scholarly journals Grazing Systems to Retain and Redistribute Soil Phosphorus and to Reduce Phosphorus Losses in Runoff

Soil Systems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Anish Subedi ◽  
Dorcas Franklin ◽  
Miguel Cabrera ◽  
Amanda McPherson ◽  
Subash Dahal
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Forage Utilization ◽  
Georgia Piedmont

A study of phosphorus accumulation and mobility was conducted in eight pastures in the Georgia piedmont, USA. We compared two potential grazing treatments: strategic-grazing (STR) and continuous-grazing-with-hay-distribution (CHD) from 2015 (Baseline) to 2018 (Post-Treatment) for (1) distribution of Mehlich-1 Phosphorus (M1P) in soil and (2) dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and total Kjeldahl phosphorus (TKP) in runoff water. STR included rotational grazing, excluding erosion vulnerable areas, and cattle-lure management using movable equipment (hay-rings, shades, and waterers). After three years of treatment, M1P had significantly accrued 6- and 5-fold in the 0–5 cm soil layer and by 2- and 1.6-fold in the 5–10 cm layer for CHD and STR, respectively, compared to Baseline M1P. In STR exclusions, M1P also increased to 10 cm depth post-treatment compared to Baseline. During Post-Treatment, TKP runoff concentrations were 21% and 29% lower, for CHD and STR, respectively, in 2018 compared to 2015. Hot Spot Analysis, a spatial clustering tool that utilizes Getis-Ord Gi* statistic, revealed no change in Post-Treatment CHD pastures, while hotspots in STR pastures had moved from low-lying to high-lying areas. Exclusion vegetation retained P and reduced bulk density facilitating vertical transportation of P deeper into the soil, ergo, soil P was less vulnerable to export in runoff, retained in the soil for forage utilization and reduced export of P to aquatic systems

Soil controls of phosphorus in runoff: Management barriers and opportunities

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kleinman ◽  
Andrew Sharpley ◽  
Anthony Buda ◽  
Richard McDowell ◽  
Arthur Allen
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Sediment Delivery ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Barriers And Opportunities

Kleinman, P. J. A., Sharpley, A. N., Budda, A. R., McDowell, R. W. and Allen, A. L. 2011. Soil controls of phosphorus in runoff: Management barriers and opportunities. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 329–338. The persistent problem of eutrophication, the biological enrichment of surface waters, has produced a vast literature on soil phosphorus (P) effects on runoff water quality. This paper considers the mechanisms controlling soil P transfers from agricultural soils to runoff waters, and the management of these transfers. Historical emphases on soil conservation and control of sediment delivery to surface waters have demonstrated that comprehensive strategies to mitigate sediment-bound P transfer can produce long-term water quality improvements at a watershed scale. Less responsive are dissolved P releases from soils that have historically received P applications in excess of crop requirements. While halting further P applications to such soils may prevent dissolved P losses from growing, the desorption of P from soils that is derived from historical inputs, termed here as “legacy P”, can persist for long periods of time. Articulating the role of legacy P in delaying the response of watersheds to remedial programs requires more work, delivering the difficult message that yesterday's sinks of P may be today's sources. Even legacy sources of P that occur in low concentration relative to agronomic requirement can support significant loads of P in runoff under the right hydrologic conditions. Strategies that take advantage of the capacity of soils to buffer dissolved P losses, such as periodic tillage to diminish severe vertical stratification of P in no-till soils, offer short-term solutions to mitigating P losses. In some cases, more aggressive strategies are required to mitigate both short-term and legacy P losses.

Influence of feedlot manure on reactive phosphorus in rainfall runoff during the transition from continuous to legacy phases

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
J.J. Miller ◽  
B.W. Beasley ◽  
M.L. Owen ◽  
C.F. Drury ◽  
D.S. Chanasyk
Keyword(s):  
Wood Chip ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus

Little research has compared land application of stockpiled (SM) or composted (CM) beef feedlot manure with straw (ST) or wood-chip (WD) bedding on loss of reactive phosphorus (RP) in runoff. We conducted a 6 yr (2013–2018) rainfall simulation-runoff study and utilized surface (0–5 cm) soil collected from a long-term (since 1998) field experiment on a clay loam soil in southern Alberta, Canada. The treatments consisted of SM or CM with ST or WD bedding applied at 13, 39, and 77 Mg·ha−1 (dry weight), as well as an unamended control and mineral fertilizer treatment. Surface soil was collected from all treatments after 15–17 (C15, C16, C17; 2013–2015) continual annual applications, and then 1–3 yr (L1–L3, 2016–2018) into the legacy phase after manure applications were first discontinued in 2015. The soil was packed into runoff trays, and flow-weighted mean concentrations (FWMCs) and mass loads of RP5 (<5 μm filter) in runoff water were determined during rainfall simulations. Our findings generally supported our null hypothesis of similar RP5 losses for manure type (CM = SM) and bedding (ST = WD) for most years. Successively higher application rates increased RP5 loss by 32%–121%. Termination of long-term applications dramatically reduced FWMCs by 58%–77% and mass loss by 56%–65% from the C17 to L3 years. This suggests an accumulation of soil P during continuous phase and depletion during legacy phase; therefore, lower application rates or termination of applications may reduce RP5 loss in runoff.

scholarly journals Comparison of soil phosphorus and phosphatase activity under long-term no-tillage and maize residue management

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 408-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaozhu Yang ◽  
Xuelian Bao ◽  
Yali Yang ◽  
Yue Zhao ◽  
Chao Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Available P ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Organic P ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Phosphatase Activities ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil Available P

The migration and transformation of soil phosphorus (P) are essential for agricultural productivity and environmental security but have not been thoroughly elucidated to date. A 10-year field study was conducted to explore the effects of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage with maize residue management (NT-0, NT-33%, NT-67% and NT-100%) on P contents and phosphatase activities in soil layers (0–5, 5–10, 10–20 and 20–40 cm). The results showed that soil available P content and phosphatase activities were higher in no-tillage with maize residue than CT. Soil moisture and pH were significantly positively correlated with soil available P. Higher organic P contents and lower inorganic P contents in the 0–5 cm soil layer were found in the treatment NT-67% compared with other treatments. According to the structure equation model, the source of available P was inorganic P in NT-33%, while organic P in NT-67%. This study demonstrated that the variation of dominant mechanisms involved in soil P migration and transformation were dependent on residue input amounts, and NT-67% might play an important role in the maintenance and transformation of soil organic P.

scholarly journals Impact of vegetation zones on soil phosphorus distribution in Northwest China

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 71-77
Author(s):  
Liu Pingping ◽  
Ren Huarui ◽  
Zhang Yiling ◽  
Wu Tiantian ◽  
Zheng Chunli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Vegetation Zones ◽  
Labile P ◽  
Highly Correlated

Soil phosphorus (P) fraction distribution and correlation at different soil depths along vegetation succession in wetland next to a lake in the Hongjiannao National Nature Reserve, China were studied using the Hedley fraction method. The overall trend for soil P content was calcium-bound P (Ca-P) &gt; organic P (O-P) &gt; aluminum/iron-bound P (Al/Fe-P) &gt; labile-P (L-P). Ca-P and O-P were the predominant P forms in all the soil layers, representing on average 53.8‒84.9% and 12.9‒45.2% of the total P, respectively, whereas L-P (ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 mg/kg) was less than 1%. The soil in the Bassia dasyphylla and Carex duriuscula vegetation zones had the largest P contents. In these two vegetation zones, soil L-P was greatest in the surface soil layer; Al/Fe-P was most abundant in the deep layer; O-P was highest in the middle layer. Ca-P levels were generally similar across all soil layers. Regression analysis showed that distribution of P was highly correlated with organic carbon, total nitrogen and plant biomass. Results showed that the soils under Bassia dasyphylla and Carex duriuscula have considerable carbon input potentials, which would facilitate P mineralization as compared to other plants.

scholarly journals Release of soil phosphorus during runoff as affected by ionic strength and temperature

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markku Yli-Halla ◽  
Helinä Hartikainen
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Langmuir Equation ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
P Release ◽  
Release Capacity ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Labile P ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus

Dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) from two cultivated clay soil samples (Vertic Cambisols) was extracted under conditions simulating the variation in the properties of surface runoff water in the field. DRP was extracted at three temperatures (5, 15 and 25°C), and at different ionic strengths by using deionized water and CaCl2 solutions (0.00005-0.005 M) as extractants. The solution-to-soil ratio varied from 50 to 2000 1 kg-1. Sorption to and desorption from the soils were studied at different temperatures and ionic strengths by determining quantity-intensity (Q/I) plots at the solution-to-soil ratio of 50 l kg-1, and the results were fitted to a modified Langmuir equation: Q = QmaxI/(1/K + I)-Q0 where Q is P sorbed or desorbed, Qmax = maximum P sorption, I = P concentration in the equilibrium solution, K = sorption/desorption equilibrium constant, and Q0 = instantly labile P. The desorption of DRP was depressed by increases in the CaCl2 concentration of the extractant and promoted by widening of the solution-to-soil ratio. At the solution-to-soil ratio of 50 l kg-1, the increase in the temperature from 5 to 25°C raised the DRP release to water from 12.6 to 20.7 mg kg-1 in the Aurajoki soil and from 1.8 to 3.4 mg kg-1 in the Jokioinen soil. In the Aurajoki soil, the constant Q0 of the Langmuir equation responded to the changes of ionic strength and temperature in the same way as did DRP extracted at wide solution-to-soil ratios. However, the P release capacity of both soils was underestimated by the constant Q0.

Improved Plant Diversity as a Strategy to Increase Available Soil Phosphorus

2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Crusciol ◽  
João Rigon ◽  
Juliano Calonego ◽  
Rogério Soratto
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
P Availability ◽  
P Fractions ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Residue Decomposition ◽  
Available Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Crop Residue Decomposition

Some crop species could be used inside a cropping system as part of a strategy to increase soil P availability due to their capacity to recycle P and shift the equilibrium between soil P fractions to benefit the main crop. The release of P by crop residue decomposition, and mobilization and uptake of otherwise recalcitrant P are important mechanisms capable of increasing P availability and crop yields.

scholarly journals Roles of Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms from Managing Soil Phosphorus Deficiency to Mediating Biogeochemical P Cycle

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Jiang Tian ◽  
Fei Ge ◽  
Dayi Zhang ◽  
Songqiang Deng ◽  
Xingwang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil Systems ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Phosphate Solubilizing ◽  
P Fertilizers ◽  
P Cycle

Phosphorus (P) is a vital element in biological molecules, and one of the main limiting elements for biomass production as plant-available P represents only a small fraction of total soil P. Increasing global food demand and modern agricultural consumption of P fertilizers could lead to excessive inputs of inorganic P in intensively managed croplands, consequently rising P losses and ongoing eutrophication of surface waters. Despite phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) are widely accepted as eco-friendly P fertilizers for increasing agricultural productivity, a comprehensive and deeper understanding of the role of PSMs in P geochemical processes for managing P deficiency has received inadequate attention. In this review, we summarize the basic P forms and their geochemical and biological cycles in soil systems, how PSMs mediate soil P biogeochemical cycles, and the metabolic and enzymatic mechanisms behind these processes. We also highlight the important roles of PSMs in the biogeochemical P cycle and provide perspectives on several environmental issues to prioritize in future PSM applications.

Molecular Speciation of Phosphorus in Soil Under Various Long-Term Fertilization Regimes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Li ◽  
Qiuxiang Wen ◽  
Shiyu Zhang ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Jinfeng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Soil P ◽  
N Fertilizers

Abstract Aims The objectives of this study were to examine the long-term substitution of mineral phosphorus (P) fertilizers with manure (M) plus nitrogen (N) fertilizers and how they affect the forms of P that occur in soil, soil P distribution, and plant growth.Methods We used a solution of 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) spectroscopy to study the correlations between long-term fertilization regimes and the forms of P that occur at different soil depths. Then we investigated yield, plant growth, and soil properties.Results A 40-year field experiment showed that the use of M + N fertilizers can significantly improve plant growth and yield. The proportion of organic P in the 20-40 cm soil layer was significantly increased by long-term M fertilization. The concentrations of various forms of P (orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, diesters, monoesters, and total inositol hexakisphosphate, IHP) in topsoil increased significantly with the combination of M with N + P mineral fertilization. The addition of M greatly increased the stereoisomers of IHP (myo-IHP, scyllo-IHP, neo-IHP, and D-chiro-IHP) and the proportion and concentration of corrected diesters. There were no significant differences in the pyrophosphate contents of the 40-60 cm soil layer according to fertilization type and year of fertilization. There were also no significant differences in IHP stereoisomers and diesters according to fertilization year. The P forms that contributed to corn yield were orthophosphate, diester, and IHP. Further, pyrophosphate made no significant contribution to corn growth. Conclusions Over the long-term, pig manure can significantly increase the amount of orthophosphate that is directly absorbed by crops and the amount of IHP stereoisomers that can be used by plants. Orthophosphate and IHP are the two key factors that have a positive effect on plant growth.

scholarly journals Soil phosphorus availability and soybean response to phosphorus starter fertilizer

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1487-1495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciro Antonio Rosolem ◽  
Alexandre Merlin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Brachiaria Ruziziensis ◽  
Soluble P ◽  
Surface Spread ◽  
P Sources

Phosphorus fixation in tropical soils may decrease under no-till. In this case, P fertilizer could be surface-spread, which would improve farm operations by decreasing the time spend in reloading the planter with fertilizers. In the long term, less soluble P sources could be viable. In this experiment, the effect of surface-broadcast P fertilization with both soluble and reactive phosphates on soil P forms and availability to soybean was studied with or without fertilization with soluble P in the planting furrow in a long-term experiment in which soybean was grown in rotation with Ruzigrass (Brachiaria ruziziensis). No P or 80 kg ha-1 of P2O5 in the form of triple superphosphate or Arad reactive rock phosphate was applied on the surface of a soil with variable P fertilization history. Soil samples were taken to a depth of 60 cm and soil P was fractionated. Soybean was grown with 0, 30, and 60 kg ha-1 of P2O5 in the form of triple phosphate applied in the seed furrow. Both fertilizers applied increased available P in the uppermost soil layers and the moderately labile organic and inorganic forms of P in the soil profile, probably as result of root decay. Soybean responded to phosphates applied on the soil surface or in the seed furrow; however, application of soluble P in the seed furrow should not be discarded. In tropical soils with a history of P fertilization, soluble P sources may be substituted for natural reactive phosphates broadcast on the surface. The planting operation may be facilitated through reduction in the rate of P applied in the planting furrow in relation to the rates currently applied.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal dynamics of soil phosphorus and crop uptake in global cropland during the 20th century

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2055-2068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Arthur H. W. Beusen ◽  
Dirk F. Van Apeldoorn ◽  
José M. Mogollón ◽  
Chaoqing Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Explicit Model ◽  
Spatially Explicit Model ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Crop Uptake

Abstract. Phosphorus (P) plays a vital role in global crop production and food security. In this study, we investigate the changes in soil P pool inventories calibrated from historical countrywide crop P uptake, using a 0.5-by-0.5° spatially explicit model for the period 1900–2010. Globally, the total P pool per hectare increased rapidly between 1900 and 2010 in soils of Europe (+31 %), South America (+2 %), North America (+15 %), Asia (+17 %), and Oceania (+17 %), while it has been stable in Africa. Simulated crop P uptake is influenced by both soil properties (available P and the P retention potential) and crop characteristics (maximum uptake). Until 1950, P fertilizer application had a negligible influence on crop uptake, but recently it has become a driving factor for food production in industrialized countries and a number of transition countries like Brazil, Korea, and China. This comprehensive and spatially explicit model can be used to assess how long surplus P fertilization is needed or how long depletions of built-up surplus P can continue without affecting crop yield.

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