scholarly journals Deep Learning Based Evaluation of Spermatozoid Motility for Artificial Insemination

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Viktorija Valiuškaitė ◽  
Vidas Raudonis ◽  
Rytis Maskeliūnas ◽  
Robertas Damaševičius ◽  
Tomas Krilavičius
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Sperm Head ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Sperm Sample ◽  
Head Detection ◽  
The Mean

We propose a deep learning method based on the Region Based Convolutional Neural Networks (R-CNN) architecture for the evaluation of sperm head motility in human semen videos. The neural network performs the segmentation of sperm heads, while the proposed central coordinate tracking algorithm allows us to calculate the movement speed of sperm heads. We have achieved 91.77% (95% CI, 91.11–92.43%) accuracy of sperm head detection on the VISEM (A Multimodal Video Dataset of Human Spermatozoa) sperm sample video dataset. The mean absolute error (MAE) of sperm head vitality prediction was 2.92 (95% CI, 2.46–3.37), while the Pearson correlation between actual and predicted sperm head vitality was 0.969. The results of the experiments presented below will show the applicability of the proposed method to be used in automated artificial insemination workflow.

scholarly journals Design and Implementation of Intelligent Inspection and Alarm Flight System for Epidemic Prevention

Drones ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Jiwei Fan ◽  
Xiaogang Yang ◽  
Ruitao Lu ◽  
Xueli Xie ◽  
Weipeng Li
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Autonomous Navigation ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Learning Technology ◽  
Flight System ◽  
Crowd Density ◽  
The Mean

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and related technologies have played an active role in the prevention and control of novel coronaviruses at home and abroad, especially in epidemic prevention, surveillance, and elimination. However, the existing UAVs have a single function, limited processing capacity, and poor interaction. To overcome these shortcomings, we designed an intelligent anti-epidemic patrol detection and warning flight system, which integrates UAV autonomous navigation, deep learning, intelligent voice, and other technologies. Based on the convolution neural network and deep learning technology, the system possesses a crowd density detection method and a face mask detection method, which can detect the position of dense crowds. Intelligent voice alarm technology was used to achieve an intelligent alarm system for abnormal situations, such as crowd-gathering areas and people without masks, and to carry out intelligent dissemination of epidemic prevention policies, which provides a powerful technical means for epidemic prevention and delaying their spread. To verify the superiority and feasibility of the system, high-precision online analysis was carried out for the crowd in the inspection area, and pedestrians’ faces were detected on the ground to identify whether they were wearing a mask. The experimental results show that the mean absolute error (MAE) of the crowd density detection was less than 8.4, and the mean average precision (mAP) of face mask detection was 61.42%. The system can provide convenient and accurate evaluation information for decision-makers and meets the requirements of real-time and accurate detection.

scholarly journals Day-Ahead Forecast of Electric Vehicle Charging Demand with Deep Neural Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Gilles Van Van Kriekinge ◽  
Cedric De De Cauwer ◽  
Nikolaos Sapountzoglou ◽  
Thierry Coosemans ◽  
Maarten Messagie
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Electric Grid ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ev Charging ◽  
Charging Demand

The increasing penetration rate of electric vehicles, associated with a growing charging demand, could induce a negative impact on the electric grid, such as higher peak power demand. To support the electric grid, and to anticipate those peaks, a growing interest exists for forecasting the day-ahead charging demand of electric vehicles. This paper proposes the enhancement of a state-of-the-art deep neural network to forecast the day-ahead charging demand of electric vehicles with a time resolution of 15 min. In particular, new features have been added on the neural network in order to improve the forecasting. The forecaster is applied on an important use case of a local charging site of a hospital. The results show that the mean-absolute error (MAE) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) are respectively reduced by 28.8% and 19.22% thanks to the use of calendar and weather features. The main achievement of this research is the possibility to forecast a high stochastic aggregated EV charging demand on a day-ahead horizon with a MAE lower than 1 kW.

scholarly journals Deep Learning to Estimate Cardiac Magnetic Resonance-Derived Left Ventricular Mass

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaan Khurshid ◽  
Samuel Friedman ◽  
James P. Pirruccello ◽  
Paolo Di Achille ◽  
Nathaniel Diamant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Lv Mass ◽  
Deep Learning Model

ABSTRACTBackgroundCardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is the gold standard for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) diagnosis. CMR-derived LV mass can be estimated using proprietary algorithms (e.g., inlineVF), but their accuracy and availability may be limited.ObjectiveTo develop an open-source deep learning model to estimate CMR-derived LV mass.MethodsWithin participants of the UK Biobank prospective cohort undergoing CMR, we trained two convolutional neural networks to estimate LV mass. The first (ML4Hreg) performed regression informed by manually labeled LV mass (available in 5,065 individuals), while the second (ML4Hseg) performed LV segmentation informed by inlineVF contours. We compared ML4Hreg, ML4Hseg, and inlineVF against manually labeled LV mass within an independent holdout set using Pearson correlation and mean absolute error (MAE). We assessed associations between CMR-derived LVH and prevalent cardiovascular disease using logistic regression adjusted for age and sex.ResultsWe generated CMR-derived LV mass estimates within 38,574 individuals. Among 891 individuals in the holdout set, ML4Hseg reproduced manually labeled LV mass more accurately (r=0.864, 95% CI 0.847-0.880; MAE 10.41g, 95% CI 9.82-10.99) than ML4Hreg (r=0.843, 95% CI 0.823-0.861; MAE 10.51, 95% CI 9.86-11.15, p=0.01) and inlineVF (r=0.795, 95% CI 0.770-0.818; MAE 14.30, 95% CI 13.46-11.01, p<0.01). LVH defined using ML4Hseg demonstrated the strongest associations with hypertension (odds ratio 2.76, 95% CI 2.51-3.04), atrial fibrillation (1.75, 95% CI 1.37-2.20), and heart failure (4.53, 95% CI 3.16-6.33).ConclusionsML4Hseg is an open-source deep learning model providing automated quantification of CMR-derived LV mass. Deep learning models characterizing cardiac structure may facilitate broad cardiovascular discovery.

scholarly journals Statistical Approaches Based on Deep Learning Regression for Verification of Normality of Blood Pressure Estimates

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soojeong Lee ◽  
Gangseong Lee ◽  
Gwanggil Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Standard Normal Distribution ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Statistical Approaches

Oscillometric blood pressure (BP) monitors currently estimate a single point but do not identify variations in response to physiological characteristics. In this paper, to analyze BP’s normality based on oscillometric measurements, we use statistical approaches including kurtosis, skewness, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and correlation tests. Then, to mitigate uncertainties, we use a deep learning method to determine the confidence limits (CLs) of BP measurements based on their normality. The proposed deep learning regression model decreases the standard deviation of error (SDE) of the mean error and the mean absolute error and reduces the uncertainties of the CLs and SDEs of the proposed technique. We validate the normality of the distribution of the BP estimation which fits the standard normal distribution very well. We use a rank test in the deep learning technique to demonstrate the independence of the artificial systolic BP and diastolic BP estimations. We perform statistical tests to verify the normality of the BP measurements for individual subjects. The proposed methodology provides accurate BP estimations and reduces the uncertainties associated with the CLs and SDEs using the deep learning algorithm.

scholarly journals Dual-Output Mode Analysis of Multimode Laguerre-Gaussian Beams via Deep Learning

Optics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
Xudong Yuan ◽  
Yaguang Xu ◽  
Ruizhi Zhao ◽  
Xuhao Hong ◽  
Ronger Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Optical Communication ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Mode Analysis ◽  
Gaussian Beams ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Mean

The Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) beam demonstrates great potential for optical communication due to its orthogonality between different eigenstates, and has gained increased research interest in recent years. Here, we propose a dual-output mode analysis method based on deep learning that can accurately obtain both the mode weight and phase information of multimode LG beams. We reconstruct the LG beams based on the result predicted by the convolutional neural network. It shows that the correlation coefficient values after reconstruction are above 0.9999, and the mean absolute error (MAE) of the mode weights and phases are about 1.4 × 10-3 and 2.9 × 10-3, respectively. The model still maintains relatively accurate prediction for the associated unknown data set and the noise-disturbed samples. In addition, the computation time of the model for a single test sample takes only 0.975 ms on average. These results show that our method has good abilities of generalization and robustness and allows for nearly real-time modal analysis.

scholarly journals Cone Beam CT (CBCT) Based Synthetic CT Generation Using Deep Learning Methods for Dose Calculation of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Radiotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 153303382110624
Author(s):  
Xudong Xue ◽  
Yi Ding ◽  
Jun Shi ◽  
Xiaoyu Hao ◽  
Xiangbin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Dose Calculation ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Index Analysis ◽  
Gamma Index ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Synthetic Ct

Objective: To generate synthetic CT (sCT) images with high quality from CBCT and planning CT (pCT) for dose calculation by using deep learning methods. Methods: 169 NPC patients with a total of 20926 slices of CBCT and pCT images were included. In this study the CycleGAN, Pix2pix and U-Net models were used to generate the sCT images. The Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) were used to quantify the accuracy of the proposed models in a testing cohort of 34 patients. Radiation dose were calculated on pCT and sCT following the same protocol. Dose distributions were evaluated for 4 patients by comparing the dose-volume-histogram (DVH) and 2D gamma index analysis. Results: The average MAE and RMSE values between sCT by three models and pCT reduced by 15.4 HU and 26.8 HU at least, while the mean PSNR and SSIM metrics between sCT by different models and pCT added by 10.6 and 0.05 at most, respectively. There were only slight differences for DVH of selected contours between different plans. The passing rates of 2D gamma index analysis under 3 mm/3% 3 mm/2%, 2 mm/3%and 2 mm/2% criteria were all higher than 95%. Conclusions: All the sCT had achieved better evaluation metrics than those of original CBCT, while the performance of CycleGAN model was proved to be best among three methods. The dosimetric agreement confirmed the HU accuracy and consistent anatomical structures of sCT by deep learning methods.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of central serous chorioretinopathy by deep learning analysis of en face images of choroidal vasculature: A pilot study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0244469
Author(s):  
Yukihiro Aoyama ◽  
Ichiro Maruko ◽  
Taizo Kawano ◽  
Tatsuro Yokoyama ◽  
Yuki Ogawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Active Region ◽  
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy ◽  
Small Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Swept Source ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
En Face ◽  
Choroidal Vasculature ◽  
The Mean

Purpose To diagnose central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) by deep learning (DL) analyses of en face images of the choroidal vasculature obtained by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and to analyze the regions of interest for the DL from heatmaps. Methods One-hundred eyes were studied; 53 eyes with CSC and 47 normal eyes. Volume scans of 12×12 mm square were obtained at the same time as the OCT angiographic (OCTA) scans (Plex Elite 9000 Swept-Source OCT®, Zeiss). High-quality en face images of the choroidal vasculature of the segmentation slab of one-half of the subfoveal choroidal thickness were created for the analyses. The 100 en face images were divided into 80 for training and 20 for validation. Thus, we divided it into five groups of 20 eyes each, trained the remaining 80 eyes in each group, and then calculated the correct answer rate for each group by validation with 20 eyes. The Neural Network Console (NNC) developed by Sony and the Keras-Tensorflow backend developed by Google were used as the software for the classification with 16 layers of convolutional neural networks. The active region of the heatmap based on the feature quantity extracted by DL was also evaluated as the percentages with gradient-weighted class activation mapping implemented in Keras. Results The mean accuracy rate of the validation was 95% for NNC and 88% for Keras. This difference was not significant (P >0.1). The mean active region in the heatmap image was 12.5% in CSC eyes which was significantly lower than the 79.8% in normal eyes (P<0.01). Conclusions CSC can be automatically diagnosed by DL with high accuracy from en face images of the choroidal vasculature with different programs, convolutional layer structures, and small data sets. Heatmap analyses showed that the DL focused on the area occupied by the choroidal vessels and their uniformity. We conclude that DL can help in the diagnosis of CSC.

scholarly journals Cross-Racial Automatic Age Estimation from Facial Images using Deep Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1288-1294
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Age Estimation ◽  
Mean Absolute Error ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Facial Images ◽  
Facial Age

This paper presents a deep learning approach for age estimation of human beings using their facial images. The different racial groups based on skin colour have been incorporated in the annotations of the images in the dataset, while ensuring an adequate distribution of subjects across the racial groups so as to achieve an accurate Automatic Facial Age Estimation (AFAE). The principle of transfer learning is applied to the ResNet50 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) initially pretrained for the task of object classification and finetuning it’s hyperparameters to propose an AFAE system that can be used to automate ages of humans across multiple racial groups. The mean absolute error of 4.25 years is obtained at the end of the research which proved the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.

scholarly journals Real-Time Detection and Location of Potted Flowers Based on a ZED Camera and a YOLO V4-Tiny Deep Learning Algorithm

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Jizhang Wang ◽  
Zhiheng Gao ◽  
Yun Zhang ◽  
Jing Zhou ◽  
Jianzhi Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Point Cloud ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
3D Point Cloud ◽  
The Real ◽  
Deep Learning Algorithm ◽  
The Mean

In order to realize the real-time and accurate detection of potted flowers on benches, in this paper we propose a method based on the ZED 2 stereo camera and the YOLO V4-Tiny deep learning algorithm for potted flower detection and location. First, an automatic detection model of flowers was established based on the YOLO V4-Tiny convolutional neural network (CNN) model, and the center points on the pixel plane of the flowers were obtained according to the prediction box. Then, the real-time 3D point cloud information obtained by the ZED 2 camera was used to calculate the actual position of the flowers. The test results showed that the mean average precision (MAP) and recall rate of the training model was 89.72% and 80%, respectively, and the real-time average detection frame rate of the model deployed under Jetson TX2 was 16 FPS. The results of the occlusion experiment showed that when the canopy overlap ratio between the two flowers is more than 10%, the recognition accuracy will be affected. The mean absolute error of the flower center location based on 3D point cloud information of the ZED 2 camera was 18.1 mm, and the maximum locating error of the flower center was 25.8 mm under different light radiation conditions. The method in this paper establishes the relationship between the detection target of flowers and the actual spatial location, which has reference significance for the machinery and automatic management of potted flowers on benches.

scholarly journals Predicting intraocular pressure using systemic variables or fundus photography with deep learning in a health examination cohort

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaori Ishii ◽  
Ryo Asaoka ◽  
Takashi Omoto ◽  
Shingo Mitaki ◽  
Yuri Fujino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Mean Absolute Error ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Fundus Photography ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Testing Dataset ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Systemic Variables

AbstractThe purpose of the current study was to predict intraocular pressure (IOP) using color fundus photography with a deep learning (DL) model, or, systemic variables with a multivariate linear regression model (MLM), along with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression (LASSO), support vector machine (SVM), and Random Forest: (RF). Training dataset included 3883 examinations from 3883 eyes of 1945 subjects and testing dataset 289 examinations from 289 eyes from 146 subjects. With the training dataset, MLM was constructed to predict IOP using 35 systemic variables and 25 blood measurements. A DL model was developed to predict IOP from color fundus photographs. The prediction accuracy of each model was evaluated through the absolute error and the marginal R-squared (mR2), using the testing dataset. The mean absolute error with MLM was 2.29 mmHg, which was significantly smaller than that with DL (2.70 dB). The mR2 with MLM was 0.15, whereas that with DL was 0.0066. The mean absolute error (between 2.24 and 2.30 mmHg) and mR2 (between 0.11 and 0.15) with LASSO, SVM and RF were similar to or poorer than MLM. A DL model to predict IOP using color fundus photography proved far less accurate than MLM using systemic variables.

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