scholarly journals Influence of Internal Innovative Architecture on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Polymer Printed Parts

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihai Alin Pop ◽  
Cătălin Croitoru ◽  
Tibor Bedo ◽  
Virgil Geamăn ◽  
Irinel Radomir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Strength Performance ◽  
Simple Support ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Internal Architecture

The utilization of polymer-based materials is quickly expanding. The enterprises of today are progressively seeking techniques to supplant metal parts with polymer-based materials as a result of their light weight, simple support and modest costs. The ceaselessly developing requirement for composite materials with new or enhanced properties brings about the preparation of different polymer mixes with various arrangements, morphologies and properties. Fused filament fabrication processes such as 3D-printing are nowadays shaping the actual pathway to a full pallet of materials, from art–craft to biomaterials. In this study, the structural and mechanical behavior of three types of commercially available filaments comprised of synthetic poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene) (ABS), poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(lactic acid)/polyhydroxyalkanoate reinforced with bamboo wood flour composite (PLA/PHA BambooFill) were assessed through mechanical testing and optical microscopy, aiming to understand how the modifications that occur in the printed models with internal architecture are influencing the mechanical properties of the 3D-printed material. It has been determined that the material printed from PLA presents the highest compression strength, three-point bending and shock resistance, while the ABS shows the best tensile strength performance. A probability plot was used to verify the normality hypothesis of data for the tensile strength, in conjunction with the Anderson–Darling statistic test. The results of the statistic indicated that the data were normally distributed and that there is a marked influence of the internal architecture of the 3D-printed models on the mechanical properties of the printed material.

scholarly journals Poly(Lactic) Acid Reinforced with Alkaline Lignin Biocomposites Prepared by Thermal Extrusion for Sustainable 3D Printing Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 2129 (1) ◽  
pp. 012003
Author(s):  
Nurul Amirah Abd Rahman ◽  
Hazleen Anuar ◽  
Fathilah Ali ◽  
Jonghwan Suhr
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Functional Components ◽  
Thermal Extrusion

Abstract The focus of this work is the mechanical characterization of biomaterials produced by 3D printing based on fused filament fabrication (FFF) process that has been mainly used for prototype rather than functional components due to the limited mechanical properties of pure thermoplastics parts. Addition of reinforcements from natural fiber has been adopted to improve the mechanical properties of the 3D printed parts. In this study, alkaline lignin powder that has been extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) via alkaline extraction process were used as filler in the production of biocomposites with poly(lactic) acid (PLA). Poly(lactic) acid filaments filled with 1% of alkaline lignin powder and has been compared with the presence of 5% of epoxidized palm oil (EPO) by means of thermal extrusion and further proceed with 3D printing. The samples were mechanically characterized using tensile tests and the fractography were observed. Tensile test that has been done on the filaments reveal that the filament with addition of lignin and EPO shows improved mechanical properties with higher tensile strength as well as lower stiffness. The 3D printed samples of the filament compositions also exhibit similar trend where the said filament has the best mechanical properties when the EPO is incorporated in the filament.

scholarly journals Bonding Wood Veneer with Biobased Poly(Lactic Acid) Thermoplastic Polyesters: Potential Applications for Consolidated Wood Veneer and Overlay Products

Fibers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Warren J. Grigsby ◽  
Arpit Puri ◽  
Marc Gaugler ◽  
Jan Lüedtke ◽  
Andreas Krause
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Wood Veneer ◽  
Pressing Temperature ◽  
Strength Performance ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Laminated Panels

This study reports on the use of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as a renewable thermoplastic adhesive for laminated panels using birch, spruce, and pine veneers. Consolidated panels were prepared from veneer and PLA foils by hot-pressing from 140 to 180 °C to achieve minimum bondline temperatures. Evaluation of panel properties revealed that the PLA-bonded panels met minimum tensile strength and internal bond strength performance criteria. However, the adhesion interface which developed within individual bondlines varied with distinctions between hardwood and softwood species and PLA grades. Birch samples developed greater bondline strength with a higher pressing temperature using semi-crystalline PLA, whereas higher temperatures produced a poorer performance with the use of amorphous PLA. Panels formed with spruce or pine veneers had lower bondline performance and were also similarly distinguished by their pressing temperature and PLA grade. Furthermore, the potential for PLA-bonded laminated panels was demonstrated by cold water soak testing. Samples exhibiting relatively greater bondline adhesion had wet tensile strength values comparable to those tested in dry state. Our study outcomes suggest the potential for PLA bonding of veneers and panel overlays with the added benefits of being renewable and a no added formaldehyde system.

Mechanical Properties of P34HB/PLA Binary Blendsafter Thermal-Oxidative and Hydrothermal Aging

2013 ◽  
Vol 647 ◽  
pp. 798-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Can Xi ◽  
Hong Mei Kang ◽  
Hua Li ◽  
He Zhou Liu ◽  
Wei Jie Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Hydrothermal Aging ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Lower Ratio

Binary blendscomposed of polyhrdroxyalkanoates (P34HB) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with various P34HB weight percentage were preparedby extrusion and compressing molding.Both the thermo-oxidative agingat 80°Cand the hydrothermal aging at 80°C with 80% humidity were performed for 300 h for the P34HB/PLA blends respectively.The mechanical properties of tensile strength and elongation-at-breakrevealed that P34HB/PLA blends possessedthe balanced mechanical properties between P34HB and PLA,theblends with higher ratio of P34HBshowed thedeteriorative mechanical behavior in the aging environment faster than thoseblends with lower ratio of P34HB.

Mechanical properties of wood flour/poly (lactic acid) composites coupled with waterborne silane-polyacrylate copolymer emulsion

Holzforschung ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 439-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ru Liu ◽  
Shupin Luo ◽  
Jinzhen Cao ◽  
Yu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Coupling Effect ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Coupling Agents ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Effective Coupling ◽  
Methacryloxypropyl Trimethoxysilane

Abstract Wood flour/polylactic acid (WF/PLA) composites were produced with a WF content of 50% based on three types of waterborne polyacrylate (PA) emulsions including a PA homopolymer emulsion and two types of silane-PA copolymer emulsions as coupling agents. Two silanes were in focus, namely, γ-methacryloxypropyl- trimethoxysilane (silane-1) and vinyltrimethoxysilane (silane-2). The emulsions and the modified WFs were characterized, and the effects were investigated in terms of emulsion type and their loading levels on the mechanical properties of WF/PLA composites. (1) Both types of silanes could be successfully copolymerized with PA to form stable emulsions. (2) With increasing PA loading, the mechanical properties (except for flexural modulus) of the composites increased at first before reaching the maximum values at 4% PA loading and then the properties worsened. However, these values were larger than those of pure composites, especially in cases when PA-silane emulsions were applied. (3) PA modified with silane-1 showed the best coupling effect among all the three PA emulsions. The results can be interpreted that PA emulsions are effective coupling agents for the preparation of high-performance WPCs.

scholarly journals Effect of Selected Commercial Plasticizers on Mechanical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(lactic acid)/Plasticizer Biodegradable Blends for Three-Dimensional (3D) Print

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Přemysl Menčík ◽  
Radek Přikryl ◽  
Ivana Stehnová ◽  
Veronika Melčová ◽  
Soňa Kontárová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
3D Print ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Biodegradable Blends

This paper explores the influence of selected commercial plasticizers structure, which are based on esters of citric acid, on mechanical and thermal properties of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(lactic acid)/Plasticizer biodegradable blends. These plasticizers were first tested with respect to their miscibility with Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(lactic acid) (PHB/PLA) blends using a kneading machine. PHB/PLA/plasticizer blends in the weight ratio (wt %) of 60/25/15 were then prepared by single screw and corotating meshing twin screw extruders in the form of filament for further three-dimensional (3D) printing. Mechanical, thermal properties, and shape stability (warping effect) of 3D printed products can be improved just by the addition of appropriate plasticizer to polymeric blend. The goal was to create new types of eco-friendly PHB/PLA/plasticizers blends and to highly improve the poor mechanical properties of neat PHB/PLA blends (with majority of PHB) by adding appropriate plasticizer. Mechanical properties of plasticized blends were then determined by the tensile test of 3D printed test samples (dogbones), as well as filaments. Measured elongation at break rapidly enhanced from 21% for neat non-plasticized PHB/PLA blends (reference) to 328% for best plasticized blends in the form of filament, and from 5% (reference) to 187% for plasticized blends in the form of printed dogbones. The plasticizing effect on blends was confirmed by Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The study of morphology was performed by the Scanning Electron Microscopy. Significant problem of plasticized blends used to be also plasticizer migration, therefore the diffusion of plasticizers from the blends after 15 days of exposition to 110 °C in the drying oven was investigated as their measured weight loss. Almost all of the used plasticizers showed meaningful positive softening effects, but the diffusion of plasticizers at 110 °C exposition was quite extensive. The determination of the degree of disintegration of selected plasticized blend when exposed to a laboratory-scale composting environment was executed to roughly check the “biodegradability”.

Composites of Poly(lactic Acid) with Rice Straw Fibers Modified by Poly(butyl Acrylate)

2011 ◽  
Vol 675-677 ◽  
pp. 357-360
Author(s):  
Li Jun Qin ◽  
Jian Hui Qiu ◽  
Ming Zhu Liu ◽  
Sheng Long Ding ◽  
Liang Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Butyl Acrylate ◽  
Interfacial Adhesion ◽  
Suspension Polymerization ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Biodegradable Composites

The modified rice straw fibers (MRSF) were prepared by suspension polymerization technique of butyl acrylate (BA) monomer and rice straw fibers (RSF) in water solution. FTIR test indicated that PBA was coated and absorbed on RSF.The biodegradable composites were prepared with the MRSF and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) by HAAKE rheometer. Mechanical properties showed that the tensile strength of PLA/MRSF composites were (W (%) =7.98%) increased by 6 MPa compared with blank sample. The possible reason was that the good interfacial adhesion between PLA and MRSF, which was demonstrated by SEM.

Crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) complex fiber toughened by carbon nanotube nanocapsules

2017 ◽  
Vol 88 (14) ◽  
pp. 1616-1627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-qiang Liu ◽  
Gai-hong Wu ◽  
Yun-chao Xiao ◽  
Hong-xia Guo ◽  
Fen-juan Shao
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Crystallization Behavior ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Acid Complex ◽  
Main Obstacle ◽  
Industrial Areas

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fiber, owing to its biocompatibility and biodegradability, could be widely used in many related industrial areas. However, high brittleness has been the main obstacle to expanding its applications. So in this paper, carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocapsules were designed to toughen PLA and further reported their effect on the crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of PLA complex fiber. These designed CNT nanocapsules successfully solved the agglomeration of CNTs within the PLA matrix as well as the compatibility issue. In addition, the morphological, mechanical, optical and thermal properties of PLA complex fibers were also studied. The addition of CNT nanocapsules obviously improved the crystallization behavior of PLA fiber. Furthermore, compared with pure PLA, the tensile strength of PLA complex fiber was enhanced by 30.62% and the elongation by 32.2%, so the designed CNT nanocapsules could be used as a toughener for PLA fiber. This research benefits the extension of PLA applications where toughness is an important factor.

Mechanical and Morphological Behavior of Blends Obtained from Biopolymers (PLA/PLC)

2014 ◽  
Vol 775-776 ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Taciana Regina de Gouveia Silva ◽  
Bartira Brandão da Cunha ◽  
Pankaj Agrawal ◽  
Edcleide Maria Araújo ◽  
Tomás Jefférson Alves de Mélo
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
Polymer Blends ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Morphology Analysis ◽  
Morphological Behavior

In this work, the effect of the PCL content and E-GMA compatibilizer on the mechanical properties and morphology of poly (lactic acid) - PLA/ poly (ε-caprolactone)-PCL blends was investigated. The results of the mechanical properties showed that there was a reduction in the elastic modulus and tensile strength when PCL was added to PLA. The decrease in the modulus was more pronounced when the PCL content was increased from 10 to 20% (wt). The PLA/PCL/E-GMA blend showed the lower modulus and tensile strength. This blend also presented the higher elongation at break and impact strength. The morphology analysis by SEM showed that the PLA/PCL blends where characterized by lack of adhesion between the PLA and PCL phases. The presence of E-GMA in the PLA/PCL/E-GMA blend improved the adhesion between the PLA and PCL phases.Keywords: poly (latic acid); poly (ε-caprolactone); polymer blends; compatibilizer

scholarly journals Effects of wood flour and MA-EPDM on the properties of fused deposition modeling 3D-printed poly lactic acid composites

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 7122-7138
Author(s):  
Sang-U Bae ◽  
Young-Rok Seo ◽  
Birm-June Kim ◽  
Min Lee
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Common System ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Material Composite

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology is the most common system for polymer additive manufacturing (AM). Recent studies have been conducted to expand both the range of materials that can be used for FDM and their applications. As a filler, wood flour was incorporated into poly lactic acid (PLA) polymer to develop a biocomposite material. Composite filaments were manufactured with various wood flour contents and then successfully used for 3D printing. Morphological, mechanical, and biodegradation properties of FDM 3D-printed PLA composites were investigated. To mitigate brittleness, 5 phr of maleic anhydride grafted ethylene propylene diene monomer (MA-EPDM) was added to the composite blends, and microstructural properties of the composites were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical strength tests demonstrated that elasticity was imparted to the composites. Additionally, test results showed that the addition of wood flour to the PLA matrix promoted pore generation and further influenced the mechanical and biodegradation properties of the 3D-printed composites. An excellent effect of wood flour on the biodegradation properties of FDM 3D-printed PLA composites was observed.

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