scholarly journals Cardanol and Eugenol Based Flame Retardant Epoxy Monomers for Thermostable Networks

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvan Ecochard ◽  
Mélanie Decostanzi ◽  
Claire Negrell ◽  
Rodolphe Sonnier ◽  
Sylvain Caillol
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Diglycidyl Ether ◽  
Aliphatic Chain ◽  
Flow Calorimeter ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

Epoxy materials have attracted attention for many applications that require fireproof performance; however, the utilization of hazardous reagents brings about potential damage to human health. Eugenol and cardanol are renewable, harmless resources (according to ECHA) that allow the achievement of synthesis of novel phosphorylated epoxy monomers to be used as reactive flame retardants. These epoxy building blocks are characterized by 1H NMR and 31P NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and reacted with a benzylic diamine to give bio-based flame-retardant thermosets. Compared to DGEBA (Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether)-based material, these biobased thermosets differ by their cross-linking ratio, the nature of the phosphorylated function and the presence of an aliphatic chain. Eugenol has led to thermosets with higher glass transition temperatures due to a higher aromatic density. The flame-retardant properties were tested by thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), a pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) and a cone calorimeter. These analyses demonstrated the efficiency of phosphorus by reducing significantly the peak heat release rate (pHRR), the total heat release (THR) and the effective heat of combustion (EHC). Moreover, the cone calorimeter test exhibited an intumescent phenomenon with the residues of phosphorylated eugenol thermosets. Lastly, the higher flame inhibition potential was highlighted for the phosphonate thermoset.

scholarly journals Effect of Nanometric Metallic Hydroxides on the Flame Retardant Properties of HDPE Composites

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. I. Beltrán-Ramírez ◽  
L. F. Ramos-deValle ◽  
E. Ramírez-Vargas ◽  
S. Sánchez-Valdes ◽  
A. B. Espinoza-Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Tensile Testing Machine ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

The effect of nanometric magnesium and aluminum hydroxides on the flame retardancy of high density polyethylene was studied. Additionally, the effect of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PEgMA) and methyl acrylate grafted polyethylene (EMA) compatibilizers, on the tensile properties, was also studied. Morphological characterization of nanocomposites was carried out by means of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Flame retardant properties of nanocomposites were evaluated by the UL-94 horizontal and vertical tests as well as by cone calorimeter tests. Thermal degradation behavior was analyzed with a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Tensile tests were carried out according to ASTM D 638-03 in an Instron 4301 tensile testing machine. From STEM images, a good dispersion of flame retardants (MH and ATH) in the polymer matrix was observed, which was reflected in the flame retardant properties. Results showed that the combination of nanometric MH and ATH produced excellent flame retardant properties, achieving a classification of V0 in the UL-94-V test and producing the lowest peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and the lowest total heat released (THR) in the cone calorimeter test. Finally, the addition of compatibilizer, especially PEgMA, resulted in much better tensile properties as compared to the noncompatibilized composition, maintaining the flame retardant properties.

A novel curing agent based on diphenylphosphine oxide for flame-retardant epoxy resin

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1229-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Huang ◽  
Xiao Hou ◽  
Jiaojiao Li ◽  
Xiujuan Tian ◽  
Qing Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometer ◽  
Diglycidyl Ether ◽  
Curing Agent ◽  
Diphenylphosphine Oxide ◽  
Excellent Thermal Stability ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Ul 94

A phosphorous/nitrogen-containing diphenylphosphine oxide (DPO) derivative (DPO-SS) was designed and synthesized via a two-step reaction of 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone, 2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde, and DPO. The structure of DPO-SS was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (MS). DPO-SS was used as a flame retardant and curing agent for copolymerizing with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A. Thermal and flame-retardant properties of the obtained flame-retardant epoxy resin (F-EP) were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic thermomechanical analysis, limited oxygen index (LOI) measurement, vertical burning test (UL-94), and cone calorimeter test. Results indicated that all F-EP samples exhibited excellent thermal stability and flame-retardant property. Especially for F-EP with P content of 0.7 wt% (denoted as EP/P-0.7), it achieved high LOI values (32.4%) and UL-94 V-0 rating. Compared with pure EP, all F-EP samples showed lower heat release rate, total heat release, total smoke produce, and little Tg fluctuation. In order to study the flame-retardant mechanism, the char residues were investigated by FTIR, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectrometer analysis. The results manifested that DPO-SS acted as flame retardant in both gas phase and condensed phase. Water absorption properties of pure EP and F-EP were also compared through immersion experiments. Results showed that EP/P-0.7 sample had apparently lower water absorptivity than pure EP.

Study on Flame-Retardant Properties of Flame Retardant Asphalt Mixture

2013 ◽  
Vol 438-439 ◽  
pp. 387-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da Liang Liu ◽  
Yi Zhong Yan ◽  
Yun Yong Huang ◽  
Jia Liang Yao ◽  
Jian Bo Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Modified Asphalt ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Sbs Modified Asphalt

Flame retardants modified asphalt with SBS flame retardant SMA hybrid material was prepared, flame retardant performances of SMA mixture was studied by the cone calorimeter. The results show that adding 12% flame retardant with SBS modified asphalt in preparation of flame retardant SMA mixture, the peak heat release rate values than the non-flame retardant asphalt mixture decreased by 4.02 kW/m2, and the heat release rate values were significantly reduced, the total heat and the amount of smoke of flame retardant asphalt mixture released less than the non-flame retardant asphalt mixture.

Investigation on the effect of supported synergistic catalyst with intumescent flame retardant in polypropylene

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-288
Author(s):  
Hongmei Peng ◽  
Qi Yang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Supported Catalyst ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Microscale Combustion Calorimetry

Abstract In this paper, cerium nitrate supported silica was prepared as a new type of catalytic synergist to improve the flame retardancy in polypropylene. When 1% of Ce(NO3)2 supported SiO2 was added, the vertical combustion performance of UL-94 of polypropylene composites was improved to V-0, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was increased to 33.5. From the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the residual carbon of C and D was increased by about 6% at high temperature compared with B. When adding supported catalyst, the heat release rate (HRR) and total heat release (THR) were significantly reduced according to the microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC), the HRR of sample E with 2% synergist was the lowest. The combustion behaviors of intumescent flame retardant sample B and sample D were analyzed by cone calorimeter test (CCT), the HRR of sample D with supported synergist was significantly reduced, and the PHRR decreased from 323 kW/m2 to 264 kW/m2. The morphologies of the residue chars after vertical combustion of polypropylene composites observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) gave positive evidence that the supported synergist could catalyze the decomposition of intumescent flame retardants into carbon, which was the main reason for improving the flame retardancy of materials.

scholarly journals Rigid Polyurethane Foams Containing Modified Ammonium Polyphosphate Having Outstanding Charring Ability and Increased Flame Retardancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunzhuang Yang ◽  
Shuiyu Shao
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Compressive Strength Test ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
The Impact

Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with different polymerization degrees were modified by a novel phosphorus-containing organosilicon compound (PCOC), and the products obtained were coded as MAPP-30 and MAPP-1000. Then they were applied to prepare flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) separately. The impact of modified APP (MAPP) on the flame-retardant properties of RPUF was investigated by the limited oxygen index (LOI) test, horizontal burning test, and cone calorimeter test. The morphologies of the char residues were observed by SEM. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of RPUF composites were measured by the compressive strength test. The results showed that whether the degree of polymerization of MAPP is 30 or 1000, they both had greater charring ability and better flame-retardant properties than unmodified APP. The residual char yield of RPUF/MAPP-30 (37.3%) and RPUF/MAPP-1000 (36.5%) were both significantly higher than RPUF/APP-30 (22.8%) and RPUF/APP-1000 (24.9%). The peak heat release rate value of RPUF/MAPP-30 was 29.9% lower than that of RPUF/APP-30, and the drop of RPUF/MAPP-1000 was 50.9% compared to RPUF/APP-1000. Moreover, the total heat release of RPUF/MAPP-1000 (9.7 MJ/m2) was much lower than that of RPUF/MAPP-30 (11.3 MJ/m2). In summary, MAPP-1000 has the best flame-retardant properties among all RPUF composites. In addition, the results also showed that flame-retardant performance and the mechanical properties dramatically decreased with the increase in the addition of MAPP-1000, and the RPUF composite had the best comprehensive performance with 20% content of MAPP-1000.

scholarly journals Synthesis of a Novel Spirocyclic Inflatable Flame Retardant and Its Application in Epoxy Composites

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunpeng Song ◽  
Yinjie Wang ◽  
Fang Ruan ◽  
Weiwei Yang ◽  
Jiping Liu
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Phenyl Group ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Epoxy Composites ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Low Efficiency

Derivatives of 3,9-dichloro-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-[5,5]undecane-3,9-dioxide (SPDPC) are of increasing interest as flame retardants for polymeric materials. In addition, SPDPC is also an important intermediate for the preparation of intumescent flame retardants (IFRs). However, low efficiency and undesirable dispersion are two major problems that seriously restrain the application of IFRs as appropriate flame retardants for polymer materials. Usually, the functionalization or modification of SPDPC is crucial to acquiring high-performance polymer composites. Here, a small molecule spirocyclic flame retardant diphenylimidazole spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphonate (PIPC) was successfully prepared through the substitution reaction between previously synthesized intermediate SPDPC and 2-phenylimidazole (PIM). Phenyl group and imidazole group were uniformly anchored on the molecular structure of SPDPC. This kind of more uniform distribution of flame retardant groups within the epoxy matrix resulted in a synergistic flame retardant effect and enhanced the strength of char layers to the epoxy composites, when compared to the unmodified epoxy. The sample reached a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 29.7% and passed with a V-0 rating in the UL 94 test with the incorporation of only 5 wt% of as-prepared flame retardant PIPC. Moreover, its peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) decreased by 41.15% and 21.64% in a cone calorimeter test, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of PIPC has only slightly impacted the mechanical properties of epoxy composites with a low loading.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Fire Behavior of Polymers (PP, PA 6 and PE-LD) and Their Improvement Using Various Flame Retardants

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 5756
Author(s):  
Dieter Hohenwarter ◽  
Hannelore Mattausch ◽  
Christopher Fischer ◽  
Matthias Berger ◽  
Bernd Haar
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Radiation Intensity ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Aging Effects

The fire behavior of polymers is examined primarily with the time-dependent heat release rate (HRR) measured with a cone calorimeter. The HRR is used to examine the fire behavior of materials with and without flame retardants, especially Polypropylene (PP-Copo) and Polyethylene (PE-LD). Polypropylene is stored for up to 99 days under normal conditions and the heat release rate shows especially changes about 100 s after irradiation with cone calorimeter, which may be caused by aging effects. The effect of crosslinking to the burning behavior of PP was examined too. Polyamides (PA 6) are irradiated with a radiation intensity of 25 kW/m2 to 95 kW/m2 and fire-related principles between radiation intensity and time to ignition can be derived from the measurement results. In order to comprehensively investigate the fire behavior of PP (also with flame retardant additives), the samples were also exposed to a flame, according to UL 94 with small power (50 W) and is inflamed with the power of a few 100 W. The irradiation causes different trigger mechanisms for the flame retardant additives in a plastic than the flame exposure. It is shown that the compound, which is favorable for irradiation, is not necessarily good for flame exposure. It can be seen that expandable graphite alone or with the addition of other additives is a very effective flame retardant for PP.

scholarly journals Mechanically Sustainable Starch-Based Flame-Retardant Coatings on Polyurethane Foams

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1286
Author(s):  
Kyung-Who Choi ◽  
Jun-Woo Kim ◽  
Tae-Soon Kwon ◽  
Seok-Won Kang ◽  
Jung-Il Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Coating Layer ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Coating Agent ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test

The use of halogen-based materials has been regulated since toxic substances are released during combustion. In this study, polyurethane foam was coated with cationic starch (CS) and montmorillonite (MMT) nano-clay using a spray-assisted layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly to develop an eco-friendly, high-performance flame-retardant coating agent. The thickness of the CS/MMT coating layer was confirmed to have increased uniformly as the layers were stacked. Likewise, a cone calorimetry test confirmed that the heat release rate and total heat release of the coated foam decreased by about 1/2, and a flame test showed improved fire retardancy based on the analysis of combustion speed, flame size, and residues of the LbL-coated foam. More importantly, an additional cone calorimeter test was performed after conducting more than 1000 compressions to assess the durability of the flame-retardant coating layer when applied in real life, confirming the durability of the LbL coating by the lasting flame retardancy.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Novel Arginine-Based Flame Retardant and Its Application in Lyocell Fabric

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 3588
Author(s):  
Jiayi Chen ◽  
Yansong Liu ◽  
Jiayue Zhang ◽  
Yuanlin Ren ◽  
Xiaohui Liu
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Ftir Analysis ◽  
Excellent Thermal Stability ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Before And After

Lyocell fabrics are widely applied in textiles, however, its high flammability increases the risk of fire. Therefore, to resolve the issue, a novel biomass-based flame retardant with phosphorus and nitrogen elements was designed and synthesized by the reaction of arginine with phosphoric acid and urea. It was then grafted onto the lyocell fabric by a dip-dry-cure technique to prepare durable flame-retardant lyocell fabric (FR-lyocell). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis demonstrated that the flame retardant was successfully introduced into the lyocell sample. Thermogravimetric (TG) and Raman analyses confirmed that the modified lyocell fabric featured excellent thermal stability and significantly increased char residue. Vertical combustion results indicated that FR-lyocell before and after washing formed a complete and dense char layer. Thermogravimetric Fourier-transform infrared (TG-FTIR) analysis suggested that incombustible substances (such as H2O and CO2) were produced and played a significant fire retarding role in the gas phase. The cone calorimeter test corroborated that the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) declined by 89.4% and 56.4%, respectively. These results indicated that the flame retardancy of the lyocell fabric was observably ameliorated.

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