scholarly journals Study Analysis of Thermal, Dielectric, and Functional Characteristics of an Ethylene Polyethylene Diene Monomer Blended with End-of-Life Tire Microparticles Amounts

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 509
Author(s):  
Marc Marín-Genescà ◽  
Ramon Mujal-Rosas ◽  
Jordi García-Amorós ◽  
Miguel Mudarra ◽  
Xavier Ramis Juan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Electric Modulus ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Interfacial Polarization ◽  
Dielectric Behavior ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Thermal Tests ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Industrial Use

The recycling and disposal of disused tires is a topic of great concern to today’s companies, researchers, and society in general. In this sense, our research aims to recycle end-of-life tires (GTRs) through the separation of the fraction of vulcanized rubber from the other compounds in order to later grind this fraction and separate it into lower particle sizes. Finally, we aim to incorporate these GTR particles as a filler of an ethylene-polyethylene-diene monomer (EPDM). The obtained composites with EPDM and GTR are tested (5%, 10%, 20%) comparing these values with neat EPDM as a control sample. Thermal tests such as differential calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) as well as dielectric tests (DEA) are performed in order to characterize these materials and check their viability as dielectric or semiconductor, for industrial use. It is checked how the presence of GTR increases functional properties such as conductivity/permittivity. The influence of temperature (40 to 120 °C) and addition of GTR particles in electrical properties has also been analyzed. The dielectric behavior of these composites is fully characterized, analyzing the different types of relaxation with increasing frequency (10 mHz to 3 MHz), using the electric modulus, and Argand diagrams among other measures. The influence of GTR and temperature in the dielectric and thermal behavior of these materials has been analyzed, where CB of GTR creates interfacial polarization phenomena in the dielectric behavior of the composite and increases the permittivity (real and imaginary) as well as the conductivity. Finally, with these obtained properties, the possible application of EPDM/GTR composites as industrial dielectrics has been studied.

scholarly journals Application Properties Analysis as a Dielectric Capacitor of End-of-Life Tire-Reinforced HDPE

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Marín-Genescà ◽  
Jordi García-Amorós ◽  
Ramon Mujal-Rosas ◽  
Lluís Massagués Vidal ◽  
Xavier Colom Fajula
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Polymeric Composite ◽  
Interfacial Polarization ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Electrical Behavior ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Different Temperatures

The purpose of the present research is to obtain waste of polymeric composite as an insulator capacitive application. Rubber materials, once they end their useful life, may be difficult to reuse or recycle. At present, research only uses one tire recycling method, which involves grinding and separating steel and fibers from vulcanized rubber, and then using the rubber particles for industrial capacitors. The methodology for this research is to compare the permittivity (ε′ and ε″) between high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and the polymer matrix compound, consisting of an HDPE polymeric matrix blended with end-of-life tire particles (ground tire rubber (GTR)), to analyze the feasibility of using such tires as electrically insulating materials (dielectrics). The incorporation of carbon black in the GTR compounds modifies conductivity; GTRs carry a significant amount of carbon black, and therefore some electrical properties may change significantly compared to highly insulating polymer substrates. The performed experimental study is based on a dynamic electric analysis (DEA) test developed in the frequency range of 10−2 Hz to 3 MHz and at different temperatures (from 35 to 70 °C) of different samples type: HDPE neat and HDPE compounds with 10%, 20% and 40% of GTR loads. A sample’s electrical behavior is checked for its dependence on frequency and temperature, focused on the permittivity property; this is a key property for capacitive insulators and is key for examining the possible applications in this field, for HDPE + GTR blends. Results for the permittivity behavior and the loss factor show different electrical behavior. For a neat HDPE sample, no dependence with frequency nor temperature is shown. However, with the addition of 10%, 20%, and 40% amount of GTR the HDPE compounds show different behaviors: for low frequencies, interfacial polarization relaxation is seen, due to the Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars (MWS) effect, performed in heterogeneous materials. In order to analyze thermal and morphological properties the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been used. Results obtained show that adding waste tire particles in an HDPE matrix allows HDPE + 40% GTR blends to act as a dielectric in capacitors, increasing the capacitor dielectric efficiency in the low frequencies due to the MWS effect, which increases the dielectric constant.

scholarly journals A general database of hydrometeor single scattering properties at microwave and sub-millimetre wavelengths

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Eriksson ◽  
Robin Ekelund ◽  
Jana Mendrok ◽  
Manfred Brath ◽  
Oliver Lemke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Particle Orientation ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Orientation Data ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Rain Drops ◽  
Cloud Ice ◽  
Random Particle

Abstract. A main limitation today in simulations and inversions of microwave observations of ice hydrometeors (cloud ice, snow, hail ...) is the lack of data describing the interaction between electromagnetic waves and the particles. To improve the situation, the development of a comprehensive dataset of such "scattering properties" has been started. The database aims at giving a broad coverage in both frequency (1 to 886 GHz) and temperature (190 to 270 K), to support both passive and active current and planned measurements, and to provide data corresponding to the full Stokes vector. This first version of the database is restricted to totally random particle orientation. Data for 34 particle sets, i.e. habits, have been generated. About 17 of the habits can be classified as single crystals, three habits can be seen as heavily rimed particles, and remaining habits are aggregates of different types, representing e.g. snow and hail. The particle sizes considered vary between the habits, but a maximum diameter of 10 and 20 mm are typical values for the largest single crystal and aggregate particles, respectively, and the number of sizes per habit is at least 30. Particles containing liquid water are also inside the scope of the database, but this phase of water is so far only represented by a liquid sphere habit. The database is built upon the netCDF4 file format. Interfaces to browse, extract and convert data for selected radiative transfer models are provided in Matlab and Python. The database and associated tools are publically available from Zenedo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1175572 and https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1175588, respectively). Planned extensions include non-spherical rain drops, melting particles and a second orientation case that can be denoted as azimuthally random.

scholarly journals Physicochemical, Sensory Properties and Lipid Oxidation of Chicken Sausages Supplemented with Three Types of Seaweed

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11347
Author(s):  
Elisha Munsu ◽  
Hana Mohd Zaini ◽  
Patricia Matanjun ◽  
Noorakmar Ab Wahab ◽  
Nurul Shaeera Sulaiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
Kappaphycus Alvarezii ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
High Water ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Phenolic Contents ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Water Holding

The effect of the addition of three types of tropical edible seaweeds, Kappaphycus alvarezii (KA), Sargassum polycystum (SP), and Caulerpa lentilifira (CL), on sausages were studied. Nine sausage formulations with three levels of inclusion (2%, 4%, and 6%) of each seaweed were prepared, analysed, and compared with the control sample (without seaweed) in terms of their physicochemical properties, total phenolic content, and lipid oxidation. The modified sausages had low moisture and fat content (p < 0.05) but high ash and dietary fiber content (p < 0.05) compared to the control sausage. The addition of seaweed powder changed the texture of the sausages, mainly its hardness and chewiness (p < 0.05), but no significant difference in cohesiveness and springiness was found (p < 0.05). The modified sausages were shown to have high water holding capacities and cooking yields. The different types of seaweed modified the colour of the chicken sausages differently. In general, the L* (brightness) and b* (yellowness) values was low for all sausage samples containing seaweed powder (p < 0.05), while the a* (redness) value increased with the addition of the KA and SP seaweed powder but decreased for the sausage sample with added CL seaweed powder (p < 0.05). Moreover, the modified sausages have higher total phenolic contents and high antioxidant capacities, which contributed to slowing the oxidation of lipid in sausages during storage (p < 0.05). Sensory evaluation showed that the panellists found up to 4% of KA and 2% of SP to be acceptable. Overall, the seaweeds, especially KA and SP, could potentially be developed as excellent additives for the manufacture of highly technological high-quality meat products.

scholarly journals Size-segregated characteristics of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and organic matter in particulate matter (PM) emitted from different types of ships in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 1549-1564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Hai Guo ◽  
Yingjun Chen ◽  
Volker Matthias ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Particle Mass ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Marine Diesel

Abstract. Studies of detailed chemical compositions in particles with different size ranges emitted from ships are in serious shortage. In this study, size-segregated distributions and characteristics of particle mass, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), 16 EPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 25 n-alkanes measured aboard 12 different vessels in China are presented. The results showed the following. (1) More than half of the total particle mass, OC, EC, PAHs and n-alkanes were concentrated in fine particles with aerodynamic diameter (Dp) < 1.1 µm for most of the tested ships. The relative contributions of OC, EC, PAH and alkanes to the size-segregated particle mass are decreasing with the increase in particle size. However, different types of ships showed quite different particle-size-dependent chemical compositions. (2) In fine particles, the OC and EC were the dominant components, while in coarse particles, OC and EC only accounted for very small proportions. With the increase in particle size, the OC / EC ratios first decreased and then increased, having the lowest values for particle sizes between 0.43 and 1.1 µm. (3) Out of the four OC fragments and three EC fragments obtained in thermal–optical analysis, OC1, OC2 and OC3 were the dominant OC fragments for all the tested ships, while EC1 and EC2 were the main EC fragments for ships running on heavy fuel oil (HFO) and marine-diesel fuel, respectively; different OC and EC fragments presented different distributions in different particle sizes. (4) The four-stroke low-power diesel fishing boat (4-LDF) had much higher PAH emission ratios than the four-stroke high-power marine-diesel vessel (4-HMV) and two-stroke high-power heavy-fuel-oil vessel (2-HHV) in fine particles, and 2-HHV had the lowest values. (5) PAHs and n-alkanes showed different profile patterns for different types of ships and also between different particle-size bins, which meant that the particle size should be considered when source apportionment is conducted. It is also noteworthy from the results in this study that the smaller the particle size, the more toxic the particle was, especially for the fishing boats in China.

scholarly journals Study and Characterization of the Dielectric Behavior of Low Linear Density Polyethylene Composites Mixed with Ground Tire Rubber Particles

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Marín-Genescà ◽  
Jordi García-Amorós ◽  
Ramon Mujal-Rosas ◽  
Lluís Massagués ◽  
Xavier Colom
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Dielectric Behavior ◽  
Electrical Cable ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Compound Material ◽  
Useful Life

The waste rubber vulcanizate, on account of its stable, cross-linked and three-dimensional structural arrangement, is difficult to biodegrade. Thus, the ever-increasing bulk of worn-out tires is a serious environmental issue and its safe disposal is still a challenging task reported widely by the scientific community. The rubber materials, once they end their useful life, may present difficulties to be reused or recycled. At present, only one tire recycling method is used, which involves grinding and separating steel and fibers from vulcanized rubber, and then using rubber for industrial applications, such as flooring, insulation, footwear. In this paper, a new compound material is presented from a base of reused tire powder (Ground Tire Rubber: GTR) as a mixer and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) as a matrix. The reused tire powder, resulting from grinding industrial processes, is separated by sieving into just one category of particle size (<200 μm) and mixed with the LLDPE in different amounts (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 50% and 70% GTR). Due to the good electrical properties of the LLDPE, this study’s focus is settled on the electrical behavior of the obtained composites. The test of the dielectric behavior is carried out by means of DEA test (Dynamic Electric Analysis), undertaken at a range of temperatures varying from 30 to 120 °C, and with a range of frequencies from 1 to 102, to 3·106 Hz, from which permittivity, conductivity, dielectric constant and electric modulus have been obtained. From these experimental results and their analysis, it can be drawn that the additions of different quantities of GTR to LLDPE could be used as industrial applications, such as universal electrical cable joint, filler for electrical applications or cable tray systems and cable ladder system.

Test of the Applicability of Dielectric Loss Measurements to the Study of the Aging of Pure-Gum Rubber Mixtures

1955 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 420-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Henri-Robert
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Protective Agent ◽  
Broad Distribution ◽  
Valuable Data ◽  
Dielectric Absorption ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Polar Groups ◽  
Different Types ◽  
High Level

Abstract The measurement of the dielectric properties at radioelectric frequencies requires a technique and apparatus which are too delicate to serve at the present time as a practical test of the aging of vulcanized rubber. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of research, the dielectric method should furnish valuable data on the way in which oxygen tends to combine with rubber according to the particular conditions of aging. Thus, it has been found in aging tests of three different types of vulcanizates containing no protective agent that there is an increase of polarity, which is in some cases great, an increase of the dielectric viscosity, and a broad distribution of polar groups, formed by oxidation, between the different types of structures. The dielectric absorption leads in particular to the same classification of vulcanizates as do the classic methods of measuring oxidizability and decrease of tensile strength. Finally, in addition, measurement of the dielectric absorption makes possible the estimation at a high level of sensitivity of the degree of polarity of oxidation products.

Study on Flexible Fatigue Properties of Nature Rubber with Different Styrene-Butadiene Rubber

2016 ◽  
Vol 717 ◽  
pp. 57-61
Author(s):  
Wei Liu ◽  
Zhong Cun Bao ◽  
Cheng Zhong Zong
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Service Life ◽  
Special Structure ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Flexible fatigue properties is an important property of rubber, it can reflect the service life of rubber products. Different types of SSBR were used in the vulcanized rubber with NR contributed different to the flexible fatigue properties. In this paper, 5 different types of SSBR with special structure were used to study the mechanical properties, thermal properties and the flexible fatigue properties. In a result, with different types SSBR, the vulcanized rubber show different basic mechanical properties and flexible fatigue properties, but little effect to the hardness and stretching stress. Above all these SSBR, RC2564S is the best which contribute to flexible fatigue properties.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF 14C AND TGA TECHNIQUES FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF THE BIOMASS CONTENT OF END-OF-LIFE TIRES

2014 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 664-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia Saiz-Rodríguez ◽  
José María Bermejo-Muñoz ◽  
Andrés Rodríguez-Díaz ◽  
Alberto Fernández-Torres ◽  
Antonio Rubinos-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Rubber Content ◽  
Thermogravimetric Method ◽  
Precise Method ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Reference Samples

ABSTRACT Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and 14C techniques were compared for the determination of the biomass content of end-of-life tires (ELTs). Samples of different types (of ELTs) were prepared, and the biomass fraction of each sample was measured using the two methods (TGA and 14C). Six reference samples were also prepared with known quantities of natural rubber and stearic acid in order to establish the calibration curve necessary for the thermogravimetric analysis and to verify the accuracy of the results of the 14C analysis. The conclusions were that the 14C technique is the more valid, reliable, and precise method for determining the biomass content of end-of-life tires, since the results of the 14C tests of the reference samples coincided perfectly with the actual natural rubber and stearic acid content. On the other hand, the results of the thermogravimetric method differed considerably from the known natural rubber content of the reference samples as well as from the results of the 14C technique. This method is therefore not appropriate for use in determining the biomass content of end-of-life tires.

scholarly journals Effects of different types of herbs on colour and texture properties of Kashar cheese

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-127
Author(s):  
Engin Aydın ◽  
Zekai Tarakçı
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Urtica Dioica ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Petroselinum Crispum ◽  
Elastic Parameters ◽  
Texture Profile ◽  
Texture Properties ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Textural Parameters

In this study, six types of Kashar cheese, five with added herbs and one without any additives, which is determined as a control sample were produced. Urtica dioica L. (nettle), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Mentha piperita (mint) and Eruca vesicaria (arugula), Chaerophyllum byzantinum Boiss. (mendek) were added to cheese clot in proportion as 0.1% amounting to 0.1-0.3 cm split particles depending on the milk used. Then, all the cheeses were vacuum-packed and ripened at 7 ±1°C for 3 months, and their L*, a*, b* colour values and textural parameters including resilience, hardness, elasticity, gumminess, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, and chewiness were determined using texture profile analyses (TPA). It was observed that neither cohesiveness, adhesiveness and elastic parameters of texture profile differed in terms of cheese type, nor important statistical difference was identified (P˃0.10), differences regarding the ripening process found out though (P<0.05).

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