scholarly journals Non-Revenue Water in Malaysia: Influence of Water Distribution Pipe Types

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2310
Author(s):  
Lim Jen Nee Jones ◽  
Daniel Kong ◽  
Boon Thong Tan ◽  
Puspavathy Rassiah
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Water Pipe ◽  
Polyethylene Pipes ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Non Revenue Water ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

Reducing non-revenue water (NRW) within a water distribution network may lead to significant water savings. Most existing literature tend to focus on the design and implementation aspects of NRW loss through better management of leaks, reservoir overflow, and water theft. In contrast, this paper examines the association between the various water pipe types and their respective impact on NRW loss in an emerging country. Malaysia is currently listed under emerging and developing economies category in the International Monetary Fund World Economic Outlook Database (October 2020). A correlation analysis is carried out using historical data obtained from the Malaysian water authority, covering fiscal years 2013 to 2017 (inclusive of both years). Further analysis is carried out by measuring the number of cases reported for two selected states in relation to the type of pipe materials used. Results show that there is a significant correlation between mild steel and polyethylene pipes to NRW loss. This study provides a better understanding of how water pipe types affect NRW loss, which is pertinent to developing best practices in the marketplace to manage NRW loss and protect water resources.

Assessment of Lisbon drinking water distribution network biofilm colonization and associated hazards

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-426
Author(s):  
J. Menaia ◽  
M. Benoliel ◽  
A. Lopes ◽  
C. Neto ◽  
E. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Water Pipe ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
And Storage

Concerns arise from the possible occurrence of pathogens in drinking water pipe biofilms and storage tank sediments. In these studies, biofilm samples from pipes and sediments from storage tanks of the Lisbon drinking water distribution system were analyzed. Protein determinations and heterotrophic counts on pipe biofilm samples were used to assess the Lisbon network sessile colonization intensity and distribution. Indicator and pathogenic microorganisms were analyzed in pipe biofilm samples, as well as in storage tanks biofilm and sediments, by using cultural methods and PCR, to assess risks. Results have shown that the Lisbon network sessile colonization is relatively weak in intensity. In addition, no meaningful hazards were apparent for both the network biofilm and the storage tanks biofilm and sediments.

Non-revenue water reduction strategies: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelrahman M. Farouk ◽  
Rahimi A. Rahman ◽  
Noor Suraya Romali
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Non Revenue Water ◽  
And Control

PurposeSustainability involves ensuring that sufficient resources are available for current and future generations. Non-revenue water (NRW) creates a barrier to sustainability through energy and water loss. However, a comprehensive overview of NRW reduction strategies is lacking. This study reviews the existing literature to identify available strategies for reducing NRW and its components and discusses their merits.Design/methodology/approachA systematic literature review was conducted to identify and analyze different strategies for reducing NRW. The initial search identified 158 articles, with 41 of these deemed suitably relevant following further examination. Finally, 14 NRW reduction strategies were identified from the selected articles.FindingsThe identified NRW reduction strategies were grouped into strategies for reducing (1) apparent losses (AL), (2) real losses (RL) and (3) water losses, with the latter involving the combination of AL and RL. The strategies adopted most frequently are “prevent water leakage” and “control water pressure.” In addition, water distribution network (WDN) rehabilitation has additional benefits over other RL reduction strategies, including saving water and energy, increasing hydraulic performance and enhancing reliability. Finally, utilizing decision support systems is the only strategy capable of reducing multiple NRW categories.Originality/valueThis review provides insights into the overall NRW problem and the strategies best equipped to address it. Authorities can use these findings to develop case-specific NRW reduction action plans that save water and energy, while providing other economic benefits. In addition, NRW reduction can improve WDN reliability.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation of Purging Saline Solution from a Dead-End Water Pipe

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 994
Author(s):  
Mohamed Elgamal ◽  
Mohamed Farouk
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Water Pipe ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Gray Intensity ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Time Required

Salty groundwater might find its way into dead end legs of a water distribution network and thus efforts are required to clean such parts of the network. This paper reports, for the first time, the results of a visual study for laboratory experimental investigation on the purging process of saline water from a dead-end water pipe using fresh water. Three purging locations and a number of purging flow rates were considered to identify the effect of purging location and purging flow rate on the time required to completely remove saline water from the dead-end pipe. Image processing analysis techniques were used to capture data from the experimental lab setup. A universal gray-intensity to salinity curve was experimentally found to formulate a color intensity to salinity mapping. A script code based on Octave numerical package was written for this regard to determine the temporal variation of the total dissolved salt (TDS) value within the dead leg pipe. It is generally noted that, as Reynolds number gets higher, the time removal ratio (t/ts) gets bigger. It is also noted that, as a purging location gets farther from the dead end, the time required for the complete removal of TDS increases exponentially.

scholarly journals On the Calibration of the Mathematical Laws for the Water Loss Estimation in Water Distribution Network

10.29007/rk2f ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro De Marchis ◽  
Barbara Milici
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Polyethylene Pipes ◽  
Experimental Campaign ◽  
Total Head ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Model Water

The definition of the relationship between the leak outflow, the total head at the leak and other relevant parameters such as the pipe stiffness, the leak dimension and shape has been object of extensive studies in recent decades. The use of the Torricelli equation has been questioned, because some experimental results showed that it can yield unsatisfactory results, and other formulations have been suggested to model water leakages in water distribution networks (WDNs). To investigate the effectiveness of the formulations suggested by different authors, an experimental campaign was carried out at the Environ- mental Hydraulic Laboratory of the University of Enna (Italy) for leaks of different shape and size in polyethylene pipes.

NB-IoT-Based Smart Water Network

2021 ◽  
pp. 245-272
Author(s):  
Ramasamy Srinivasan ◽  
Sultan Feisso ◽  
Muluneh Mekonen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Smart Water ◽  
Water Pipelines ◽  
Non Revenue Water ◽  
Water Volumes

Water leakage is a common problem that often results in water waste, damages, and hazards to public health. Because of their potential danger to public health, economic loss, environmental damage, and energy waste, underground water pipelines leaks have received more attention globally. One of the great concerns in the water industry is the existence of non-revenue water (NRW), which is produced but fails to reach the consumer due to loss along the distribution network. The global volume of NRW has been calculated to be 346 million cubic meters per day or 126 billion cubic meters per year. The non-revenue water reaches an alarming 35%. The installation of right sensors, a feasible radio network and the effective processing of gathered information by ICT in the water distribution network helps to reduce non-revenue water volumes at various stages. This chapter justifies the use of NB-IoT to manage smart water networks.

scholarly journals Non-Revenue water ratio prediction with serial triple diagram model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burak Kızılöz ◽  
Eyüp Şişman
Keyword(s):  
Relative Error ◽  
Model Prediction ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Value Prediction ◽  
Non Revenue Water ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Water Ratio

Abstract Water administrations attempt to control the Non-Revenue Water Ratio (NRWR) values in sustainable and well-performing water distribution infrastructures. In this respect, the NRWR value prediction through appropriate models over a small number of controllable variables is significant. The collection, monitoring, and predictions of data on variables that are used in the NRWR calculations are not practical and required significant time besides financial resources. In this study, the NRWR predictions have been made through the suggested method over three parameters. The model prediction accuracies, in the literature obtained by using the Triple Diagram Model (TDM) over two parameters, have been increased through the Serial Triple Diagram Model (STDM) suggested in this study. This method shows that better predictions are possible in the NRWR modeling. Thanks to the model applications developed in this study, water administrations can make predictions with the least error (less than 10% relative error) and certain variables, according to the characteristics of each water distribution network.

scholarly journals Non-Revenue Water (NRW) is a challenge for Global Water Supply System Management: A case study of Dhaka Water Supply System Management

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. G Farok
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
System Management ◽  
Non Revenue Water ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City

Non-revenue Water (NRW) is an important component of commercial water system management. NRW is the result of pipelines leakage, improper, illegal service connections and theft water. NRW contributes system loss that is a buzzword. Actually, NRW is uncounted water that has been produced but it is confirmed to be “lost” before it consumes the customer. This matter agitates for all concern and specially it affects the whole economy. Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) is one of the main utilities in Dhaka City and it is the mostimportant sector of the Government of Bangladesh. The potable water distribution network has been installed at the whole area of the city and it covers periphery of the city and its extension is going from N. Gonj to Tongi as well as surrounding area of this city. Non-revenue water surveys were conducted on specific fields and areas that were selected randomly. It would be gradually becoming a serious issue affecting the interest of all concerned andwould be one of the major crises to be solved with techno-managerial concept.

Will greywater reuse really affect the sewer flow? Experience of a residential complex in Al Ain, UAE

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 246-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Chowdhury ◽  
M. A. Rajput
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Design Flow ◽  
Water Pipe ◽  
Sewer Pipe ◽  
Pipe Networks ◽  
Al Ain

Reuse of recycled wastewater is one of the most feasible unconventional urban water sources in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The extraction and reuse of greywater might affect the water and sewer pipe networks by changing flow characteristics. Therefore, the research question is how much greywater can be reused without affecting the existing water and sewer pipe networks? A residential complex located in Al Ain, UAE, was investigated in this regard. Water pipe network, water consumption and sewer flow data were collected and scenario modelling was conducted using the EPANET software. It was found that 100% capture and reuse of greywater has no impact on the upstream water distribution network, but reduces the recommended design flow in the downstream sewer network. The modelling results show that about 50% of generated greywater (about 95 litres per capita per day) can be harvested without affecting the upstream and downstream water and sewer flow characteristics, respectively.

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