance and irrespective of the raw material used for their production, their addition to the traditional diesel fuel improved the particulate matter emissions. The results improve further when specific additive combinations are used. [S0742-4795(00)00604-9]

scholarly journals Transesterification of Low FFA Waste Vegetable Oil using Homogeneous Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production: Optimization, Kinetics and Product Stability

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 586-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.G. Al-Sakkari ◽  
S.T. El-Sheltawy ◽  
A. Soliman ◽  
I. Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Production Optimization ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Order Model ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
The Stability

The most common method of biodiesel production is base catalyzed transesterification where alkaline materials, such as potassium hydroxide, are used as a catalyst. This paper presents a study of factors affecting biodiesel production from low free fatty acids (FFA) content waste vegetable oil through base catalyzed transesterification as well as the optimum reaction conditions. The optimum conditions were found to be a time of 60 min, catalyst loading of 1% of oil mass, mixing speed of 400 rpm and temperature of 65 °C. It also introduces a kinetic study of this reaction to determine the best model to fit the experimental data. First order model was found to be the best one to fit the early reaction stages while the second order model was the best to describe reaction kinetics in later stages. The stability of produced biodiesel was studied through determination of acid value and viscosity of stored biodiesel along three months.

scholarly journals Microalgae Cultivation in Photobioreactors Aiming at Biodiesel Production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateus S. Amaral ◽  
Carla C.A. Loures ◽  
Fabiano L. Naves ◽  
Gisella L. Samanamud ◽  
Messias B. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Bad Weather ◽  
Micro Organisms

The search for a renewable source as an alternative to fossil fuels has driven the research on new sources of biomass for biofuels. An alternative source of biomass that has come to prominence is microalgae, photosynthetic micro-organisms capable of capturing atmospheric CO2 and accumulating high levels of lipids in their biomass, making them attractive as a raw material for biodiesel synthesis. Thus, various studies have been conducted in developing different types of photobioreactors for the cultivation of microalgae. Photobioreactors can be divided into two groups: open and closed. Open photobioreactors are more susceptible to contamination and bad weather, reducing biomass productivity. Closed photobioreactors allow greater control against contamination and bad weather and lead to higher rates of biomass production; they are widely used in research to improve new species and processes. Therefore, many configurations of closed photobioreactors have been developed over the years to increase productivity of microalgae biomass.

scholarly journals Renewable Energy Integration: Economic Assessment of Solar Energy to Produce Biodiesel at Supercritical Conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
José A. León ◽  
Gisela Montero ◽  
Marcos A. Coronado ◽  
Conrado García ◽  
Héctor E. Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Energy Integration ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Supercritical Conditions

In recent years, research on noncatalytic methods for biodiesel production has increased, mainly processes under supercritical conditions that allow the processing of waste vegetable oils (WVO) without the need to use catalysts, where the absence of catalyst simplifies the processes of purification of biodiesel. The high consumption of alcohol and energy to maintain the appropriate conditions of pressure and temperature of the reaction has turned the processes of supercritical conditions into an unfeasible method. However, the stages of biodiesel purification and methanol recovery are more straightforward, allowing the reduction of the total energy consumption by 25% compared to alkaline methods. Therefore, the present work describes a study through Aspen Plus® of the production of biodiesel by a process in supercritical conditions with WVO as raw material. Also, a solar collector arrangement was structured using the TRNSYS® simulator to supply energy to the process. To evaluate the economic feasibility of the proposed process, the installation of a pilot plant in Mexicali, Baja California, was considered. The internal rate of return (IRR) and the net present value (NPV) were determined for ten-year period. The planned system allows supplying solar energy, 69.5% of the energy required by the process, thus reducing the burning of fossil fuels and the operation cost. Despite the additional investment cost, for the solar collectors, the process manages to maintain a competitive production cost of USD 0.778/l of biodiesel. With an IRR of 31.7%, the investment is recovered before the fifth year of operation. The integration and implementation of clean technologies are vital in the development of the biofuels.

Comparative Evaluation of a Developed Batch Reactor Using Various Feedstock

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin N. Nwaigwe ◽  
Nnamdi V. Ogueke ◽  
Paulinus E. Ugwuoke ◽  
Emmanuel E. Anyanwu
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Fresh Vegetable ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil ◽  
Characterization Test

The performance evaluation of a developed batch reactor using beniseed oil, fresh vegetable oil, and waste vegetable oil is presented. The transesterification process was used on samples of each feedstock at different reaction temperature and time while methanol and sodium hydroxide were used as the reagent and catalyst respectively. Optimum yield obtained at 55°C and 50 minutes gave the value of 1.65 litres of biodiesel for beniseed, 1.97 litres of biodiesel for fresh vegetable palm oil and 1.81 litres of biodiesel for waste vegetable palm oil. The yield of the by product (Glycerol) was maximum at the reaction time and temperature of 70 minutes and 60°C respectively. Characterization test results showed that the produced biodiesel has similar fuel properties with the conventional diesel and agrees with the ASTM standards for biodiesel. The outcome shows that the various feedstock are good sources for biodiesel production using the developed batch reactor.

scholarly journals Scope of biodiesel from oils of woody plants: a review

Clean Energy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-106
Author(s):  
Baskar Thangaraj ◽  
Pravin Raj Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Primary Methods ◽  
Environmental Consequences

Abstract Non-edible oils obtained from chosen non-conventional woody plants are considered as potential raw materials for biodiesel production. These plants mostly grow in wastelands. Structural characteristics of these oils as raw material are very much in tune with the properties of biodiesel such as long-chain hydrocarbon, having an adequate level of unsaturation with branched chain. Four primary methods are being followed to make biodiesel from vegetable oil. They are direct use through blending, microemulsion, thermal cracking (pyrolysis) and transesterification. Non-edible oil would eliminate the issue of food vs fuel. The biodiesel manufactured from oils of woody plants may partially reduce the demand for liquid-fuel energy and addresses the environmental consequences of using fossil fuels. Oil from a total of 17 species of woody plants (Angiosperms) belonging to 14 families are considered in this paper. The habit, habitat and geographical distribution of each species are also presented. The physico-chemical properties of their oil, with special reference to the fatty-acid profile that ultimately decides the characteristics of the biodiesel prepared from them, are reviewed.

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