scholarly journals Flame Retardancy and Toughness of Poly(Lactic Acid)/GNR/SiAHP Composites

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ningjing Wu ◽  
Jihang Yu ◽  
Wenchao Lang ◽  
Xiaobing Ma ◽  
Yue Yang
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Interfacial Compatibility ◽  
Aluminum Hypophosphite

A novel flame-retardant and toughened bio-based poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/glycidyl methacrylate-grafted natural rubber (GNR) composite was fabricated by sequentially dynamical vulcanizing and reactive melt-blending. The surface modification of aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) enhanced the interfacial compatibility between the modified aluminum hypophosphite by silane (SiAHP) and PLA/GNR matrix and the charring ability of the PLA/GNR/SiAHP composites to a certain extent, and the toughness and flame retardancy of the PLA/GNR/SiAHP composites were slightly higher than those of PLA/GNR/AHP composites, respectively. The notched impact strength and elongation of the PLA composite with 20 wt. %GNR and 18 wt.% SiAHP were 13.1 kJ/m2 and 72%, approximately 385% and 17 fold higher than those of PLA, respectively, and its limiting oxygen index increased to 26.5% and a UL-94 V-0 rating was achieved. Notedly, the very serious melt-dripping characteristics of PLA during combustion was completely suppressed. The peak heat release rate and total heat release values of the PLA/GNR/SiAHP composites dramatically reduced, and the char yield obviously increased with an increasing SiAHP content in the cone calorimeter test. The good flame retardancy of the PLA/GNR/SiAHP composites was suggested to be the result of a synergistic effect involving gaseous and condensed phase flame-retardant mechanisms. The high-performance flame-retardant PLA/GNR/SiAHP composites have great potential application as replacements for petroleum-based polymers in the automotive interior and building fields.

Preparation of lignin–silica hybrids and its application in intumescent flame-retardant poly(lactic acid) system

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 738-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Xifu Xiao ◽  
Qilong Tai ◽  
Hua Huang ◽  
Jian Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Silica Hybrids ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Lignin–silica hybrids (LSHs) were prepared by sol–gel method and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). LSH and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were added into poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as a novel intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) system to improve the flame retardancy of PLA. The flame-retardant effect of APP and LSH in PLA was studied using limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL-94) tests and cone calorimeter. The thermal stability of PLA/APP/LSH composites was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Additionally, the morphology and components of char residues of the IFR-PLA composites were investigated by SEM and XPS. With the addition of APP/LSH to PLA system, the morphology of the char residue has obviously changed. Compared with PLA/APP and PLA/APP/lignin, a continuous and dense intumescent charring layer with more phosphor in PLA composites is formed, which exhibits better flame retardancy. All the results show that the combination of APP and LSH can improve the flame-retardant property and increase the thermal stability of PLA composites greatly.

scholarly journals Effect of a Novel Flame Retardant on the Mechanical, Thermal and Combustion Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid)

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2407
Author(s):  
Mingjun Niu ◽  
Zhongzhou Zhang ◽  
Zizhen Wei ◽  
Wanjie Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Biobased Materials ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Ul 94

Poly(lactic) acid (PLA) is one of the most promising biobased materials, but its inherent flammability limits its applications. A novel flame retardant hexa-(DOPO-hydroxymethylphenoxy-dihydroxybiphenyl)-cyclotriphosphazene (HABP-DOPO) for PLA was prepared by bonding 9,10-dihydro-9-oxy-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) to cyclotriphosphazene. The morphologies, mechanical properties, thermal stability and burning behaviors of PLA/HABP-DOPO blends were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a universal mechanical testing machine, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL-94) and a cone calorimeter test (CCT). The LOI value reached 28.5% and UL-94 could pass V-0 for the PLA blend containing 25 wt% HABP-DOPO. A significant improvement in fire retardant performance was observed for PLA/HABP-DOPO blends. PLA/HABP-DOPO blends exhibited balanced mechanical properties. The flame retardant mechanism of PLA/HABP-DOPO blends was evaluated.

Investigation on the effect of supported synergistic catalyst with intumescent flame retardant in polypropylene

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-288
Author(s):  
Hongmei Peng ◽  
Qi Yang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Supported Catalyst ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Microscale Combustion Calorimetry

Abstract In this paper, cerium nitrate supported silica was prepared as a new type of catalytic synergist to improve the flame retardancy in polypropylene. When 1% of Ce(NO3)2 supported SiO2 was added, the vertical combustion performance of UL-94 of polypropylene composites was improved to V-0, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was increased to 33.5. From the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the residual carbon of C and D was increased by about 6% at high temperature compared with B. When adding supported catalyst, the heat release rate (HRR) and total heat release (THR) were significantly reduced according to the microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC), the HRR of sample E with 2% synergist was the lowest. The combustion behaviors of intumescent flame retardant sample B and sample D were analyzed by cone calorimeter test (CCT), the HRR of sample D with supported synergist was significantly reduced, and the PHRR decreased from 323 kW/m2 to 264 kW/m2. The morphologies of the residue chars after vertical combustion of polypropylene composites observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) gave positive evidence that the supported synergist could catalyze the decomposition of intumescent flame retardants into carbon, which was the main reason for improving the flame retardancy of materials.

Effect of tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate in combination with aluminum hypophosphite and melamine polyphosphate on flame retardancy and thermal decomposition of rigid polyurethane foams

2021 ◽  
pp. 0021955X2110019
Author(s):  
Daifang Xu ◽  
Kejing Yu ◽  
Kun Qian ◽  
Weiguo Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Aluminum Hypophosphite

RPUF with tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCPP), melamine polyphosphate (MPP) and aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) alone, as well as their binary and ternary blends, were prepared via a one-step process. The effect of TCPP in combination with AHP and MPP on flame retardancy and thermal decomposition in the RPUF has been investigated. The results show that adding TCPP, MPP and AHP into RPUF simultaneously can significantly ensure the uniform cell structure, enhance the compressive strength, thermal stability and fire resistance of RPUF, decrease the thermal conductivity, the release of toxic HCN at high temperature. TGA results indicate that partial substitution of TCPP with MPP and AHP could improve the char residue. When the content of TCPP is 10 wt%, the optimal ratio of MPP and DPER was 1/2, the TCPP10/MPP3.3/AHP6.7/RPUF sample reached a V1 rating in vertical UL-94 test with a limiting oxygen index of 27.4%. The compressive strength and specific compressive strength (compressive strength/density) for TCPP10/MPP3.3/AHP6.7/RPUF sample increased about 82.6% and 44.3% compared to that of pure RPUF, respectively. The cone calorimeter test results showed that adding EG, MPP and AHP into RPUF simultaneously can significantly decrease the heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR) and smoke emission behavior of RPUF sample. Based on these facts, a potential flame-retardant mechanism was proposed.

scholarly journals Preparation of γ-Divinyl-3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane Modified Lignin and Its Application in Flame Retardant Poly(lactic acid)

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Song ◽  
Xu Zong ◽  
Nan Wang ◽  
Ning Yan ◽  
Xueying Shan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Modified Lignin ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Lignin can be a candidate as a charring agent applied in halogen-free flame retardant polymers, and incorporation of silicon and nitrogen elements in lignin can benefit to enhancing its thermal stability and charring ability. In the present work, wheat straw alkali lignin (Lig) was modified to incorporate silicon and nitrogen elements by γ-divinyl-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and the modified lignin (CLig) was combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as intumescent flame retardant to be applied in poly(Lactic acid) (PLA). The flame retardancy, combustion behavior and thermal stability of PLA composites were studied by the limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning testing (UL-94), cone calorimetry testing (CCT) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The results showed a significant synergistic effect between CLig and APP in flame retarded PLA (PLA/APP/CLig) occured, and the PLA/APP/CLig had better flame retardancy. CCT data analysis revealed that CLig and APP largely reduced the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) of PLA, indicating their effectiveness in decreasing the combustion of PLA. TGA results exhibited that APP and CLig improved the thermal stability of PLA at high temperature. The analysis of morphology and structure of residual char indicated that a continuous, compact and intumescent char layer on the material surface formed during firing, and had higher graphitization degree. Mechanical properties data showed that PLA/APP/CLig had higher tensile strength as well as elongation at break.

Synergistic Flame-Retardant Effect of Aluminum Diethyl Phosphinate in PP/IFR System and the Flame-Retardant Mechanism

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-528
Author(s):  
J.-L. Li ◽  
C.-T. Gao ◽  
X. Sun ◽  
S.-G. Peng ◽  
Y.-W. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Laser Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Laser Raman ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Synergistic Flame Retardant

Abstract Synergistic flame-retardant effect of aluminum diethyl phosphinate (AlPi) in intumescent flame retardant polypropylene (PP/IFR) system and the flame-retardant mechanism were investigated. The flame retardancy of PP/IFR/AlPi (the mass ratio of IFR to AlPi is 2 : 1) was the best, which was proved by the results of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, UL-94 test, and cone calorimeter test ( CCT) test. Here, the LOI value of the sample was as high as 34% and passed the V–0 rating in UL–94 test. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) decreased by 92.57%, the total heat release (THR) reduced by 90.52%. Thermogravimetric (TGA) data showed that the introduction of AlPi improved thermal stability and changed the thermal degradation behavior of PP/IFR composites. Interestingly, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) and laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) proved that PP/IFR/AlPi had formed more residual carbon, but the flame retardancy was worse than PP/IFR/AlPi. This is because when the mass ratio of IFR to AlPi is 2 : 1, the synergy between IFR and AlPi was significant, gas-phase flame retardant and condensed-phase flame retardant reached a balance and obtained the best flame retardant effect.

scholarly journals Flame Retardancy and Mechanism of Novel Phosphorus-Silicon Flame Retardant Based on Polysilsesquioxane

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengjie Zhu ◽  
Weiguang Gong ◽  
Ji Luo ◽  
Xin Meng ◽  
Zhong Xin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Condensed Phase ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Carbon Layer ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Synergistic Flame Retardant ◽  
Silicon Based

A novel phosphorus-silicon flame retardant (P5PSQ) was prepared by bonding phosphate to silicon-based polysilsesquioxane (PSQ) and used as flame retardant of poly (lactic acid) (PLA). The results show that PLA with 10 wt % P5PSQ has a limiting oxygen index (LOI) 24.1%, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of PLA decrease 21.8% and 25.2% compared to neat PLA in cone calorimetric test, indicating that P5PSQ shows better flame retardancy in comparison to PSQ. Furthermore, the study for the morphology and composition of carbon residue after the combustion of PLA and the gas release of PLA during combustion illustrate that P5PSQ has flame retardancy in condensed phase and gas phase simultaneously. In condensed phase, phosphorus from phosphate promotes the formation of more stable and better carbon layer containing Si and P, which inhibits the transfer of heat and oxygen in the combustion. In gas phase, the phosphate in P5PSQ emits phosphorus-containing compound that can restrain the release of C–O containing products, which may have effective flame retardancy for PLA in gas phase to a certain extent. In one word, P5PSQ is denoted as a good phosphorus-silicon synergistic flame-retardant.

Synthesis of a phosphorus–nitrogen-containing flame retardant and its application in epoxy resin

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Yang ◽  
Yefa Hu ◽  
Qiaoxin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test

In this article, a phosphorus–nitrogen-containing flame retardant (DOPO-T) was successfully synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and cyanuric chloride. The chemical structure of DOPO-T was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and phosphorous-31 NMR, and elemental analysis. DOPO-T was then blended with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A to prepare flame-retardant epoxy resins. Thermal properties, flame retardancy, and combustion behavior of the cured epoxy resins were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, limited oxygen index (LOI) measurement, UL94 vertical burning test, and cone calorimeter test. The results indicated that the glass transition temperature ( Tg) and temperature at 5% weight loss of epoxy resin (EP)/DOPO-T thermosets were gradually decreased with the increasing content of DOPO-T. DOPO-T catalyzed the decomposition of EP matrix in advance. The flame-retardant performance of EP thermosets was significantly enhanced with the addition of DOPO-T. EP/DOPO-T-0.9 sample had an LOI value of 36.2% and achieved UL94 V-1 rating. In addition, the average of heat release rate, peak of heat release rate, average of effective heat of combustion, and total heat release (THR) of EP/DOPO-T-0.9 sample were decreased by 32%, 48%, 23%, and 31%, respectively, compared with the neat EP sample. Impressively, EP/DOPO-T thermosets acquired excellent flame retardancy under low loading of flame retardant.

scholarly journals Renewable vanillin based flame retardant for poly(lactic acid): a way to enhance flame retardancy and toughness simultaneously

RSC Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (73) ◽  
pp. 42189-42199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengcheng Zhao ◽  
Zhiqi Liu ◽  
Xueyi Wang ◽  
Ye-Tang Pan ◽  
Ines Kuehnert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Fire Performance

A bio-based PLA composite with excellent fire performance, improved toughness and good processability.

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