scholarly journals Characterization of Electrical Heating Performance of CFDM 3D-Printed Graphene/Polylactic Acid (PLA) Horseshoe Pattern with Different 3D Printing Directions

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2955
Author(s):  
Hyelim Kim ◽  
Sunhee Lee
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Surface Resistivity ◽  
Electrical Heating ◽  
Process Technology ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Printing Direction

This study manufactured a horseshoe pattern (HP)-type electrical heating element based on a graphene/polylactic acid (GR/PLA) filament using CFDM (conveyor-fused deposition modeling) 3D printing technology, which is a new manufacturing process technology. CFDM 3D printing HP was fabricated in the different printing directions of 0°, 45°, and 90°. To confirm the effects of different 3D printing directions, the morphology, surface resistivity, and electrical heating properties of the different HPs were analyzed. In addition, the CFDM 3D-printed HPs made using different printing directions were printed on cotton fabric to confirm their applicability as fabric heating elements, and their electrical heating properties were measured. Regarding the morphology of the GR/PLA-HP, each sample was stacked according to the printing direction. It was also confirmed through FE-SEM images that the graphene was arranged according to the printing direction in which the nozzle moved. In the XRD pattern analysis, the GR/PLA-HP samples showed two diffraction peaks of PLA and graphene. The sizes of those peaks were increased in the order of 90° < 45° ≤ 0° according to the printing direction, which also affected the electrical and electric heating properties. The surface resistivities of the GR/PLA-HP samples were shown to be increased in the order of 0° < 45° < 90°, indicating that the electrical properties of GR/PLA HP printed at 0° were improved compared to those of the other samples. When 30 V was applied to three GR/PLA-HP samples according to the printing direction, the surface temperatures were decreased in the order of 0° < 45° < 90°, and the samples were indicated as 83.6, 80.6, and 52.5 °C, respectively; the same result was shown when the samples were printed on cotton fabric. Therefore, it was confirmed that the GR/PLA CFDM 3D-printed HP sample printed at 0° direction showed low surface resistivity and high surface temperature, so that improving the electrical heating properties.

scholarly journals The Impact of Defects on Tensile Strength and Modulus of 3D Printed Parts Manufactured by Fused deposition Modeling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mobina Movahedi
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Printing Direction

Additive manufacturing (AM), 3D printing, is defined as a process of depositing materials layer by layer to create three-dimensional printed models, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing methodologies. It has the potential of revolutionizing field of manufacturing, which allows us to create more complex geometries with lower cost and faster speed in comparison to injection molding, compression forming, and forging. Therefore, 3D printing can shorten the design manufacturing cycle, reduce the production cost, and increase the competitiveness. Due to the improvements of processes and advancements of modeling and design, Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technologies, a common 3D printing technique, have been involved in wide various applications in the past three decades and numerous studies have been gathered. This research work studies directional properties of FDM 3D printed thermoplastic parts per ASTM D638. Tensile strength and modulus of the coupons along and perpendicular to the printing direction are evaluated. It is observed that FDM 3D printing introduces anisotropic behavior to the manufactured part, e.g. tensile strength of 57.7 and 30.8 MPa for loading along and perpendicular to the printing direction, respectively. FDM 3D printers are not ideal and introduce defects into the manufactured parts, e.g. in the form of missing material, gap. This study investigates the impact of gaps on tensile strength and modulus of 3D printed parts. A maximum reduction of 20% in strength is found for a gap (missing bead) along the loading direction.

scholarly journals The Impact of Defects on Tensile Strength and Modulus of 3D Printed Parts Manufactured by Fused deposition Modeling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mobina Movahedi
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Printing Direction

Additive manufacturing (AM), 3D printing, is defined as a process of depositing materials layer by layer to create three-dimensional printed models, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing methodologies. It has the potential of revolutionizing field of manufacturing, which allows us to create more complex geometries with lower cost and faster speed in comparison to injection molding, compression forming, and forging. Therefore, 3D printing can shorten the design manufacturing cycle, reduce the production cost, and increase the competitiveness. Due to the improvements of processes and advancements of modeling and design, Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technologies, a common 3D printing technique, have been involved in wide various applications in the past three decades and numerous studies have been gathered. This research work studies directional properties of FDM 3D printed thermoplastic parts per ASTM D638. Tensile strength and modulus of the coupons along and perpendicular to the printing direction are evaluated. It is observed that FDM 3D printing introduces anisotropic behavior to the manufactured part, e.g. tensile strength of 57.7 and 30.8 MPa for loading along and perpendicular to the printing direction, respectively. FDM 3D printers are not ideal and introduce defects into the manufactured parts, e.g. in the form of missing material, gap. This study investigates the impact of gaps on tensile strength and modulus of 3D printed parts. A maximum reduction of 20% in strength is found for a gap (missing bead) along the loading direction.

The influence of roughness on stem cell differentiation using 3D printed polylactic acid scaffolds

Soft Matter ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (48) ◽  
pp. 9838-9846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuan-Che Feng ◽  
Adriana Pinkas-Sarafova ◽  
Vincent Ricotta ◽  
Michael Cuiffo ◽  
Linxi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed

With the increase in popularity of 3D printing, an important question arises as to the equivalence between devices manufactured by standard methods vs. those presenting with identical bulk specifications, but manufactured via fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing.

Biodegradable 3D Printed Polymer Microneedles for Transdermal Drug Delivery

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Luzuriaga ◽  
Danielle R. Berry ◽  
John C. Reagan ◽  
Ronald A. Smaldone ◽  
Jeremiah J. Gassensmith
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Modeling Software ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Microfabrication Technique ◽  
Mechanical Strengths

Biodegradable polymer microneedle (MN) arrays are an emerging class of transdermal drug delivery devices that promise a painless and sanitary alternative to syringes; however, prototyping bespoke needle architectures is expensive and requires production of new master templates. Here, we present a new microfabrication technique for MNs using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing using polylactic acid, an FDA approved, renewable, biodegradable, thermoplastic material. We show how this natural degradability can be exploited to overcome a key challenge of FDM 3D printing, in particular the low resolution of these printers. We improved the feature size of the printed parts significantly by developing a post fabrication chemical etching protocol, which allowed us to access tip sizes as small as 1 μm. With 3D modeling software, various MN shapes were designed and printed rapidly with custom needle density, length, and shape. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that our method resulted in needle tip sizes in the range of 1 – 55 µm, which could successfully penetrate and break off into porcine skin. We have also shown that these MNs have comparable mechanical strengths to currently fabricated MNs and we further demonstrated how the swellability of PLA can be exploited to load small molecule drugs and how its degradability in skin can release those small molecules over time.

scholarly journals Mechanical Characterization and Thermodynamic Analysis of Laser-Polished Landscape Design Products Using 3D Printing

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2601
Author(s):  
Yue Ba ◽  
Yu Wen ◽  
Shibin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Landscape Design ◽  
Laser Polishing ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Design Structure ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Stability And Accuracy

Recent innovations in 3D printing technologies and processes have influenced how landscape products are designed, built, and developed. In landscape architecture, reduced-size models are 3D-printed to replicate full-size structures. However, high surface roughness usually occurs on the surfaces of such 3D-printed components, which requires additional post-treatment. In this work, we develop a new type of landscape design structure based on the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique and present a laser polishing method for FDM-fabricated polylactic acid (PLA) mechanical components, whereby the surface roughness of the laser-polished surfaces is reduced from over Ra 15 µm to less than 0.25 µm. The detailed results of thermodynamics and microstructure evolution are further analyzed during laser polishing. The stability and accuracy of the results are evaluated based on the standard deviation. Additionally, the superior tensile and flexural properties are examined in the laser-polished layer, in which the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) is increased by up to 46.6% and the flexural strength is increased by up to 74.5% compared with the as-fabricated components. Finally, a real polished landscape model is simulated and optimized using a series of scales.

scholarly journals 3D Printed Clamps for In Vitro Tensile Tests of Human Gracilis and the Superficial Third of Quadriceps Tendons

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2563
Author(s):  
Ivan Grgić ◽  
Vjekoslav Wertheimer ◽  
Mirko Karakašić ◽  
Željko Ivandić
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
3D Printed

Recent soft tissue studies have reported issues that occur during experimentation, such as the tissue slipping and rupturing during tensile loads, the lack of standard testing procedure and equipment, the necessity for existing laboratory equipment adaptation, etc. To overcome such issues and fulfil the need for the determination of the biomechanical properties of the human gracilis and the superficial third of the quadriceps tendons, 3D printed clamps with metric thread profile-based geometry were developed. The clamps’ geometry consists of a truncated pyramid pattern, which prevents the tendons from slipping and rupturing. The use of the thread application in the design of the clamp could be used in standard clamping development procedures, unlike in previously custom-made clamps. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) was used as a 3D printing technique, together with polylactic acid (PLA), which was used as a material for clamp printing. The design was confirmed and the experiments were conducted by using porcine and human tendons. The findings justify the usage of 3D printing technology for parts manufacturing in the case of tissue testing and establish independence from the existing machine clamp system, since it was possible to print clamps for each prepared specimen and thus reduce the time for experiment setup.

scholarly journals Load Distribution on PET-G 3D Prints of Honeycomb Cellular Structures under Compression Load

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1983
Author(s):  
Olimpia Basurto-Vázquez ◽  
Elvia P. Sánchez-Rodríguez ◽  
Graham J. McShane ◽  
Dora I. Medina
Keyword(s):  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Honeycomb Structure ◽  
Cellular Structures ◽  
Displacement Curve ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Compression Load ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Printing Direction

Energy resulting from an impact is manifested through unwanted damage to objects or persons. New materials made of cellular structures have enhanced energy absorption (EA) capabilities. The hexagonal honeycomb is widely known for its space-filling capacity, structural stability, and high EA potential. Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have been effectively useful in a vast range of applications. The evolution of these technologies has been studied continuously, with a focus on improving the mechanical and structural characteristics of three-dimensional (3D)-printed models to create complex quality parts that satisfy design and mechanical requirements. In this study, 3D honeycomb structures of novel material polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-G) were fabricated by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method with different infill density values (30%, 70%, and 100%) and printing orientations (edge, flat, and upright). The effectiveness for EA of the design and the effect of the process parameters of infill density and layer printing orientation were investigated by performing in-plane compression tests, and the set of parameters that produced superior results for better EA was determined by analyzing the area under the curve and the welding between the filament layers in the printed object via FDM. The results showed that the printing parameters implemented in this study considerably affected the mechanical properties of the 3D-printed PET-G honeycomb structure. The structure with the upright printing direction and 100% infill density exhibited an extension to delamination and fragmentation, thus, a desirable performance with a long plateau region in the load–displacement curve and major absorption of energy.

scholarly journals 3D-Printable PP/SEBS Thermoplastic Elastomeric Blends: Preparation and Properties

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shib Banerjee ◽  
Stephen Burbine ◽  
Nischay Kodihalli Shivaprakash ◽  
Joey Mead
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Injection Molded ◽  
Preferential Location

Currently, material extrusion 3D printing (ME3DP) based on fused deposition modeling (FDM) is considered a highly adaptable and efficient additive manufacturing technique to develop components with complex geometries using computer-aided design. While the 3D printing process for a number of thermoplastic materials using FDM technology has been well demonstrated, there still exists a significant challenge to develop new polymeric materials compatible with ME3DP. The present work reports the development of ME3DP compatible thermoplastic elastomeric (TPE) materials from polypropylene (PP) and styrene-(ethylene-butylene)-styrene (SEBS) block copolymers using a straightforward blending approach, which enables the creation of tailorable materials. Properties of the 3D printed TPEs were compared with traditional injection molded samples. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the 3D printed sample were lower than the injection molded samples. However, no significant differences could be found in the melt rheological properties at higher frequency ranges or in the dynamic mechanical behavior. The phase morphologies of the 3D printed and injection molded TPEs were correlated with their respective properties. Reinforcing carbon black was used to increase the mechanical performance of the 3D printed TPE, and the balancing of thermoplastic elastomeric and mechanical properties were achieved at a lower carbon black loading. The preferential location of carbon black in the blend phases was theoretically predicted from wetting parameters. This study was made in order to get an insight to the relationship between morphology and properties of the ME3DP compatible PP/SEBS blends.

scholarly journals ANALYZING THE EFFECT OF NOZZLE DIAMETER IN FUSED DEPOSITION MODELING FOR EXTRUDING POLYLACTIC ACID USING OPEN SOURCE 3D PRINTING

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nor Aiman Sukindar ◽  
M. K. A. Ariffin ◽  
B. T. Hang Tuah Baharudin ◽  
Che Nor Aiza Jaafar ◽  
Mohd Idris Shah Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Nozzle Diameter ◽  
Optimum Range ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Geometrical Error ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
Printing Time

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the Rapid Prototyping (RP) technologies. The 3D Printer has been widely used in the fabrication of 3D products. One of the main issues has been to obtain a high quality for the finished parts. The present study focuses on the effect of nozzle diameter in terms of pressure drop, geometrical error as well as extrusion time. While using polylactic acid (PLA) as a material, the research was conducted using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) by manipulating the nozzle diameter, and the pressure drop along the liquefier was observed. The geometrical error and printing time were also calculated by using different nozzle diameters. Analysis shows that the diameter of the nozzle significantly affects the pressure drop along the liquefier which influences the consistency of the road width thus affecting the quality of the product’s finish. The vital aspect is minimizing the pressure drop to be as low as possible, which will lead to a good quality final product. The results from the analysis demonstrate that a 0.2 mm nozzle diameter contributes the highest pressure drop, which is not within the optimum range. In this study, by considering several factors including pressure drop, geometrical error and printing time, a 0.3 mm nozzle diameter has been suggested as being in the optimum range for extruding PLA material using open-source 3D printing. The implication of this result is valuable for a better understanding of the melt flow behavior of the PLA material and for choosing the optimum nozzle diameter for 3D printing.

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