scholarly journals Development of an IoT Structural Monitoring System Applied to a Hypogeal Site

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 6769
Author(s):  
Alessio De Angelis ◽  
Francesco Santoni ◽  
Paolo Carbone ◽  
Manuela Cecconi ◽  
Alessia Vecchietti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Node ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Electronic Components ◽  
Mems Accelerometer ◽  
Sensing System ◽  
Cost System ◽  
Transceiver Module ◽  
Potential Benefits

This paper describes the development of a distributed sensing system that can be disseminated in an environment of interest to monitor the vibration of a structure. This low-cost system consists of several sensor nodes and a central receiving node. All nodes are built using off-the-shelf electronic components. Each of the sensor nodes is battery-powered and equipped with a triaxial MEMS accelerometer, a wireless Long Range (LoRa) transceiver module for data transmission, a GPS module used for synchronization, and a microcontroller. The operation of the sensor node is validated by controlled laboratory tests where it is compared to a commercial reference accelerometer. Furthermore, the feasibility and potential benefits of the application of the proposed system to a structure in an archaeological site is investigated. Results show that the proposed sensor node could successfully monitor the vibration at several locations within the site. Therefore, it may be employed to detect the most relevant stresses to the structure, allowing for the identification of risks.

scholarly journals FPGA Based Single Chip Solution with 1-Wire Protocol for the Design of Smart Sensor Nodes

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. R. Perera ◽  
R. G. N. Meegama ◽  
M. K. Jayananda
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Node ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Smart Sensor ◽  
Single Chip ◽  
Measuring Devices ◽  
Field Programmable

Applications that involve monitoring of water quality parameters require measuring devices to be placed at different geographical locations but are controlled centrally at a remote site. The measuring devices in such applications need to be small, consume low power, and must be capable of local processing tasks facilitating the mobility to span the measuring area in a vast geographic area. This paper presents the design of a generalized, low-cost, reconfigurable, reprogrammable smart sensor node using a ZigBee with a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) that embeds all processing and communication functionalities based on the IEEE 1451 family of standards. Design of the sensor nodes includes processing and transducer control functionalities in a single core increasing the speedup of processing power due to interprocess communication taking place within the chip itself. Results obtained by measuring the pH value and temperature of water samples verify the performance of the proposed sensor node.

scholarly journals Novel Pole Photogrammetric System for Low-Cost Documentation of Archaeological Sites: The Case Study of “Cueva Pintada”

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 2644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Del Pozo ◽  
Pablo Rodríguez-Gonzálvez ◽  
David Hernández-López ◽  
Jorge Onrubia-Pintado ◽  
Diego Guerrero-Sevilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Cost System ◽  
Aerial View ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Indoor Scenarios ◽  
High Level ◽  
Oblique Images

Close-range photogrammetry is a powerful and widely used technique for 3D reconstruction of archaeological environments, specifically when a high-level detail is required. This paper presents an innovative low-cost system that allows high quality and detailed reconstructions of indoor complex scenarios with unfavorable lighting conditions by means of close-range nadir and oblique images as an alternative to drone acquisitions for those places where the use of drones is limited or discouraged: (i) indoor scenarios in which both loss of GNSS signal and need of long exposure times occur, (ii) scenarios with risk of raising dust in suspension due to the proximity to the ground and (iii) complex scenarios with variability in the presence of nooks and vertical elements of different heights. The low-altitude aerial view reached with this system allows high-quality 3D documentation of complex scenarios helped by its ergonomic design, self-stability, lightness, and flexibility of handling. In addition, its interchangeable and remote-control support allows to board different sensors and perform both acquisitions that follow the ideal photogrammetric epipolar geometry but also acquisitions with geometry variations that favor a more complete and reliable reconstruction by avoiding occlusions. This versatile pole photogrammetry system has been successfully used to 3D reconstruct and document the “Cueva Pintada” archaeological site located in Gran Canaria (Spain), of approximately 5400 m2 with a Canon EOS 5D MARK II SLR digital camera. As final products: (i) a great quality photorealistic 3D model of 1.47 mm resolution and ±8.4 mm accuracy, (ii) detailed orthophotos of the main assets of the archaeological remains and (iii) a visor 3D with associated information on the structures, materials and plans of the site were obtained.

Design and Production of Wireless Micro Sensor Node Based on Printed Electronics Technology

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Guo ◽  
H. Zhou ◽  
J. Wei ◽  
Z. Wei
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Printed Electronics ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Micro Sensor ◽  
Design Requirements ◽  
Internet Of Things Technology ◽  
Important Design

With the wide applications of Internet of Things technology, the design and fabrication of small size sensor nodes with high sensitivity at low cost will be the main direction of development. In this paper, the important design requirements and design drivers for the manufacturing of wireless micro sensor node based on printed electronics technology are analysed and reviewed. The micro-sensor nodes fabricated can be powered with solar cell. The production cost could be effectively reduced and the life of the system is extended. The sensor nodes could be widely used for real-time monitoring in wide areas.

scholarly journals Development of a Real-Time Force and Temperature Sensing System with MEMS-LSI Integrated Tactile Sensors for Next-Generation Robots

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-332
Author(s):  
Masanori Muroyama ◽  
Hideki Hirano ◽  
Chenzhong Shao ◽  
Shuji Tanaka ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Architecture ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Temperature Compensation ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Force Sensing ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Sensing System ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Force Data

This study proposes a sensing system that can sense force and temperature at the same time. The system consists of MEMS-LSI integrated tactile sensor devices called sensor nodes, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) based relay node, and a host PC. For real-time temperature and force data acquisition, a time-sharing force and temperature task processing mechanism was implemented with a dedicated computer architecture in the FPGA configuration and the host program. This study firstly reports the temperature dependency analysis of a capacitive sensor readout circuit in the sensor node by circuit-level simulation. With a fabricated sensor node, sensor output data were measured and analyzed with varying temperatures and applied force. Based on the measured data, linear multiple regression equations for temperature compensation of sensed force data were developed. In the temperature range of 24.8°C–60°C, the average/maximum force errors when considering the temperature effect were −0.98%/65% without the compensation, and 0.072%/17% with the compensation, respectively. One cycle time of temperature and force sensing for one sensor node was 113 ms on average. The experimental results showed that real-time temperature and force sensing and temperature compensation for accurate force sensing could be achieved successfully. The study also demonstrated the system with hot-coffee cup and finger touch examples.

scholarly journals Use of Wi-Fi sensor network in measuring occupancy and people circulation in buildings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kam Ng
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Single Node ◽  
Duration Of Stay ◽  
The People ◽  
Open Mesh ◽  
Measurement Area

This research project investigated the potential in using a Wi‐Fi sensor network composed of Open Mesh sensor nodes to measure both localized and non‐localized occupants in the Architecture Building at Ryerson University with two different sensor node configurations. It also experimented with the use of Raspberry Pi, a low‐cost infrared motion sensor, as a people counter. The results show that the proposed sensor network is not capable of measuring non‐localized (transient) occupants due to their short duration of stay in the measurement area. The number of non‐localized occupants and their duration of stay can be more accurately measured by the people counter. As for localized (in one location for longer periods) occupants, the results find that while the proposed system cannot provide an accurate occupant count, it can produce a fairly accurate overall occupancy pattern under both perimeter node and single node configurations

Programming Body Sensor Networks

2008 ◽  
pp. 1101-1110
Author(s):  
Gervásio Iwens ◽  
Hervaldo Sampaio Carval ◽  
Talles Marcelo Gonçalves de Andrade Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Node ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Body Sensor Networks ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Run Time ◽  
Deployment Time ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Definition Of

According to Barbosa, Sene, Carvalho, da Rocha, Nascimento, and Camapum (2006), two important concepts related to programmability in BSNs are: (i) deployment-time programmability, and (ii) run-time set-up. The deployment-time programmability refers to the definition of software artifacts and algorithms that are embedded in the sensor node. In BSNs, the inclusion of this functionality requires a programming interface that is suitable for healthcare personnel, as well as intelligent compilers. Intelligent compilers should be capable of handling implicit functional and nonfunctional requisites of a program. As an example, the inclusion of mechanisms and policies for energy saving could be treated by these structures. The run-time set-up refers to the capability for adjustments in run-time. The BSN should provide interactivity between the healthcare professional (the BSN manager) and the system. As a requisite, sensor nodes need mechanisms that allow a better control of the tasks that are being run. A possible solution is the use of data structures that allow preemptive multitasking. The goal of this article is to present the current state of the art, regarding programmability in BSNs. Moreover, we want to present potential benefits of a paradigm shift in which healthcare professionals become the actual programmers and maintainers of the BSNs. With that in mind, we briefly present a software architecture that has been developed with the goal of allowing programmability at network and sensor node levels.

scholarly journals Use of Wi-Fi sensor network in measuring occupancy and people circulation in buildings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kam Ng
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Single Node ◽  
Duration Of Stay ◽  
The People ◽  
Open Mesh ◽  
Measurement Area

This research project investigated the potential in using a Wi‐Fi sensor network composed of Open Mesh sensor nodes to measure both localized and non‐localized occupants in the Architecture Building at Ryerson University with two different sensor node configurations. It also experimented with the use of Raspberry Pi, a low‐cost infrared motion sensor, as a people counter. The results show that the proposed sensor network is not capable of measuring non‐localized (transient) occupants due to their short duration of stay in the measurement area. The number of non‐localized occupants and their duration of stay can be more accurately measured by the people counter. As for localized (in one location for longer periods) occupants, the results find that while the proposed system cannot provide an accurate occupant count, it can produce a fairly accurate overall occupancy pattern under both perimeter node and single node configurations

Recent Advances in Impedance-Based Wireless Sensor Nodes

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Farinholt ◽  
Stuart G. Taylor ◽  
Timothy G. Overly ◽  
Gyuhae Park ◽  
Charles R. Farrar
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Piezoelectric Transducers ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Active Sensor ◽  
Impedance Sensor

This paper presents recent developments in an extremely compact, wireless impedance sensor node for use in structural health monitoring (SHM). The sensor node uses a low-cost integrated circuit that can measure and record the electric impedance of a piezoelectric active-sensor. The sensor node also integrates several components, including a microcontroller for local computing, telemetry for wireless data transmission, multiplexers for managing up to seven piezoelectric transducers per node, energy storage mediums, and several triggering options including a wireless triggering circuit into one package to truly realize a comprehensive, self-contained wireless active-sensor node for SHM applications. It is estimated that this sensor node requires less than 75 mW of total power to operate measurement, computation and data transmission. In addition, the sensor node can also be used for the active-sensor self-diagnostic process that can monitor the operational condition of piezoelectric transducers used in SHM applications. The performance of this miniaturized and portable device is compared to our previous results and its broader capabilities are demonstrated.

scholarly journals A PUF- and Biometric-Based Lightweight Hardware Solution to Increase Security at Sensor Nodes

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 2429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosario Arjona ◽  
Miguel Prada-Delgado ◽  
Javier Arcenegui ◽  
Iluminada Baturone
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Node ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Fingerprint Recognition ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Sensitive Data ◽  
Biometric Data ◽  
Physically Unclonable Functions ◽  
Secret Keys

Security is essential in sensor nodes which acquire and transmit sensitive data. However, the constraints of processing, memory and power consumption are very high in these nodes. Cryptographic algorithms based on symmetric key are very suitable for them. The drawback is that secure storage of secret keys is required. In this work, a low-cost solution is presented to obfuscate secret keys with Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs), which exploit the hardware identity of the node. In addition, a lightweight fingerprint recognition solution is proposed, which can be implemented in low-cost sensor nodes. Since biometric data of individuals are sensitive, they are also obfuscated with PUFs. Both solutions allow authenticating the origin of the sensed data with a proposed dual-factor authentication protocol. One factor is the unique physical identity of the trusted sensor node that measures them. The other factor is the physical presence of the legitimate individual in charge of authorizing their transmission. Experimental results are included to prove how the proposed PUF-based solution can be implemented with the SRAMs of commercial Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) chips which belong to the communication module of the sensor node. Implementation results show how the proposed fingerprint recognition based on the novel texture-based feature named QFingerMap16 (QFM) can be implemented fully inside a low-cost sensor node. Robustness, security and privacy issues at the proposed sensor nodes are discussed and analyzed with experimental results from PUFs and fingerprints taken from public and standard databases.

scholarly journals Low Cost Sensor Node Device for Monitoring Landslides

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukman Awaludin ◽  
Oktaf Agni Dhewa
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Large Space ◽  
Monitoring Process ◽  
Early Warning Mechanism

Landslides are one of the natural disasters that often occur in Indonesia. Therefore, this disaster cannot be eliminated, but it can minimize the disadvantage caused by an early warning mechanism. Early warning systems rely on a sensor node used to read soil conditions with specific parameters. Those parameters that are read lead to the detection of mass movements. With the tightness of the monitoring process, of course, a reliable sensor node is needed. However, there are challenges in how to minimize losses that occur due to damage to sensor nodes when landslides occur. Sensor nodes are made using IMU sensors to monitor mass movements and its use two processors, namely microcontroller and mini SBC, which are inexpensive to manufacture and do not require large space in the installation.

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