scholarly journals Enhancing SDN WISE with Slicing Over TSCH

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1075
Author(s):  
Federico Orozco-Santos ◽  
Víctor Sempere-Payá ◽  
Teresa Albero-Albero ◽  
Javier Silvestre-Blanes
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Channel Hopping ◽  
Industrial Level

IWSNs (Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks) have become the next step in the evolution of WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks) due to the nature and demands of modern industry. With this type of network, flexible and scalable architectures can be created that simultaneously support traffic sources with different characteristics. Due to the great diversity of application scenarios, there is a need to implement additional capabilities that can guarantee an adequate level of reliability and that can adapt to the dynamic behavior of the applications in use. The use of SDNs (Software Defined Networks) extends the possibilities of control over the network and enables its deployment at an industrial level. The signaling traffic exchanged between nodes and controller is heavy and must occupy the same channel as the data traffic. This difficulty can be overcome with the segmentation of the traffic into flows, and correct scheduling at the MAC (Medium Access Control) level, known as slices. This article proposes the integration in the SDN controller of a traffic manager, a routing process in charge of assigning different routes according to the different flows, as well as the introduction of the Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) Scheduler. In addition, the TSCH (Time Slotted Channel Hopping) is incorporated in the SDN-WISE framework (Software Defined Networking solution for Wireless Sensor Networks), and this protocol has been modified to send the TSCH schedule. These elements are jointly responsible for scheduling and segmenting the traffic that will be sent to the nodes through a single packet from the controller and its performance has been evaluated through simulation and a testbed. The results obtained show how flexibility, adaptability, and determinism increase thanks to the joint use of the routing process and the TSCH Scheduler, which makes it possible to create a slicing by flows, which have different quality of service requirements. This in turn helps guarantee their QoS characteristics, increase the PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio) for the flow with the highest priority, maintain the DMR (Deadline Miss Ratio), and increase the network lifetime.

scholarly journals TSCH and RPL Joining Time Model for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3904
Author(s):  
Jose Vera-Pérez ◽  
Javier Silvestre-Blanes ◽  
Víctor Sempere-Payá
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Industrial Internet ◽  
Channel Hopping ◽  
Definition Of

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play a key role in the ecosystem of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and the definition of today’s Industry 4.0. These WSNs have the ability to sensor large amounts of data, thanks to their easy scalability. WSNs allow the deployment of a large number of self-configuring nodes and the ability to automatically reorganize in case of any change in the topology. This huge sensorization capacity, together with its interoperability with IP-based networks, allows the systems of Industry 4.0 to be equipped with a powerful tool with which to digitalize a huge amount of variables in the different industrial processes. The IEEE 802.15.4e standard, together with the access mechanism to the Time Slotted Channel Hopping medium (TSCH) and the dynamic Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL), allow deployment of networks with the high levels of robustness and reliability necessary in industrial scenarios. However, these configurations have some disadvantages in the deployment and synchronization phases of the networks, since the time it takes to synchronize the nodes is penalized compared to other solutions in which access to the medium is done randomly and without channel hopping. This article proposes an analytical model to characterize the behavior of this type of network, based on TSCH and RPL during the phases of deployment along with synchronization and connection to the RPL network. Through this model, validated by simulation and real tests, it is possible to parameterize different configurations of a WSN network based on TSCH and RPL.

scholarly journals A Hierarchical Routing Graph for Supporting Mobile Devices in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 458
Author(s):  
Sangdae Kim  ◽  
Cheonyong Kim  ◽  
Hyunchong Cho  ◽  
Kwansoo Jung 
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Network Topology ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Hierarchical Routing ◽  
Skeleton Graph

As many industrial applications require real-time and reliability communication, a variety of routing graph construction schemes were proposed to satisfy the requirements in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSNs). Each device transmits packet through a route which is designated based on the graph. However, as existing studies consider a network consists of static devices only, they cannot cope with the network changes by movement of mobile devices considered important in the recent industrial environment. Thus, the communication requirements cannot be guaranteed because the existing path is broken by the varying network topology. The communication failure could cause critical problems such as malfunctioning equipment. The problem is caused repeatedly by continuous movement of mobile devices, even if a new graph is reconstructed for responding the changed topology. To support mobile devices exploited in various industrial environments, we propose a Hierarchical Routing Graph Construction (HRGC). The HRGC is consisted of two phases for hierarchical graph construction: In first phase, a robust graph called skeleton graph consisting only of static devices is constructed. The skeleton graph is not affected by network topology changes and does not suffer from packet loss. In second phase, the mobile devices are grafted into the skeleton graph for seamless communication. Through the grafting process, the routes are established in advance for mobile device to communicate with nearby static devices in anywhere. The simulation results show that the packet delivery ratio is improved when the graph is constructed through the HRGC.

scholarly journals Energy efficient scheduled directional medium access control protocol for wireless sensor networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asif Akbar
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Directional Antennas ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Spatial Reuse ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Hidden Terminal

Directional antennas have numerous advantages over traditional omnidirectional antennas, which include more spatial reuse, extended range, less interference, and less energy consumption. Directional antennas introduce deafness and new hidden terminal problems. Deafness may cause more collisions, and hidden terminal problems may result in more retransmissions, poor quality of service, more energy consumption, and less packet delivery ratio. Hence, it is important to design of an effective medium access protocol specifically for directional antennas in order to reap the benefits of directional antennas while managing deafness and hidden terminal problems, otherwise the challenges can adversely affect system performance. In wireless sensor networks, the sensors are battery powered with limited supply of energy. Therefore, energy efficient protocols and solutions are immensely important with the desired goal of extending the network lifetime longer than what is possible through the omnidirectional antennas. In this thesis, I have proposed an energy efficient scheduled directional medium access control protocol (DTRAMA) which is specially designed for the wireless sensor nodes which use directional antennas in wireless sensor networks. It is a traffic adaptive scheduled medium access protocol in which nodes create their transmission and sleep schedules on the basis of their traffic. Scheduled medium access for packet transmission is used to address the deafness and hidden terminal problems caused by the use of directional communication in contention based MAC protocols. Use of directional antenna reduces interference which indirectly improves packet delivery ratio by improving the signal to noise ratio and by reducing the packet error rate. DTRAMA is energy efficient: firstly because the nodes use directional data communication which requires lower node transmit power than the omnidirectional data communication for the same transmission range; and secondly, because the nodes schedule their sleep period to reduce idle listening and overhearing which improves energy efficiency. In DTRAMA, sleep schedule of the node is traffic adaptive which is essential to maximize the sleep period. The node, by using spatial reuse checks, reuses the wireless medium to the maximum extent to reap the spatial reuse benefits of the directional antenna. The nodes reduce their packet latency through spatial reuse. Through simulation and by using different topologies, I have compared the performance of DTRAMA with those of omnidirectional schedule MAC protocol (TRAMA) and contention based directional MAC protocol (DMAC), which clearly shows that DTRAMA outperforms TRAMA and DMAC in packet delivery ratio and outperforms TRAMA in terms of packet latency.

scholarly journals A Joining Procedure and Synchronization for TSCH-RPL Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Vera-Pérez ◽  
David Todolí-Ferrandis ◽  
Salvador Santonja-Climent ◽  
Javier Silvestre-Blanes ◽  
Víctor Sempere-Payá
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Frequency Diversity ◽  
Industrial Internet Of Things ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Industrial Internet ◽  
Channel Hopping ◽  
The Common ◽  
Operational Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks have become a key enabler for Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) applications; however, to adapt to the derived robust communication requirements, deterministic and scheduled medium access should be used, along with other features, such as channel hopping and frequency diversity. Implementing these mechanisms requires a correct synchronization of all devices in the network, a stage in deployment that can lead to non-operational networks. The present article presents an analysis of such situations and possible solutions, including the common current approaches and recommendations, and proposes a new beacon advertising method based on a specific Trickle Timer for the Medium Access Control (MAC) Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) layer, decoupling from the timers in the network and routing layers. With this solution, improvements in connection success, time to join, and energy consumption can be obtained for the widely extended IEEE802.15.4e standard.

scholarly journals Energy efficient scheduled directional medium access control protocol for wireless sensor networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asif Akbar
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Directional Antennas ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Spatial Reuse ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Hidden Terminal

Directional antennas have numerous advantages over traditional omnidirectional antennas, which include more spatial reuse, extended range, less interference, and less energy consumption. Directional antennas introduce deafness and new hidden terminal problems. Deafness may cause more collisions, and hidden terminal problems may result in more retransmissions, poor quality of service, more energy consumption, and less packet delivery ratio. Hence, it is important to design of an effective medium access protocol specifically for directional antennas in order to reap the benefits of directional antennas while managing deafness and hidden terminal problems, otherwise the challenges can adversely affect system performance. In wireless sensor networks, the sensors are battery powered with limited supply of energy. Therefore, energy efficient protocols and solutions are immensely important with the desired goal of extending the network lifetime longer than what is possible through the omnidirectional antennas. In this thesis, I have proposed an energy efficient scheduled directional medium access control protocol (DTRAMA) which is specially designed for the wireless sensor nodes which use directional antennas in wireless sensor networks. It is a traffic adaptive scheduled medium access protocol in which nodes create their transmission and sleep schedules on the basis of their traffic. Scheduled medium access for packet transmission is used to address the deafness and hidden terminal problems caused by the use of directional communication in contention based MAC protocols. Use of directional antenna reduces interference which indirectly improves packet delivery ratio by improving the signal to noise ratio and by reducing the packet error rate. DTRAMA is energy efficient: firstly because the nodes use directional data communication which requires lower node transmit power than the omnidirectional data communication for the same transmission range; and secondly, because the nodes schedule their sleep period to reduce idle listening and overhearing which improves energy efficiency. In DTRAMA, sleep schedule of the node is traffic adaptive which is essential to maximize the sleep period. The node, by using spatial reuse checks, reuses the wireless medium to the maximum extent to reap the spatial reuse benefits of the directional antenna. The nodes reduce their packet latency through spatial reuse. Through simulation and by using different topologies, I have compared the performance of DTRAMA with those of omnidirectional schedule MAC protocol (TRAMA) and contention based directional MAC protocol (DMAC), which clearly shows that DTRAMA outperforms TRAMA and DMAC in packet delivery ratio and outperforms TRAMA in terms of packet latency.

scholarly journals Development of a Novel Protocol for Improvement of Qos Inwireless Sensor Networks: P-Rpeh

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 8496-8502
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Efficient Scheme ◽  
Power And Energy ◽  
Residual Power

The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) plays an important function in wireless communication because of its top notch utility and benefits. Wireless Sensor Networks have thousands or hundreds of potential nodes, which are minute computer like, and areable of measuring the physical characteristics of the neighboring environment location and thentransmit the gathered information using wireless radio links. This paper proposes an efficient scheme for resource allocation used for the transmission of data using priority in the nodes. The protocol, Medium Access Control (MAC) has been devisedfor evaluating the performance. The parameters considered are bandwidth, energy consumption, delay, throughput andpacket delivery ratio. A new MAC protocol,”P-RPEH”(Priority that is based on the Residual Power and Energy Harvesting rate), using priority in nodes with maximumenergyis proposed. The proposed method is compared with the PRIN (Priority in Node) and PRIMA (Priority based MAC)existing protocols. The results obtained from the new protocol proves that, the newproposed protocoloutperforms the existingmethods in terms of bandwidth, delay, energy, throughput and the ratio of packets delivered

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