scholarly journals Time Slotted Channel Hopping and ContikiMAC for IPv6 Multicast-Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1771
Author(s):  
Eden Teshome ◽  
Diana Deac ◽  
Steffen Thielemans ◽  
Matthias Carlier ◽  
Kris Steenhaut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Channel Hopping ◽  
Multicast Forwarding ◽  
High Energy Consumption

Smart buildings benefit from IEEE 802.15.4e time slotted channel hopping (TSCH) medium access for creating reliable and power aware wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs). As in these networks, sensors are supposed to communicate to each other and with actuators, IPv6 multicast forwarding is seen as a valuable means to reduce traffic. A promising approach to multicast, based on the Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is Bidirectional Multicast RPL Forwarding (BMRF). This paper aimed to analyze the performance of BMRF over TSCH. The authors investigated how an adequate TSCH scheduler can help to achieve a requested quality of service (QoS). A theoretical model for the delay and energy consumption of BMRF over TSCH is presented. Next, BMRF’s link layer (LL) unicast and LL broadcast forwarding modes were analyzed on restricted and realistic topologies. On topologies with increased interference, BMRF’s LL broadcast on top of TSCH causes high energy consumption, mainly because of the amount of energy needed to run the schedule, but it significantly improves packet delivery ratio and delay compared to ContikiMAC under the same conditions. In most cases, the LL unicast was found to outperform the LL broadcast, but the latter can be beneficial to certain applications, especially those sensitive to delays.

Eco- and Energy-Efficient Grinding Processes

2005 ◽  
Vol 291-292 ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berend Denkena ◽  
M. Reichstein ◽  
Niklas Kramer ◽  
J. Jacobsen ◽  
M. Jung
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Part Quality ◽  
Grinding Processes ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Material Volume ◽  
Adapted Process ◽  
Improve Cost ◽  
High Energy Consumption

Eco-efficiency of manufacturing processes is increasingly important. Here grinding is supposed to be unfavorable because of the need for coolant and a high energy consumption per removed material volume. Nevertheless, it can be not be substituted by an alternative process due to the superior quality of ground parts. The overall eco-efficiency of grinding can be improved by different approaches. A better understanding of grinding processes and a modified setup of the process chain minimizes the material to be removed by grinding. Design changes of the machine tool can significantly reduce the energy consumption of additional devices as coolant supply units without a loss of flexibility. Adapted process parameters increase eco-efficiency and can also improve cost effectiveness while maintaining part quality.

scholarly journals Enhancing SDN WISE with Slicing Over TSCH

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1075
Author(s):  
Federico Orozco-Santos ◽  
Víctor Sempere-Payá ◽  
Teresa Albero-Albero ◽  
Javier Silvestre-Blanes
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Channel Hopping ◽  
Industrial Level

IWSNs (Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks) have become the next step in the evolution of WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks) due to the nature and demands of modern industry. With this type of network, flexible and scalable architectures can be created that simultaneously support traffic sources with different characteristics. Due to the great diversity of application scenarios, there is a need to implement additional capabilities that can guarantee an adequate level of reliability and that can adapt to the dynamic behavior of the applications in use. The use of SDNs (Software Defined Networks) extends the possibilities of control over the network and enables its deployment at an industrial level. The signaling traffic exchanged between nodes and controller is heavy and must occupy the same channel as the data traffic. This difficulty can be overcome with the segmentation of the traffic into flows, and correct scheduling at the MAC (Medium Access Control) level, known as slices. This article proposes the integration in the SDN controller of a traffic manager, a routing process in charge of assigning different routes according to the different flows, as well as the introduction of the Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) Scheduler. In addition, the TSCH (Time Slotted Channel Hopping) is incorporated in the SDN-WISE framework (Software Defined Networking solution for Wireless Sensor Networks), and this protocol has been modified to send the TSCH schedule. These elements are jointly responsible for scheduling and segmenting the traffic that will be sent to the nodes through a single packet from the controller and its performance has been evaluated through simulation and a testbed. The results obtained show how flexibility, adaptability, and determinism increase thanks to the joint use of the routing process and the TSCH Scheduler, which makes it possible to create a slicing by flows, which have different quality of service requirements. This in turn helps guarantee their QoS characteristics, increase the PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio) for the flow with the highest priority, maintain the DMR (Deadline Miss Ratio), and increase the network lifetime.

scholarly journals The Use of the Sous-Vide Method in the Preparation of Poultry at Home and in Catering—Protection of Nutrition Value Whether High Energy Consumption

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Głuchowski ◽  
Ewa Czarniecka-Skubina ◽  
Maria Buła
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Nutrition Value ◽  
Sous Vide ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
High Energy Consumption

Nowadays, the reduction of food waste, as well as protection of the nutritional value, are significant trends in domestic and catering food processing. Among the trends are innovations in food technology like sous-vide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sous vide cooking on the technological, nutritional, and microbiological quality of the chicken breast as well as to compare it to conventional methods (boiling and steaming). Meats after low-temperature sous-vide heat treatment were characterized by a significantly higher yield (p ≤ 0.05) and water content than those prepared with conventional methods. The energy and time consumption of sous-vide preparation was 5–10 times higher than other methods. The examined heat treatments resulted in a good microbiological quality of samples. The nutritional value of sous-vide products depended on the process parameters. A higher temperature and sous-vide processing time resulted in a higher content of dry matter, protein, and fat in the meat and was close to that of conventional methods. Low parameters of the process resulted in the least changed profile of fatty acids in meat. The use of the sous-vide method protects the nutritional value and allows for the extension of the shelf life of the meat which ultimately reduces food waste. The sous-vide heat treatment method is more suitable for foodservice than use in home conditions because of high energy consumption, despite the protection of nutrition value.

The Improvement of Preamble Mechanism and Addition of TDMA/CSMA Mechanism for B-MAC

2011 ◽  
Vol 48-49 ◽  
pp. 1261-1264
Author(s):  
Min Sheng Tan ◽  
Hai Tao Tan ◽  
Meng Chen ◽  
Xiang Li
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
High Energy Consumption ◽  
Funneling Effect ◽  
Better Than

B-MAC was a kind of MAC protocol which was widely used in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), and some high requirements had been provided for users. However, there were always challenges due to the high energy consumption and packets loss rate. A new MAC protocol called B-MAC++ based on B-MAC was proposed in this paper. The preamble mechanism was improved and funneling effect alleviation mechanism was brought out in B-MAC++. For the combination of the strengths of TDMA and CSMA, the preamble mechanism improvement achieved better energy-efficient, and made up to the weakness of WSNs, and a kind of CSMA/TDMA mechanism was introduced to alleviate funneling effect, and the sink-node’s packet loss had been reduced. Experiments show that B-MAC++ is better than B-MAC in the performance of energy consumption and packet loss rate.

QoS Aware Multi-hop Multi-path Routing Approach in Wireless Sensor Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Omkar Singh ◽  
Vinay Rishiwal
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
End To End

Background & Objective: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consist of huge number of tiny senor nodes. WSN collects environmental data and sends to the base station through multi-hop wireless communication. QoS is the salient aspect in wireless sensor networks that satisfies end-to-end QoS requirement on different parameters such as energy, network lifetime, packets delivery ratio and delay. Among them Energy consumption is the most important and challenging factor in WSN, since the senor nodes are made by battery reserved that tends towards life time of sensor networks. Methods: In this work an Improve-Energy Aware Multi-hop Multi-path Hierarchy (I-EAMMH) QoS based routing approach has been proposed and evaluated that reduces energy consumption and delivers data packets within time by selecting optimum cost path among discovered routes which extends network life time. Results and Conclusion: Simulation has been done in MATLAB on varying number of rounds 400- 2000 to checked the performance of proposed approach. I-EAMMH is compared with existing routing protocols namely EAMMH and LEACH and performs better in terms of end-to-end-delay, packet delivery ratio, as well as reduces the energy consumption 13%-19% and prolongs network lifetime 9%- 14%.

Oxygen Supply Method Using Gas-Permeable Film for Wastewater Treatment

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 243-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Suzuki ◽  
S. Miyahara ◽  
K. Takeishi
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Transfer ◽  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Oxygen Transfer Rate ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
N Removal ◽  
High Energy Consumption

Gas-permeable film can separate air and water, and at the same time, let oxygen diffuse from the air to the water through the film. An oxygen supply method using this film was investigated for the purpose of reducing energy consumption for wastewater treatment. The oxygen transfer rate was measured for the cases with or without biofilm, which proved the high rate of oxygen transfer in the case with nitrifying biofilm which performed nitrification. When the Gas-permeable film with nitrifying biofilm was applied to the treatment of wastewater, denitrifying biofilm formed on the nitrifying biofilm, and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification occurred, resulting in the high rate of organic matter and T-N removal (7 gTOC/m2/d and 4 gT-N/m2/d, respectively). However, periodic sloughing of the denitrifying biofilm was needed to keep the oxygen transfer rate high. Energy consumption of the process using the film in the form of tubes was estimated to be less than 40% of that of the activated sludge process.

scholarly journals Polymer–Lipid Pharmaceutical Nanocarriers: Innovations by New Formulations and Production Technologies

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
Sabrina Bochicchio ◽  
Gaetano Lamberti ◽  
Anna Angela Barba
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Membrane Permeability ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Hybrid Nanoparticles ◽  
Industrial Implementation ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Industrial Level ◽  
High Energy Consumption ◽  
Modern Technologies

Some issues in pharmaceutical therapies such as instability, poor membrane permeability, and bioavailability of drugs can be solved by the design of suitable delivery systems based on the combination of two pillar classes of ingredients: polymers and lipids. At the same time, modern technologies are required to overcome production limitations (low productivity, high energy consumption, expensive setup, long process times) to pass at the industrial level. In this paper, a summary of applications of polymeric and lipid materials combined as nanostructures (hybrid nanocarriers) is reported. Then, recent techniques adopted in the production of hybrid nanoparticles are discussed, highlighting limitations still present that hold back the industrial implementation.

scholarly journals TSCH and RPL Joining Time Model for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3904
Author(s):  
Jose Vera-Pérez ◽  
Javier Silvestre-Blanes ◽  
Víctor Sempere-Payá
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Industrial Internet ◽  
Channel Hopping ◽  
Definition Of

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play a key role in the ecosystem of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and the definition of today’s Industry 4.0. These WSNs have the ability to sensor large amounts of data, thanks to their easy scalability. WSNs allow the deployment of a large number of self-configuring nodes and the ability to automatically reorganize in case of any change in the topology. This huge sensorization capacity, together with its interoperability with IP-based networks, allows the systems of Industry 4.0 to be equipped with a powerful tool with which to digitalize a huge amount of variables in the different industrial processes. The IEEE 802.15.4e standard, together with the access mechanism to the Time Slotted Channel Hopping medium (TSCH) and the dynamic Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL), allow deployment of networks with the high levels of robustness and reliability necessary in industrial scenarios. However, these configurations have some disadvantages in the deployment and synchronization phases of the networks, since the time it takes to synchronize the nodes is penalized compared to other solutions in which access to the medium is done randomly and without channel hopping. This article proposes an analytical model to characterize the behavior of this type of network, based on TSCH and RPL during the phases of deployment along with synchronization and connection to the RPL network. Through this model, validated by simulation and real tests, it is possible to parameterize different configurations of a WSN network based on TSCH and RPL.

scholarly journals High energy consumption or low economic growth?

Nature ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 273 (5664) ◽  
pp. 587-587
Author(s):  
L. G. BROOKES
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Consumption
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