scholarly journals The Validity and Reliability of a Tire Pressure-Based Power Meter for Indoor Cycling

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6117
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Fiolo ◽  
Hai-Ying Lu ◽  
Chia-Hsiang Chen ◽  
Philip X. Fuchs ◽  
Wei-Han Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Tire Pressure ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Power Meter ◽  
Perfect Correlation ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Post Hoc

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of a tire pressure sensor (TPS) cycling power meter against a gold standard (SRM) during indoor cycling. Twelve recreationally active participants completed eight trials of 90 s of cycling at different pedaling and gearing combinations on an indoor hybrid roller. Power output (PO) was simultaneously calculated via TPS and SRM. The analysis compared the paired 1 s PO and 1 min average PO per trial between devices. Agreement was assessed by correlation, linear regression, inferential statistics, effect size, and Bland–Altman LoA. Reliability was assessed by ICC and CV comparison. TPS showed near-perfect correlation with SRM in 1 s (rs = 0.97, p < 0.001) and 1-min data (rs = 0.99, p < 0.001). Differences in paired 1 s data were statistically significant (p = 0.04), but of a trivial magnitude (d = 0.05). There was no significant main effect for device (F(1,9) = 0.05, p = 0.83, ηp2 = 0.97) in 1 min data and no statistical differences between devices by trial in post hoc analysis (p < 0.01–0.98; d < 0.01–0.93). Bias and LoA were −0.21 ± 16.77 W for the 1 min data. Mean TPS bias ranged from 3.37% to 7.81% of the measured SRM mean PO per trial. Linear regression SEE was 7.55 W for 1 min TPS prediction of SRM. ICC3,1 across trials was 0.96. No statistical difference (p = 0.09–0.11) in TPS CV (3.6–5.0%) and SRM CV (4.3–4.7%). The TPS is a valid and reliable power meter for estimating average indoor PO for time periods equal to or greater than 1 min and may have acceptable sensitivity to detect changes under less stringent criteria (±5%).

scholarly journals Are the Assioma Favero Power Meter Pedals a Reliable Tool for Monitoring Cycling Power Output?

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2789
Author(s):  
Víctor Rodríguez-Rielves ◽  
José Ramón Lillo-Beviá ◽  
Ángel Buendía-Romero ◽  
Alejandro Martínez-Cava ◽  
Alejandro Hernández-Belmonte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Test Reliability ◽  
Direct Drive ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Power Meter ◽  
High Workload ◽  
Vibration Stress ◽  
40 Hz

This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the recently developed Assioma Favero pedals under laboratory cycling conditions. In total, 12 well-trained male cyclists and triathletes (VO2max = 65.7 ± 8.7 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed five cycling tests including graded exercises tests (GXT) at different cadences (70–100 revolutions per minute, rpm), workloads (100–650 Watts, W), pedaling positions (seated and standing), vibration stress (20–40 Hz), and an 8-s maximal sprint. Tests were completed using a calibrated direct drive indoor trainer for the standing, seated, and vibration GXTs, and a friction belt cycle ergometer for the high-workload step protocol. Power output (PO) and cadence were collected from three different brand, new pedal units against the gold-standard SRM crankset. The three units of the Assioma Favero exhibited very high within-test reliability and an extremely high agreement between 100 and 250 W, compared to the gold standard (Standard Error of Measurement, SEM from 2.3–6.4 W). Greater PO produced a significant underestimating trend (p < 0.05, Effect size, ES ≥ 0.22), with pedals showing systematically lower PO than SRM (1–3%) but producing low bias for all GXT tests and conditions (1.5–7.4 W). Furthermore, vibrations ≥ 30 Hz significantly increased the differences up to 4% (p < 0.05, ES ≥ 0.24), whereas peak and mean PO differed importantly between devices during the sprints (p < 0.03, ES ≥ 0.39). These results demonstrate that the Assioma Favero power meter pedals provide trustworthy PO readings from 100 to 650 W, in either seated or standing positions, with vibrations between 20 and 40 Hz at cadences of 70, 85, and 100 rpm, or even at a free chosen cadence.

Nine, Seven, Five, or Three: How Many Figures Do We Need for Assessing Body Image?

2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 488-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neala Ambrosi-Randić ◽  
Alessandra Pokrajac-Bulian ◽  
Vladimir Takšić
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects

320 Croatian female students ( M = 20.4 yr.) were recruited to examine the validity and reliability of figural scales using different numbers of stimuli (3, 5, 7, and 9) and different serial presentation (serial and nonserial order). A two-way analysis of variance (4 numbers × 2 orders of stimuli) was performed on ratings of current self-size and ideal size as dependent variables. Analysis indicated a significant main effect of number of stimuli. This, together with post hoc tests indicated that ratings were significantly different for a scale of three figures from scales of more figures, which in turn did not differ among themselves. Main effects of order of stimuli, as well as the interaction, were not significant. The results support the hypothesis that the optimal number of figures on a scale is seven plus (or minus) two.

scholarly journals Baseline Triglyceride Level Affected the Efficacy of Vildagliptin in Treating Type 2 Diabetes: A Post Hoc Analysis of the VISION Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Lingli Zhou ◽  
Xiaoling Cai ◽  
Yingying Luo ◽  
Fang Zhang ◽  
Linong Ji
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Post Hoc

Identifying factors that may impact vildagliptin’s efficacy could contribute to individualized treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes. In the current study, we aimed to assess the correlation between patient baseline triglyceride (TG) and efficacy of vildagliptin in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes in a post hoc analysis of the VISION study. TG-based subgroup analysis was performed to evaluate baseline TG’s impact on the decrease of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients receiving vildagliptin plus low-dose metformin (VLDM) vs. high-dose metformin (HDM). Additionally, multivariate linear regression was performed to assess the association between baseline TG and HbA1c reduction at weeks 12 and 24 for patients receiving VLDM vs. HDM. For patients receiving VLDM, baseline TG≤2.03 mmol/L was associated with significantly greater HbA1c reduction vs. TG>2.03 mmol/L at week 12, but not at week 24. Additionally, multivariate linear regression analysis revealed a significant independent association and an association short of statistical significance between patient baseline TG and the HbA1c-reducing efficacy of VLDM at weeks 12 (P<0.001) and 24 (P=0.082), respectively, while such association was absent for HDM. Collectively, baseline TG was an independent predictive factor for the efficacy of a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV in treating type 2 diabetes during its initial use.

Simultaneous Investigation of Effects of Distance of Projection and Object Size on Object Reception by Children in Grade 1

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1183-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Gregory Payne
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Object Size ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Ball Size ◽  
Conventional Analysis ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Control Accuracy

This study examined simultaneously the effects of distance of projection (4-, 6-, and 8-horizontal ft.) and object size (6-, 8.5-in., and 10-in. diameter balls) on object reception by children in the first grade. 6 boys and 6 girls were randomly assigned to each of the 3 distances (36 subjects total). Each subject was administered 36 trials, 12 attempted catches with each ball size at their assigned distance. All balls were projected by a device designed to control accuracy as well as the angle of projection for projections to each distance. Each attempted catch was evaluated by a 5-point scale ( r = .96). Trials, sex, distance of projection, ball size, and related interactions were examined using a conventional analysis of variance. Ball size was the only significant main effect, but the interaction between ball size and sex was also significant. Post hoc analysis indicated that the 10-in. ball gave significantly more catching success than the 8.5- or the 6-in. ball. Although more success in catching was achieved with the larger ball sizes, no difference in catching was attributable to the varying distances. The sequences for catching success according to ball size at each distance were not significantly different.

Anagram Solution Time and Effects of Distraction, Sex Differences, and Anxiety

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Papsdorf ◽  
David P. Himle ◽  
Barbara S. McCann ◽  
Bruce A. Thyer
Keyword(s):  
Test Anxiety ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Anagram Solution ◽  
Anagram Task ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Single Solution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects

A single-solution anagram task was administered to high and low test-anxious 32 male and 32 female undergraduates under conditions of high and low external distraction. No significant main effects were found linking solution times to either test-anxiety level or the presence or absence of distracting stimuli. Following a planned post hoc analysis which assigned the anagrams into ‘hard’ or ‘easy’ categories, a significant main effect for level of test anxiety was found for the ‘hard’ anagrams, indicating that test anxiety debilitates performance only when the criterion task is especially difficult. Difficulty of anagrams also significantly interacted with subjects' sex, test anxiety, and distraction. The results are discussed in terms of the hypotheses that distracting stimuli may produce increases in arousal during difficult tasks and that these increments may either compromise or improve performance, depending upon the level of test anxiety which is viewed as a determinant of the initial arousal level of the subject.

scholarly journals Caveats and Recommendations to Assess the Validity and Reliability of Cycling Power Meters: A Systematic Scoping Review

Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 386
Author(s):  
Anthony Bouillod ◽  
Georges Soto-Romero ◽  
Frederic Grappe ◽  
William Bertucci ◽  
Emmanuel Brunet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Test ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Power Meter ◽  
Metrological Property ◽  
General Quality

A large number of power meters have become commercially available during the last decades to provide power output (PO) measurement. Some of these power meters were evaluated for validity in the literature. This study aimed to perform a review of the available literature on the validity of cycling power meters. PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar have been explored with PRISMA methodology. A total of 74 studies have been extracted for the reviewing process. Validity is a general quality of the measurement determined by the assessment of different metrological properties: Accuracy, sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and robustness. Accuracy was most often studied from the metrological property (74 studies). Reproducibility was the second most studied (40 studies) property. Finally, repeatability, sensitivity, and robustness were considerably less studied with only 7, 5, and 5 studies, respectively. The SRM power meter is the most used as a gold standard in the studies. Moreover, the number of participants was very different among them, from 0 (when using a calibration rig) to 56 participants. The PO tested was up to 1700 W, whereas the pedalling cadence ranged between 40 and 180 rpm, including submaximal and maximal exercises. Other exercise conditions were tested, such as torque, position, temperature, and vibrations. This review provides some caveats and recommendations when testing the validity of a cycling power meter, including all of the metrological properties (accuracy, sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and robustness) and some exercise conditions (PO range, sprint, pedalling cadence, torque, position, participant, temperature, vibration, and field test).

scholarly journals SAT-037 Effect of Weight on Serum Testosterone with Subcutaneous Testosterone Enanthate in Men with Testosterone Deficiency

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajib Bhattacharya ◽  
James P Tursi ◽  
Jonathan S Jaffe
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Linear Regression Model ◽  
Testosterone Enanthate ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Higher Doses

Abstract BACKGROUND: In men, obesity is often associated with low testosterone (T) levels, but information is limited as to how body weight affects the pharmacokinetic profile or dosing of testosterone therapy (TTh) in men with T deficiency. Historically, men with body mass index (BMI) &gt;32.4 kg/m2 required higher doses of T 2% gel to achieve physiological T levels than men with BMI ≤29.1 or 29.2–32.4 kg/m2.(1) In a phase 3 trial (N=150) of subcutaneous (SC) testosterone enanthate (TE) administered weekly, concentration-guided dosing raised T levels to within physiological range in 92.7% of patients.(2) Here, we report a post hoc analysis evaluating the association between body weight and serum T levels attained with SC TE. Methods: SC TE was evaluated in an open-label, single-arm, dose-blinded, 52-week phase 3 trial (NCT02159469). Patients self-administered 75 mg SC TE weekly during the titration phase; blinded dose-adjustments in 25 mg increments occurred at pre-defined time points beyond the sixth dose. The primary endpoint of this study was the percentage of patients achieving an average serum T concentration (Cavg0-168h) of 300 to 1,100 ng/dL at week 12. For this post hoc analysis, a linear regression model with weight and dose as independent variables was used to assess differences in mean minimum T concentration (Cmin) and Cavg0-168h at week 12. Results: For this analysis, 137 patients were included. Doses were 50 mg (n=25), 75 mg (n=93), and 100 mg (n=19). The mean weight was 84.4 kg, 102.2 kg, and 112.0 kg for the 50 mg, 75 mg, and 100 mg dose groups, respectively (range, 49.9–146.5 kg). The dose-normalized T Cmin was 9.2 ng/dL, 5.7 ng/dL, and 4.3 ng/dL per 1 mg of SC TE for the 50 mg, 75 mg, and 100 mg groups, respectively. The dose-normalized T Cavg0-168h was 12.0 ng/dL, 7.2 ng/dL, and 5.7 ng/dL per 1 mg of SC TE. In an overall linear regression model, 48.2% (P&lt;0.0001) and 55.0% (P&lt;0.0001) of the total variance in Cmin and Cavg0-168h, respectively, can be predicted from the independent weight and dose variables. Conclusion: Our results show an inverse relationship between body weight and T exposure. Men with higher mean body weights required higher doses of SC TE to achieve physiologic T levels compared with men with lower mean body weights. The available doses provide effective options to reach target exposures. These findings highlight the impact of weight and dose selection on SC TE exposure. References: (1) Dobs et al., J Sex Med 2014;11:857–864; (2) Kaminetsky et al., J Urol. 2019;201:587–94.

240 Research Model of Colostrum Intake to Study Effect of Colostrum Bioactive Factors on Piglets Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 138-139
Author(s):  
Lisa K Senn ◽  
Aridany Suarez-Trujillo ◽  
Kelsey Teeple ◽  
Theresa Casey ◽  
Kara R Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Large Role ◽  
Total N ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Colostrum Sample ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract Swine colostrum intake within the first 24 hours after birth plays a large role in determining survivability, feed efficiency, growth, and fertility. This study tested the effects of feeding three doses of a homogeneous colostrum sample on BW over 24h, RT, immunocrit, and growth through PND7. Three female piglets were selected from eight litters at birth (n = 24 piglets total; n = 3/liter), and bottle-fed 10% (COL10, n = 8), 15% (COL15, n = 8) or 20% (COL20, n = 8) BW colostrum over 24h. Piglet birth weights were similar between treatments (P = 0.838). Piglets were weighed, RT recorded and immunocrit measured at 24h postnatal, then returned to their litter of origin. BW was recorded daily through PND7. At 24h, COL20 had an ADG of 136.3g, COL15 86.3g, and COL10 8.8g, and an average RT of 39.30⁰C, 38.84⁰C and 38.81⁰C respectively. Immunocrit levels varied from 0.028, 0.024 and 0.017 at 24h. SAS MIXED procedure was used to perform statistical analysis. Post-hoc analysis was performed using Tukey’s test. Colostrum dose had an effect on 24h weight gain (P &lt; 0.001), RT (P = 0.007), immunocrit (P = 0.026), and growth through PND7 (P &lt; 0.05). Treatment, day and interaction were determined as main effects of BW and ADG through PND7. Post-hoc analysis showed COL20 had higher ADG (136.3±54.8g), RT (39.30±0.11°C) and immunocrit (0.028±0.010) at 24h than COL10 (ADG 8.8±24.9g, RT 38.81±0.26°C, immunocrit 0.017±0.004). COL15 ADG (86.3±85.2g) differed from COL10 (P &lt; 0.001), and RT (38.84±0.45) differed from COL20 (P = 0.017). There was no statistical difference in ADG between groups through PND7 (P = 0.874). One piglet within each treatment was crushed before PND7. This model permits controlled studies intended to understand the level of 24h colostrum intake on piglet growth and development using standardized, homogenous colostrum doses.

scholarly journals LONG TERM QUALITY OF LIFE HEALTH OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS RECEIVING ULTRASOUND GUIDED INJECTIONS: PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967120S0027
Author(s):  
Andrea Stracciolini ◽  
Greggory Kobelski ◽  
Maxwell McKee-Proctor ◽  
Yi-Meng Yen ◽  
Pierre d’Hemecourt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Hip Pain ◽  
Initial Evaluation ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Text Figure ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Over Time

BACKGROUND: Hip pain is a common complaint in athletes of all ages. Hip pathology includes both intra- and peri-articular pain generators. Ultrasound (US) evaluation and guided injections are used in the clinical setting for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. However, evidence regarding the impact of US-guided injections on quality of life (QoL) health outcomes in patients with hip pain and injury is understudied. PURPOSE: To examine the long-term efficacy of US-guided injections on QoL outcomes in patients presenting to a tertiary level academic hip preservation program. METHODS: Prospective longitudinal study design was used to evaluate 12-55 years old patients with hip pain/pathology. Patients completed a Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS) questionnaire at the initial evaluation, 1.5-months, 4.5-months, and 12-months. Main outcome measures included change in QoL HOOS scores. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to compare patients who received US-guided injections and patients who did not receive US-guided injections over time. Bonferroni pairwise comparison was performed as a post-hoc analysis. RESULTS: A total of 175 patients were included with a mean age of 24.1±9.8 years. There were 104 patients who received US-guided injections while 71 patients did not have US-guided injections. An interaction between US-guided injections over 12-months on QoL scores was identified. QoL increase over time was 6.5 points in patients without US-guided injection compared to 10.0 points in patients who had an US-guided injection ( P=0.040, Figure 1). Main effect of US-guided injections on QoL was not detected ( P=0.276). However, main effect of time on QoL was found ( P=0.003). Bonferroni post-hoc analysis indicated differences between initial evaluation and 1.5 months ( P=0.004, Figure 2), and initial evaluation and 12-months ( P=0.002, Figure 3). CONCLUSION: US-guided injections appeared to improve quality of life outcomes over the 12-month study period. US-guided injections may serve to help patients with hip pain presenting to clinic over time and promote and support non-surgical treatment regimes. [Figure: see text][Figure: see text][Figure: see text]

scholarly journals Gender-specific differences in plasma ferritin in adolescents smoking cigarettes versus waterpipe smoking: the Irbid-TRY Project

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Alomari ◽  
Nihaya Al-sheyab ◽  
Khulood Shattnawi ◽  
Omar Khabour
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Waterpipe Smoking ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Adolescent Smokers ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Gender Specific Differences ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Gender Specific

IntroductionFerritin has been implicated in body physiology and pathology. Smoking cigarettes (Cg) alters ferritin metabolism. Waterpipe (Wp) smoking has recently reemerged as a global epidemic and is linked to the most devas�tating diseases. However, the effect of smoking Wp on ferritin is not known. Therefore, the current study compared plasma ferritin in adolescents smok�ing Cg, Wp, both (CgWp) versus never smoked.Material and methodsSelf-reported smoking status and plasma ferritin lev�els were obtained from 849 boys (n = 470) and girls (n = 379) in the 7th–10th grade (age range = 13–17 years).ResultsThe ANCOVA revealed a main effect for gender (p < 0.000) and smoking status (p < 0.02) without an interaction effect (p > 0.9). Post-hoc analysis showed greater plasma ferritin in the adolescents smoking Wp (p < 0.03) and CgWp (p < 0.004) versus never smoked. Gender-stratified ANCOVA showed a main effect for smoking status in the boys (p < 0.02) and girls (p < 0.03). Additional comparisons among the boys showed greater plasma ferritin in the Wp (p < 0.006) and CgWp (p < 0.008) smoking groups versus never smoking, without differences (p > 0.5) between Wp and CgWp smoking. Another subgroup comparison showed greater plasma ferritin in the girls smoking Cg (p < 0.02) and CgWp (p < 0.02) versus never smoking, without a difference (p > 0.3) between Cg and CgWp smoking.ConclusionsThe results indicate that ferritin is elevated in adolescent smokers, particularly the boys smoking Wp and CgWp and in the girls smoking Cg and CgWp.

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