scholarly journals Synthesis of a Novel Spirocyclic Inflatable Flame Retardant and Its Application in Epoxy Composites

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunpeng Song ◽  
Yinjie Wang ◽  
Fang Ruan ◽  
Weiwei Yang ◽  
Jiping Liu
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Phenyl Group ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Epoxy Composites ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Low Efficiency

Derivatives of 3,9-dichloro-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-[5,5]undecane-3,9-dioxide (SPDPC) are of increasing interest as flame retardants for polymeric materials. In addition, SPDPC is also an important intermediate for the preparation of intumescent flame retardants (IFRs). However, low efficiency and undesirable dispersion are two major problems that seriously restrain the application of IFRs as appropriate flame retardants for polymer materials. Usually, the functionalization or modification of SPDPC is crucial to acquiring high-performance polymer composites. Here, a small molecule spirocyclic flame retardant diphenylimidazole spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphonate (PIPC) was successfully prepared through the substitution reaction between previously synthesized intermediate SPDPC and 2-phenylimidazole (PIM). Phenyl group and imidazole group were uniformly anchored on the molecular structure of SPDPC. This kind of more uniform distribution of flame retardant groups within the epoxy matrix resulted in a synergistic flame retardant effect and enhanced the strength of char layers to the epoxy composites, when compared to the unmodified epoxy. The sample reached a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 29.7% and passed with a V-0 rating in the UL 94 test with the incorporation of only 5 wt% of as-prepared flame retardant PIPC. Moreover, its peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) decreased by 41.15% and 21.64% in a cone calorimeter test, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of PIPC has only slightly impacted the mechanical properties of epoxy composites with a low loading.

Investigation on the effect of supported synergistic catalyst with intumescent flame retardant in polypropylene

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-288
Author(s):  
Hongmei Peng ◽  
Qi Yang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Supported Catalyst ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Microscale Combustion Calorimetry

Abstract In this paper, cerium nitrate supported silica was prepared as a new type of catalytic synergist to improve the flame retardancy in polypropylene. When 1% of Ce(NO3)2 supported SiO2 was added, the vertical combustion performance of UL-94 of polypropylene composites was improved to V-0, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was increased to 33.5. From the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the residual carbon of C and D was increased by about 6% at high temperature compared with B. When adding supported catalyst, the heat release rate (HRR) and total heat release (THR) were significantly reduced according to the microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC), the HRR of sample E with 2% synergist was the lowest. The combustion behaviors of intumescent flame retardant sample B and sample D were analyzed by cone calorimeter test (CCT), the HRR of sample D with supported synergist was significantly reduced, and the PHRR decreased from 323 kW/m2 to 264 kW/m2. The morphologies of the residue chars after vertical combustion of polypropylene composites observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) gave positive evidence that the supported synergist could catalyze the decomposition of intumescent flame retardants into carbon, which was the main reason for improving the flame retardancy of materials.

scholarly journals Effective chemical methods of fire control: new threats and new solutions

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 442-448
Author(s):  
S. D. Varfoloveev ◽  
S. M. Lomakin ◽  
P. A. Sakharov ◽  
A. V. Khvatov
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Fire Control ◽  
Renewable Raw Materials ◽  
New Type ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants

This paper discusses the prospective flame retardant systems for polymeric materials, while considering the environmental issues they create. Polymer nanocomposites with carbon nano-additives and layered silicates are presented as a new type of flame retardant system which exhibits a synergistic effect flame retardancy for traditional polymer thermoplasts. Particular attention is paid to the novel intumescent flame retardants based on the oxidized renewable raw materials, which can be successfully used in the manufacture of multi-purpose timber construction and polymer materials.

scholarly journals Flame Retardancy and Toughness of Poly(Lactic Acid)/GNR/SiAHP Composites

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ningjing Wu ◽  
Jihang Yu ◽  
Wenchao Lang ◽  
Xiaobing Ma ◽  
Yue Yang
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Interfacial Compatibility ◽  
Aluminum Hypophosphite

A novel flame-retardant and toughened bio-based poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/glycidyl methacrylate-grafted natural rubber (GNR) composite was fabricated by sequentially dynamical vulcanizing and reactive melt-blending. The surface modification of aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) enhanced the interfacial compatibility between the modified aluminum hypophosphite by silane (SiAHP) and PLA/GNR matrix and the charring ability of the PLA/GNR/SiAHP composites to a certain extent, and the toughness and flame retardancy of the PLA/GNR/SiAHP composites were slightly higher than those of PLA/GNR/AHP composites, respectively. The notched impact strength and elongation of the PLA composite with 20 wt. %GNR and 18 wt.% SiAHP were 13.1 kJ/m2 and 72%, approximately 385% and 17 fold higher than those of PLA, respectively, and its limiting oxygen index increased to 26.5% and a UL-94 V-0 rating was achieved. Notedly, the very serious melt-dripping characteristics of PLA during combustion was completely suppressed. The peak heat release rate and total heat release values of the PLA/GNR/SiAHP composites dramatically reduced, and the char yield obviously increased with an increasing SiAHP content in the cone calorimeter test. The good flame retardancy of the PLA/GNR/SiAHP composites was suggested to be the result of a synergistic effect involving gaseous and condensed phase flame-retardant mechanisms. The high-performance flame-retardant PLA/GNR/SiAHP composites have great potential application as replacements for petroleum-based polymers in the automotive interior and building fields.

scholarly journals Cardanol and Eugenol Based Flame Retardant Epoxy Monomers for Thermostable Networks

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvan Ecochard ◽  
Mélanie Decostanzi ◽  
Claire Negrell ◽  
Rodolphe Sonnier ◽  
Sylvain Caillol
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Diglycidyl Ether ◽  
Aliphatic Chain ◽  
Flow Calorimeter ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

Epoxy materials have attracted attention for many applications that require fireproof performance; however, the utilization of hazardous reagents brings about potential damage to human health. Eugenol and cardanol are renewable, harmless resources (according to ECHA) that allow the achievement of synthesis of novel phosphorylated epoxy monomers to be used as reactive flame retardants. These epoxy building blocks are characterized by 1H NMR and 31P NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and reacted with a benzylic diamine to give bio-based flame-retardant thermosets. Compared to DGEBA (Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether)-based material, these biobased thermosets differ by their cross-linking ratio, the nature of the phosphorylated function and the presence of an aliphatic chain. Eugenol has led to thermosets with higher glass transition temperatures due to a higher aromatic density. The flame-retardant properties were tested by thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), a pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) and a cone calorimeter. These analyses demonstrated the efficiency of phosphorus by reducing significantly the peak heat release rate (pHRR), the total heat release (THR) and the effective heat of combustion (EHC). Moreover, the cone calorimeter test exhibited an intumescent phenomenon with the residues of phosphorylated eugenol thermosets. Lastly, the higher flame inhibition potential was highlighted for the phosphonate thermoset.

Synergistic Flame-Retardant Effect of Aluminum Diethyl Phosphinate in PP/IFR System and the Flame-Retardant Mechanism

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-528
Author(s):  
J.-L. Li ◽  
C.-T. Gao ◽  
X. Sun ◽  
S.-G. Peng ◽  
Y.-W. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Laser Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Laser Raman ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Synergistic Flame Retardant

Abstract Synergistic flame-retardant effect of aluminum diethyl phosphinate (AlPi) in intumescent flame retardant polypropylene (PP/IFR) system and the flame-retardant mechanism were investigated. The flame retardancy of PP/IFR/AlPi (the mass ratio of IFR to AlPi is 2 : 1) was the best, which was proved by the results of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, UL-94 test, and cone calorimeter test ( CCT) test. Here, the LOI value of the sample was as high as 34% and passed the V–0 rating in UL–94 test. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) decreased by 92.57%, the total heat release (THR) reduced by 90.52%. Thermogravimetric (TGA) data showed that the introduction of AlPi improved thermal stability and changed the thermal degradation behavior of PP/IFR composites. Interestingly, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) and laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) proved that PP/IFR/AlPi had formed more residual carbon, but the flame retardancy was worse than PP/IFR/AlPi. This is because when the mass ratio of IFR to AlPi is 2 : 1, the synergy between IFR and AlPi was significant, gas-phase flame retardant and condensed-phase flame retardant reached a balance and obtained the best flame retardant effect.

Modified expandable graphite as an effective flame retardant for LLDPE/EVA composites filled with Mg(OH)2/Al(OH)3

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 938-955
Author(s):  
Nian Liu ◽  
Na Wang ◽  
Lingtong Li ◽  
Weidi He ◽  
Jianbing Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Ul 94

The flammability, thermal properties, and synergistic effects of modified expandable graphite (MEG) with magnesium hydroxide (MH) and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) on the linear low-density polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate (LLDPE/EVA) blends are investigated by Underwriters Laboratories-94 (UL-94) vertical combustion test, limiting oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter test (CCT), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the MEG improves the flame-retardant efficiency of LLDPE/EVA blends. The addition of MEG apparently improves the LOI values and the UL-94 rating of LLDPE/EVA composites. The data obtained from the CCT show that the heat release rate (HRR), the total heat release (THR), and the gas production rate of composites with MEG decrease remarkably with increasing the content of MEG. When 10 phr of MEG is added, the char residues of LEMEG10 increase to 38.2% from 2.7% of LLDPE/EVA. The results of SEM and CCT present that MEG can improve the quality of char layers. The rate of char formation is enhanced also due to the existence of MEG, which plays an important role to improve the flame retardancy of the LLDPE/EVA composites.

Biomass Chitosan-Induced Fe3O4 Functionalized Halloysite Nanotube Composites: Preparation, Characterization and Flame-Retardant Performance

NANO ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 1950154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengmeng Zhang ◽  
Yamin Cheng ◽  
Zhiwei Li ◽  
Xiaohong Li ◽  
Laigui Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Halloysite Nanotubes ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Degradation Temperature ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Ep Matrix

An inorganic–organic nanohybrid flame retardant, HNT@CS@Fe3O4, is prepared by Halloysite nanotubes (HNT) as nanotemplate, chitosan (CS) as char-forming agent and ferroferric oxide (Fe3O[Formula: see text] playing in a catalytic role, aiming to endow enhanced flame-retardant performance of its nanohybrid. Results show that HNT@CS@Fe3O4 nanohybrids have a corn-like structure and can significantly improve the flame retardancy and thermal stability of epoxy resin (EP). Especially, the initial thermal degradation temperature of EP/HNT@CS@Fe3O4 is significantly improved by [Formula: see text]C relative to pure EP, and the residual carbon yield under air atmosphere is 8.8[Formula: see text]wt.%, which is significantly higher than other EP composites, indicating a higher thermal stability is offered by the as-prepared nanohybrid. The limiting oxygen index of EP/10HNT@CS@Fe3O4 is 31.3%, which is 10.2% higher than that of pure EP. Meanwhile, the HNT@CS@Fe3O4 nanofiller reduces the peak heat release rate, CO production and peak smoke production release of EP nanocomposite by 32.0%, 44.0% and 33.0% in a cone calorimeter test, respectively. This is because the HNT-based composite can form a three-dimensional network structure into the EP matrix to inhibit heat release and diffusion of flammable moieties upon burning of EP. In the meantime, the incorporated Fe3O4 nanoparticle can in situ catalyze the charring of CS and EP matrix on the surface of HNT during the combustion process, which also contributes to the significantly increased fire safety of EP.

scholarly journals Intumescent Flame Retardant Mechanism of Lignosulfonate as a Char Forming Agent in Rigid Polyurethane Foam

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1585
Author(s):  
Weimiao Lu ◽  
Jiewang Ye ◽  
Lianghai Zhu ◽  
Zhenfu Jin ◽  
Yuji Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Condensed Phases ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants ◽  
Flame Retardancy Mechanism

Intumescent flame retardants (IFR) have been widely used to improve flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foams and the most commonly used char forming agent is pentaerythritol (PER). Lignosulfonate (LS) is a natural macromolecule with substantial aromatic structures and abundant hydroxyl groups, and carbon content higher than PER. The flame retardancy and its mechanism of LS as char forming agent instead of PER in IFR formulation were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index testing and cone calorimeter test. The results showed LS as a char forming agent did not increase the density of RPU/LS foams. LOI value and char residue of RPU/LS foam were higher than RPU/PER and the mass loss of RPU/LS foam decreased 18%, suggesting enhanced thermal stability. CCT results showed LS as a char forming agent in IFR formulation effectively enhanced the flame retardancy of RPU foams with respect to PER. The flame retardancy mechanism showed RPU/LS foam presented a continuous and relatively compact char layer, acting as the effect of the flame retardant and heat insulation between gaseous and condensed phases. The efficiency of different LS ratio in IFR formulation as char forming agent was different, and the best flame retardancy and thermal stability was obtained at RPU/LS1.

scholarly journals Mechanically Sustainable Starch-Based Flame-Retardant Coatings on Polyurethane Foams

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1286
Author(s):  
Kyung-Who Choi ◽  
Jun-Woo Kim ◽  
Tae-Soon Kwon ◽  
Seok-Won Kang ◽  
Jung-Il Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Coating Layer ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Coating Agent ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test

The use of halogen-based materials has been regulated since toxic substances are released during combustion. In this study, polyurethane foam was coated with cationic starch (CS) and montmorillonite (MMT) nano-clay using a spray-assisted layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly to develop an eco-friendly, high-performance flame-retardant coating agent. The thickness of the CS/MMT coating layer was confirmed to have increased uniformly as the layers were stacked. Likewise, a cone calorimetry test confirmed that the heat release rate and total heat release of the coated foam decreased by about 1/2, and a flame test showed improved fire retardancy based on the analysis of combustion speed, flame size, and residues of the LbL-coated foam. More importantly, an additional cone calorimeter test was performed after conducting more than 1000 compressions to assess the durability of the flame-retardant coating layer when applied in real life, confirming the durability of the LbL coating by the lasting flame retardancy.

scholarly journals Fire-Safe Polymer Composites: Flame-Retardant Effect of Nanofillers

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 540
Author(s):  
Yukyung Kim ◽  
Sanghyuck Lee ◽  
Hyeonseok Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Gaseous Species ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Temperature Conditions

Currently, polymers are competing with metals and ceramics to realize various material characteristics, including mechanical and electrical properties. However, most polymers consist of organic matter, making them vulnerable to flames and high-temperature conditions. In addition, the combustion of polymers consisting of different types of organic matter results in various gaseous hazards. Therefore, to minimize the fire damage, there has been a significant demand for developing polymers that are fire resistant or flame retardant. From this viewpoint, it is crucial to design and synthesize thermally stable polymers that are less likely to decompose into combustible gaseous species under high-temperature conditions. Flame retardants can also be introduced to further reinforce the fire performance of polymers. In this review, the combustion process of organic matter, types of flame retardants, and common flammability testing methods are reviewed. Furthermore, the latest research trends in the use of versatile nanofillers to enhance the fire performance of polymeric materials are discussed with an emphasis on their underlying action, advantages, and disadvantages.

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