scholarly journals Magnetic Internal Corrosion Detection Sensor for Exposed Oil Storage Tanks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2457
Author(s):  
Ahmad Aljarah ◽  
Nader Vahdati ◽  
Haider Butt
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
Detection Range ◽  
Corrosion Detection ◽  
Oil Storage

Corrosion in the oil and gas industry represents one of the major problems that affect oil production and transportation processes. Several corrosion-inspection technologies are in the market to detect internal and external corrosion of oil storage tanks, but inspection of storage tanks occurs every 3 to 7 years. In between inspection interval, aggressive corrosion can potentially occur, which makes the oil and gas industry vulnerable to accidents. This study proposes a new internal corrosion detection sensor based on the magnetic interaction between a rare-earth permanent magnet and the ferromagnetic nature of steel, used to manufacture oil storage tanks. Finite element analysis (FEA) software was used to analyze the effect of various sensor parameters on the attractive force between the magnet and the steel. The corrosion detection sensor is designed based on the FEA results. The experimental testing of the sensor shows that it is capable of detecting internal metal loss due to corrosion in oil storage tanks within approximately 8 mm of the internal surface thickness. The sensor showed more than two-fold improvement in the detection range compared to previous sensor proposed by the authors. Furthermore, the sensor of this paper provides a monitoring rather than occasional inspection solution.

Effectiveness of Ultraviolet Light For Mitigating Risk of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in Steel Pipeline

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. F. M. Ali ◽  
N. Md. Noor ◽  
N. Yahaya ◽  
A. A. Bakar ◽  
M. Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Desulfovibrio Vulgaris ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
Steel Pipeline

Pipelines play an extremely important role in the transportation of gases and liquids over long distance throughout the world. Internal corrosion due to microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is one of the major integrity problems in oil and gas industry and is responsible for most of the internal corrosion in transportation pipelines. The presence of microorganisms such as sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) in pipeline system has raised deep concern within the oil and gas industry. Biocide treatment and cathodic protection are commonly used to control MIC. However, the solution is too expensive and may create environmental problems by being too corrosive. Recently, Ultraviolet (UV) as one of the benign techniques to enhance mitigation of MIC risk in pipeline system has gained interest among researchers. An amount of 100 ml of modified Baar’s medium and 5 ml of Desulfovibrio vulgaris (strain 7577) seeds was grown in 125 ml anaerobic vials with carbon steel grade API 5L-X70 coupons at the optimum temperature of 37°C and pH 9.5 for fifteen days. This was then followed by exposing the medium to UV for one hour. Results from present study showed that UV radiation has the ability to disinfect bacteria, hence minimizing the risk of metal loss due to corrosion in steel pipeline. 

Tanks Assurance and Endorsement Extension Strategy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar Abdul-Karim Khattab ◽  
Marwa Sami Alsheebani
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Protection ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Corrosion Monitoring ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Major Overhaul ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Tank Bottom

Abstract The objective of this paper is to study various methods that can be implemented on existing or new tanks to achieve an extended endorsement period (e.g. 20 years plus) for Crude Oil Floating Roof Storage Tanks. This extended period is necessary in order to overcome anticipated future challenges in tank availability due to (i) increased production and loading, (ii) stretched major overhaul (MOH) duration due to unforeseen delays in MOH works, (iii) corrosion in bottom plates, etc. An extensive research based on international API Standard 653 "Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction" was conducted to achieve this extended period. Initially, some COS tanks aspects were assessed based on API SPEC 653 (2014, Addendum 2, May 2020) to achieve this new Tanks Endorsement Vision, such as: (a) studying the currently applied Corrosion Protection Barriers to the COS tanks and their effectiveness to the endorsement period, (b) the adequacy of commonly applied Corrosion Protection Barriers with respect to the endorsement period, and (c) exploring possible enhancements on COS Tanks Corrosion Protection Barriers, and Monitoring systems to extend tanks endorsement period. Based on API SPEC 653 (2014, Addendum 2, May 2020), currently applied tank safeguards were found inadequate to achieve the 20 years plus tank endorsement period requirement. In order to extend tanks endorsement period, additional safeguards shall be implemented, with special attention to tank bottom plates (soil side), since corrosion problems are mostly exhibited in tank bottom plates from the soil/oil side. Multiple solutions for corrosion safeguards were explored and recommended as part of this study such as the installation of a CP system under COS tanks, as well as installation of a corrosion monitoring system, and performing routine in-service inspections for COS tanks (internal and external) as per API SPEC 653 (2014, Addendum 2, May 2020), etc. Overall, this paper provides an insight on the calculation method of tanks endorsement period, and possible tank corrosion safeguards and controls that can be implemented to extend the COS tanks endorsement period to at least 20 years. Results and recommendations studied in this paper will benefit the Oil and Gas Industry and help in overcoming future challenges.

scholarly journals Tensile Properties of Epoxy Grout Incorporating Graphene Nanoplatelets for Pipeline Repair

2018 ◽  
Vol 203 ◽  
pp. 06012
Author(s):  
Nurfarahin Zainal ◽  
Hanis Hazirah Arifin ◽  
Libriati Zardasti ◽  
Nordin Yahaya ◽  
Kar Sing Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Graphene Nanoplatelets ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Frp Composite ◽  
Fibre Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Infill Material

In oil and gas industry, fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite are widely used to repair pipeline subjected to external metal loss. This repair technique can be done by incorporating epoxy grout as infill material to smoothen the defect on pipeline surface and later wrapped with a composite wrap to restore the strength of the pipe. This paper attempts to investigate the behaviour of an epoxy grout with 0.5wt% graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) under tensile loading according to the ASTM D638. GnPs were dispersed through the sonication method followed by calendering process to ensure an optimum enhancement in the properties of polymer matrix can be achieved. The results show positive improvement in terms of strength and Young's modulus of tested grout with the inclusion of GnPs. It shows that the presence of low concentration of GnPs as an additive has a significant reinforcement effect by improving tensile properties of epoxy grout up to 14% as compared to control sample.

Self Directed Integrity Assessment of Non-Piggable Pipelines

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashish Khera ◽  
Rajesh Uprety ◽  
Bidyut B. Baniah
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
The Us ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
External Corrosion

The responsibility for managing an asset safely, efficiently and to optimize productivity lies solely with the pipeline operators. To achieve these objectives, operators are implementing comprehensive pipeline integrity management programs. These programs may be driven by a country’s pipeline regulator or in many cases may be “self-directed” by the pipeline operator especially in countries where pipeline regulators do not exist. A critical aspect of an operator’s Integrity Management Plan (IMP) is to evaluate the history, limitations and the key threats for each pipeline and accordingly select the most appropriate integrity tool. The guidelines for assessing piggable lines has been well documented but until recently there was not much awareness for assessment of non-piggable pipelines. A lot of these non-piggable pipelines transverse through high consequence areas and usually minimal historic records are available for these lines. To add to the risk factor, usually these lines also lack any baseline assessment. The US regulators, that is Office of Pipeline Safety had recognized the need for establishment of codes and standards for integrity assessment of all pipelines more than a decade ago. This led to comprehensive mandatory rules, standards and codes for the US pipeline operators to follow regardless of the line being piggable or non-piggable. In India the story has been a bit different. In the past few years, our governing body for development of self-regulatory standards for the Indian oil and gas industry that is Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) recognized a need for development of a standard specifically for integrity assessment of non-piggable pipelines. The standard was formalized and accepted by the Indian Ministry of Petroleum in September 2013 as OISD 233. OISD 233 standard is based on assessing the time dependent threats of External Corrosion (EC) and Internal Corrosion (IC) through applying the non-intrusive techniques of “Direct Assessment”. The four-step, iterative DA (ECDA, ICDA and SCCDA) process requires the integration of data from available line histories, multiple indirect field surveys, direct examination and the subsequent post assessment of the documented results. This paper presents the case study where the Indian pipeline operators took a self-initiative and implemented DA programs for prioritizing the integrity assessment of their most critical non-piggable pipelines even before the OISD 233 standard was established. The paper also looks into the relevance of the standard to the events and other case studies following the release of OISD 233.

Pipeline Material Reliability Analysis Regarding to Probability of Failure Using Corrosion Degradation Model

2011 ◽  
Vol 422 ◽  
pp. 705-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patuan Alfon ◽  
Johny W. Soedarsono ◽  
Dedi Priadi ◽  
S Sulistijono
Keyword(s):  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Probability Of Failure ◽  
Distribution Method ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
Corrosion Failure ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
External Corrosion

Reliability of equipment of the oil and gas industry is vital, whereas on pipeline transmission system, decreasing the integrity of the pipeline is generally caused by corrosion. Failure that occurs due to corrosion deterioration influenced by the environment within a certain time, and has exceeded the nominal thickness of the pipe so there is a failure. This study used the reliability analysis approach based on modeling corrosion degradation ratio that is determined by the amount of the corrosion rate externally and internally. Using the Weibull probabilistic distribution method, results that the reliability of pipeline will decrease with increasing lifetime. It was identified that internal corrosion has a major contribution to the remaining life of pipeline. From the calculation results obtained by external corrosion has the greatest reliability over 60 years, followed by internal corrosion less than 30 years and the least is by cumulative corrosion which is less than 20 years. From the value of reliability, it can be known probability of failure (POF) which is the anti reliability.

scholarly journals Cybersecurity in Oil Storage and Transportation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Klarmann
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The Past ◽  
Oil Storage ◽  
Safe Production ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Cyber threats to the oil and gas industry have been existent in one form or another for as long as computing and networking systems have utilized to increase the efficiency of production and transportation operations. The number of systems that are utilizing internet-connected technology to aid the industry has risen dramatically over the past 20 years, seeing use on exploration, management of production systems, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), and supply chain management. As the number of available exploits and attacks against these systems increases over time, it is more necessary than ever to ensure that cybersecurity is in facility and vessel plans. Incorporating cybersecurity measures into the existing security framework will be critical to ensuring that malicious actors do not impact communities and the environment through destructive attacks upon production and transportation. This paper will provide a look at the impact cyberattacks may have on the safe production, storage, and transportation of oil, as well as provide insight as to what industry standards and legal proposals exist to ensure that industry partners are operating securely throughout the US.

scholarly journals Seismic vulnerability analysis of storage tanks for oil and gas industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. N. Phan ◽  
◽  
F. Paolacci ◽  
D. Corritore ◽  
S. Alessandri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Vulnerability Analysis ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability Analysis

A Transient Approach for Estimating Concentration of Water Droplets in Oil and Corrosion Assessment in the Oil and Gas Industry

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzin Darihaki ◽  
Siamack A. Shirazi ◽  
Qingshan Feng
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Dispersion Modeling ◽  
Water Droplets ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Pipe Surface ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
System Integrity

Abstract Water-in-oil dispersion modeling is critical to assess the internal corrosion in pipelines, specifically for the oil and gas industry applications. In many oil transportation facilities, a small amount of water could be entrained in production fluids. Turbulence can break out the water into the form of tiny droplets. Under certain conditions in horizontal or inclined pipelines, water droplets can settle and contact the wall which may lead to CO2 and/or O2 or other forms of corrosion and damage the transport system integrity. In the present study, a novel transient approach has been developed that provides water concentrations across the pipe section. A one-dimensional transient finite-difference computational model has been used to determine concentration distribution in a vertical direction across the pipe. Calculated water fractions using the transient model is compared to experimental data and more comprehensive 3-D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach for various flow conditions and watercuts that shows the viability of the simplified one-dimensional approach. The proposed model is capable of predicting water dispersion at different locations and could be utilized for various pipe-flow systems. Furthermore, water in the form of droplets or liquid film can result in corrosion when it wets the pipeline surface. Consequently, the calculated water concentration at the bottom of the pipe assists in determining wettability of the pipe surface by water and evaluating the corrosion risk along the pipeline.

scholarly journals Acoustic Telemetry Around Western Australia’s Oil and Gas Infrastructure Helps Detect the Presence of an Elusive and Endangered Migratory Giant

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Thomson ◽  
Richard Pillans ◽  
Fabrice R. A. Jaine ◽  
Robert G. Harcourt ◽  
Michael D. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Telemetry ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Detection Range ◽  
North West ◽  
Ningaloo Reef ◽  
Marine Megafauna

Subsea infrastructure of the oil and gas industry attracts commercial fish species as well as megafauna including sea lions, turtles, sharks and whales. Potential impacts of this attraction, whether positive or negative, are unknown. As part of a pilot study, we deployed acoustic telemetry equipment around offshore infrastructure to assess its effectiveness in detecting tagged marine animals and to gain insights into patterns of megafauna occurrence around these structures. Acoustic receivers were placed around four oil and gas platforms and on two remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) on Australia’s North West Shelf. Two whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) tagged in the World Heritage Ningaloo Reef Marine Park were detected at two platforms, North Rankin A and Pluto, located up to 340 km to the northeast. The shark at North Rankin A was detected infrequently and only 15 times over ∼6 weeks. The shark at Pluto was detected each day of the 24-day deployment, in total 4,894 times. Detections at Pluto platform were highest during the day, with peaks at dusk and dawn. Our study indicates that acoustic telemetry around platforms may be an effective method for understanding how marine megafauna utilise these structures. We recommend collaborating with industry to undertake receiver detection range testing to understand the effectiveness of the method. Furthermore, future studies should co-occur with tagging programs at sites like Ningaloo Reef and around the structures themselves to maximise the probability of detecting animals at these sites, thereby improving our understanding of how marine megafauna interact with these structures.

Seismic vulnerability analysis of storage tanks for oil and gas industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-171
Author(s):  
Hoang N. Phan ◽  
◽  
Fabrizio Paolacci ◽  
Daniele Corritore ◽  
Silvia Alessandri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Vulnerability Analysis ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability Analysis
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