scholarly journals Polyelectrolytes Assembly: A Powerful Tool for Electrochemical Sensing Application

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 3211
Author(s):  
Ivana Škugor Rončević ◽  
Denis Krivić ◽  
Maša Buljac ◽  
Nives Vladislavić ◽  
Marijo Buzuk
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
System Development ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Electronic Communications ◽  
Sensing Systems ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Coating Methods

The development of sensing coatings, as important sensor elements that integrate functionality, simplicity, chemical stability, and physical stability, has been shown to play a major role in electrochemical sensing system development trends. Simple and versatile assembling procedures and scalability make polyelectrolytes highly convenient for use in electrochemical sensing applications. Polyelectrolytes are mainly used in electrochemical sensor architectures for entrapping (incorporation, immobilization, etc.) various materials into sensing layers. These materials can often increase sensitivity, selectivity, and electronic communications with the electrode substrate, and they can mediate electron transfer between an analyte and transducer. Analytical performance can be significantly improved by the synergistic effect of materials (sensing material, transducer, and mediator) present in these composites. As most reported methods for the preparation of polyelectrolyte-based sensing layers are layer-by-layer and casting/coating methods, this review focuses on the use of the latter methods in the development of electrochemical sensors within the last decade. In contrast to many reviews related to electrochemical sensors that feature polyelectrolytes, this review is focused on architectures of sensing layers and the role of polyelectrolytes in the development of sensing systems. Additionally, the role of polyelectrolytes in the preparation and modification of various nanoparticles, nanoprobes, reporter probes, nanobeads, etc. that are used in electrochemical sensing systems is also reviewed.

scholarly journals Utilising Commercially Fabricated Printed Circuit Boards as an Electrochemical Biosensing Platform

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 793
Author(s):  
Uroš Zupančič ◽  
Joshua Rainbow ◽  
Pedro Estrela ◽  
Despina Moschou
Keyword(s):  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Circuit Boards ◽  
Printed Circuit ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensing ◽  
Pre Treatment

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) offer a promising platform for the development of electronics-assisted biomedical diagnostic sensors and microsystems. The long-standing industrial basis offers distinctive advantages for cost-effective, reproducible, and easily integrated sample-in-answer-out diagnostic microsystems. Nonetheless, the commercial techniques used in the fabrication of PCBs produce various contaminants potentially degrading severely their stability and repeatability in electrochemical sensing applications. Herein, we analyse for the first time such critical technological considerations, allowing the exploitation of commercial PCB platforms as reliable electrochemical sensing platforms. The presented electrochemical and physical characterisation data reveal clear evidence of both organic and inorganic sensing electrode surface contaminants, which can be removed using various pre-cleaning techniques. We demonstrate that, following such pre-treatment rules, PCB-based electrodes can be reliably fabricated for sensitive electrochemical biosensors. Herein, we demonstrate the applicability of the methodology both for labelled protein (procalcitonin) and label-free nucleic acid (E. coli-specific DNA) biomarker quantification, with observed limits of detection (LoD) of 2 pM and 110 pM, respectively. The proposed optimisation of surface pre-treatment is critical in the development of robust and sensitive PCB-based electrochemical sensors for both clinical and environmental diagnostics and monitoring applications.

scholarly journals A Review on Impedimetric and Voltammetric Analysis Based on Polypyrrole Conducting Polymers for Electrochemical Sensing Applications

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2728
Author(s):  
Nurul Akmaliah Dzulkurnain ◽  
Marliyana Mokhtar ◽  
Jahwarhar Izuan Abdul Rashid ◽  
Victor Feizal Knight ◽  
Wan Md Zin Wan Yunus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conducting Polymers ◽  
Electrochemical Sensor ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Electrochemical Analysis ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Voltammetric Analysis ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Sensing Material

Conducting polymers have been widely used in electrochemical sensors as receptors of the sensing signal’s analytes and transducers. Polypyrrole (PPy) conducting polymers are highlighted due to their good electrical conductive properties, ease in preparation, and flexibility of surface characteristics. The objective of this review paper is to discuss the theoretical background of the two main types of electrochemical detection: impedimetric and voltammetric analysis. It also reviews the application and results obtained from these two electrochemical detections when utilizing PPy as a based sensing material in electrochemical sensor. Finally, related aspects in electrochemical sensor construction using PPy will also be discussed. It is anticipated that this review will provide researchers, especially those without an electrochemical analysis background, with an easy-to-understand summary of the concepts and technologies used in electrochemical sensor research, particularly those interested in utilizing PPy as a based sensing material.

Soft, Disruptive, and Wearable Electrochemical Biosensors

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quanxia Lyu ◽  
Shu Gong ◽  
Jennifer M. Dyson ◽  
Wenlong Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensors ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Sensing Systems ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensing ◽  
Cell Tissue ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Personalized Health

Background: Soft wearable electrochemical biosensors are increasing attention over the past several years due to their potential for non-invasive personalized health monitoring in real-time and in-situ. Objective: Herein, we cover the design, fabrication, and applications of soft electrochemical sensing systems. Firstly, we describe key design requirements for fabricating the mechanically compliant electrochemical biosensors. This is followed by a description of typical sensor configurations and the detecting methodologies. Next, on-body soft electrochemical biosensing and cell/tissue-based “wearable” sensing applications are summarized. Detection of key biochemical markers, including metabolites (glucose, lactate, uric acid, and ethanol), electrolytes (Na+ and K+), nutrients (vitamin C), hormones (cortisol), and proteins (TNF-α), as well as cellular signalling molecules (nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and serotonin), are the focus of the discussion in this review. Conclusion: We conclude the review with discussions on future opportunities and challenges of the soft and wearable electrochemical biosensors.

scholarly journals Mo-Based Layered Nanostructures for the Electrochemical Sensing of Biomolecules

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 5404
Author(s):  
Rayhane Zribi ◽  
Giovanni Neri
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Properties ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Layered Compounds ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Layered Nanostructures ◽  
2D Nanomaterials

Mo-based layered nanostructures are two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with outstanding characteristics and very promising electrochemical properties. These materials comprise nanosheets of molybdenum (Mo) oxides (MoO2 and MoO3), dichalcogenides (MoS2, MoSe2, MoTe2), and carbides (MoC2), which find application in electrochemical devices for energy storage and generation. In this feature paper, we present the most relevant characteristics of such Mo-based layered compounds and their use as electrode materials in electrochemical sensors. In particular, the aspects related to synthesis methods, structural and electronic characteristics, and the relevant electrochemical properties, together with applications in the specific field of electrochemical biomolecule sensing, are reviewed. The main features, along with the current status, trends, and potentialities for biomedical sensing applications, are described, highlighting the peculiar properties of Mo-based 2D-nanomaterials in this field.

Carbon Nanotubes, Nanofibers and Nanospikes for Electrochemical Sensing: A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (03) ◽  
pp. 1740008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aysha S. Shanta ◽  
Khandakar A. Al Mamun ◽  
Syed K. Islam ◽  
Nicole McFarlane ◽  
Dale K. Hensley
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Carbon Nanostructures ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Defect Sites ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Bonding Properties

The structural and material properties of carbon based sensors have spurred their use in biosensing applications. Carbon electrodes are advantageous for electrochemical sensors due to their increased electroactive surface areas, enhanced electron transfer, and increased adsorption of target molecules. The bonding properties of carbon allows it to form a variety of crystal structures. This paper performs a comparative review of carbon nanostructures for electrochemical sensing applications. The review specifically compares carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon nanofibers (CNF), and carbon nanospikes (CNS). These carbon nanostructures possess defect sites and oxygen functional groups that aid in electron transfer and adsorption processes.

scholarly journals Carbon Nanotube-Based Electrochemical Sensors: Principles  and  Applications  in  Biomedical  Systems

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengguo Hu ◽  
Shengshui Hu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Direct Electron Transfer ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Biomedical Systems ◽  
Good Biocompatibility ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have received considerable attention in the field of electrochemical sensing, due to their unique structural, electronic and chemical properties, for instance, unique tubular nanostructure, large specific surface, excellent conductivity, modifiable sidewall, high conductivity, good biocompatibility, and so on. Here, we tried to give a comprehensive review on some important aspects of the applications of CNT-based electrochemical sensors in biomedical systems, including the electrochemical nature of CNTs, the methods for dispersing CNTs in solution, the approaches to the immobilization of functional CNT sensing films on electrodes, and the extensive biomedical applications of the CNT-based electrochemical sensors. In the last section, we mainly focused on the applications of CNT-based electrochemical sensors in the analysis of various biological substances and drugs, the methods for constructing enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors and the direct electron transfer of redox proteins on CNTs. Because several crucial factors (e.g., the surface properties of carbon nanotubes, the methods for constructing carbon nanotube electrodes and the manners for electrochemical sensing applications) predominated the analytical performances of carbon nanotube electrodes, a systematical comprehension of the related knowledge was essential to the acquaintance, mastery and development of carbon nanotube-based electrochemical sensors.

Graphene Nanoribbon Based Gas Sensor

2013 ◽  
Vol 553 ◽  
pp. 7-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Javad Kiani ◽  
M.T. Ahmadi ◽  
E. Akbari ◽  
H. Karimi ◽  
F.K. Che Harun
Keyword(s):  
Gate Voltage ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Quantum Confinement Effect ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Electrochemical Catalysis ◽  
Gas Concentration ◽  
Sensing Systems ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Base Structure

Mono layer graphene (MLG) as a new kind of advanced material is in our focus. MLG indicates a twodimensional structure with quantum confinement effect in its thickness. The MLG based nanomaterial has remarkable potential on electrochemical catalysis and bio-sensing applications. Recently inter sheet sensing systems for graphene sensor have been reported which will be used in our model as well. We provide a new idea of electrochemical sensors based on the graphene application. In this paper carrier the concentration on the sensor as a function of gas concentration is reported. A field effect transistor (FET) base structure as a modeling platform is proposed. Gate voltage representing the gas concentration on the sensor, or in other words the gate voltage as a function of gas concentration can be employed. Finally the proposed model is used in simulation studies and evaluated by experimental result.

The Role of Hydrophobicity in the Stability and pH-Switchability of (RXDX)4 and Coumarin-RXDX Conjugate β-Sheets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Weber ◽  
Martin McCullagh
Keyword(s):  
Biological Imaging ◽  
Ph Sensing ◽  
Hydrophobic Residue ◽  
Ideal Candidate ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Β Sheets ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

<p>pH-switchable, self-assembling materials are of interest in biological imaging and sensing applications. Here we propose that combining the pH-switchability of RXDX (X=Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Phe) peptides and the optical properties of coumarin creates an ideal candidate for these materials. This suggestion is tested with a thorough set of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. We first investigate the dependence of pH-switchabiliy on the identity of the hydrophobic residue, X, in the bare (RXDX)<sub>4</sub> systems. Increasing the hydrophobicity stabilizes the fiber which, in turn, reduces the pH-switchabilty of the system. This behavior is found to be somewhat transferable to systems in which a single hydrophobic residue is replaced with a coumarin containing amino acid. In this case, conjugates with X=Ala are found to be unstable and both pHs while conjugates with X=Val, Leu, Ile and Phe are found to form stable β-sheets at least at neutral pH. The (RFDF)<sub>4</sub>-coumarin conjugate is found to have the largest relative entropy value of 0.884 +/- 0.001 between neutral and acidic coumarin ordering distributions. Thus, we posit that coumarin-(RFDF)<sub>4</sub> containing peptide sequences are ideal candidates for pH-sensing bioelectronic materials.</p>

Well-defined polyindole–Au NPs nanobrush as a platform for electrochemical oxidation of ethanol

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Warczak ◽  
Marianna Gniadek ◽  
Kamil Hermanowski ◽  
Magdalena Osial
Keyword(s):  
Conducting Polymers ◽  
Hybrid Material ◽  
Noble Metals ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Energy Conversion Devices

Abstract Over the recent decades, conducting polymers have received great interest in many fields including microelectronics, energy conversion devices, and biosensing due to their unique properties like electrical conductivity, stability, and simple synthesis. Modification of conducting polymers with noble metals e.g. gold enhances their properties and opens new opportunities to also apply them in other fields like electrocatalysis. Here, we focus on the synthesis of hybrid material based on polyindole (PIN) nanobrush modified with gold nanoparticles and its application towards electrooxidation of ethanol. The paper presents systematic studies from synthesis to electrochemical sensing applications. For the characterization of PIN–Au composites, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses were used. The electrocatalytic performance of the proposed hybrid material towards alcohol oxidation was studied in alkaline media by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. The results show that PIN–Au hybrid can be employed as an effective and sensitive platform for the detection of alcohols, which makes it a promising material in electrocatalysis or sensors. Moreover, the proposed composite exhibits electrocatalytic activity towards ethanol oxidation, which combined with its good long-term stability opens the opportunity for its application in fuel cells.

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