scholarly journals Physicochemical Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of a Novel Acid Polysaccharide from Solanum muricatum

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Yue ◽  
Qianqian Xu ◽  
Xianheng Li ◽  
Jeevithan Elango ◽  
Wenhui Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Thermal Studies ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Monosaccharide Composition ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Solanum Muricatum ◽  
Acid Polysaccharide

To investigate the structure and immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharide from Solanum muricatum, a novel acid polysaccharide named SMP-3a was purified from Solanum muricatum pulp through DEAE-52 cellulose column and Sephadex G-200 chromatography. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed that SMP-3a was mainly composed of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, and galacturonic acid with the molar ratio of 1.09:2.64:1.54:1. The average molecular weight was found to be 227 kDa by high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC). Thermal studies revealed the SMP-3a was a thermally stable polymer. Based on the results of methylation and NMR analysis, the backbone chain of SMP-3a was composed of →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→, →4)-α-d-GalpA-(1→ and →4)-α-d-Galp-(1→. The side chain was consisted of α-l-Araf-(1→ and →5)-α-l-Araf-(1→. Immunomodulatory assay indicated that SMP-3a could significantly promote the proliferation of macrophages and stimulate the secretion of cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Our results suggested that SMP-3a could be used as a novel potential immunomodulatory agent in functional food.

scholarly journals Extraction, Characterization, Antitumor and Immunological Activities of Hemicellulose Polysaccharide from Astragalus radix Herb Residue

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (20) ◽  
pp. 3644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Li ◽  
Shuying Li ◽  
Di Wang ◽  
Xiaoxia Li ◽  
Xingkang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Tumor Model ◽  
Monosaccharide Composition ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Monosaccharide Residue ◽  
Induced Apoptosis ◽  
Herb Residues

Astragalus radix (radix) have been frequently used for clinical application in China, and the herb residues of radix turn out to be a waste of resources. To escape from this, the medicine value of radix herb residues is mined in this article. We isolated hemicellulose polysaccharide AX-I-3b from radix herb residues by fractional extraction. Monosaccharide-composition analysis revealed that AX-I-3b consisted of arabinose, xylose, and glucose with a molar ratio of 10.4:79.3:1.1. Methylation, NMR and FT-IR analyses showed that AX-I-3b monosaccharide residue was linked as follows: →2,3,4)-β-d-Xylp-(1→, →4)-β-d-Arap-(1→, →4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→. Then, we found that AX-I-3b exhibited antitumor activity against lung cancer in vitro and vivo through MTT assay and xenograft tumor model. Mechanistically, AX-I-3b induced apoptosis in lung cancer cells and xenograft tumors, which is evidenced by the up-regulation of p53, Bax and cleaved caspase-3, and the down-regulation of Bcl-2. Moreover, AX-I-3b synergistically improved the therapeutic ability of cisplatin in xenograft tumors model. Furthermore, AX-I-3b treatment effectively improved the immune organ index, the percentage of spleen lymphocyte subsets and serum cytokine levels in lung cancer mice, supporting that AX-I-3b showed immunomodulatory activity. In conclusion, our results identified AX-I-3b as an antitumor and immunomodulatory agent, providing a new insight into the reutilization of radix herb residue.

Purification, Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharides from Mulberry Leaf Fermented with Phellinus igniarius

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-179
Author(s):  
Junfeng Li ◽  
Zhuoyan Zhou ◽  
Lisheng Chu ◽  
Xiawei Jiang ◽  
Jiabao Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Phagocytic Capacity ◽  
Phellinus Igniarius ◽  
Mulberry Leaf

Phellinus igniarius is a rare and precious medicinal fungus, displaying an outstanding physiological effect, especially the immunomodulatory effects. Previous studies indicated that water-soluble crude polysaccharide (MPFP) was obtained from mulberry leaf fermented with Phellinus igniarius. In vitro cell assay revealed that MPFP showed higher immunomodulatory activity than that of mulberry leaves polysaccharide (MP) and Phellinus igniarius mycelial polysaccharide (PP). Therefore, in this study, structure and immunomodulatory activity of MPFP were measured, a novel polysaccharide named MPFP2-1 was separated through DEAE-52 cellulose column and SephadexG-100 gel-filtration chromatography. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed that MPFP2-1 was mainly composed of L-rhamnose and D-glucose with the molar ratio of 1.0:5.4. The average molecular weight was 50.3 kDa by high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC). FT-IR spectrum showed that MPFP2-1 contained a characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide. The NMR spectrum indicated MPFP2-1 contained 1 → 6 glucosidic bond. In vitro immunomodulatory assay revealed that MPFP2-1 significantly enhanced the macrophages proliferation, stimulated the macrophages phagocytic capacity, as well as induced NO and TNF-a generation. We further discovered that MPFP2-1 stimulated iNOS and TNF-α protein expression in RAW264.7 cells by western blotting. The results are in agreement with ELISA. All the results suggest that MPFP2-1 possesses potent immunomodulatory activity and could be taken forward as new products for medicines.

scholarly journals A Sensitive and Rapid UPLC-MS/MS Method for Determination of Monosaccharides and Anti-Allergic Effect of the Polysaccharides Extracted from Saposhnikoviae Radix

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-Yan Gao ◽  
Yue Jiang ◽  
Guo-Chao Chen ◽  
Shuang-Shuang Li ◽  
Fei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Monosaccharide Composition ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Serum Ige ◽  
Organ Index ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Saposhnikoviae Radix

Background: Allergic disease is a common clinical disease. Natural products provide an important source for a wide range of potential anti-allergic agents. This study was designed to evaluate the anti-allergic activities of the water-soluble polysaccharides extracted and purified from Saposhnikoviae Radix (SRPS). The composition and content of monosaccharides were determined to provide a material basis. Methods: An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was established to determine the composition and content of SRPS. 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) induced a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) mouse model orally administrated SRPS for seven consecutive days. Ear swelling, organ index, and serum IgE levels were observed to evaluate the anti-allergic activities. Results: The UPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that SRPS was consisted of eight monosaccharides including galacturonic acid, mannose, glucose, galactose, rhamnose, fucose, ribose, and arabinose with a relative molar ratio of 4.42%, 7.86%, 23.69%, 12.06%, 3.10%, 0.45%, 0.71%, and 47.70%, respectively. SRPS could effectively reduce ear swelling, a thymus index, and a serum IgE levels. Conclusions: The method was simple, rapid, sensitive, and reproducible, which could be used to analyze and determine the monosaccharide composition of SRPS. The vivo experiments demonstrated that SRPS may effectively inhibit development of DNFB-induced DTH. SRPS is a novel potential resource for natural anti-allergic drugs.

scholarly journals Homologous Over-Expression of Chain Length Determination Protein EpsC Increases the Molecular Weight of Exopolysaccharide in Streptococcus thermophilus 05-34

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengyuan Zhai ◽  
Shuxin Xie ◽  
Hongxing Zhang ◽  
Huaxi Yi ◽  
Yanling Hao
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Streptococcus Thermophilus ◽  
Monosaccharide Composition ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Length Determination

In Streptococcus thermophilus, EpsC is a polysaccharide co-polymerase which is involved in determining the chain length of EPS synthesized by the Wzx/Wzy-dependent pathway. Our previous study found that there was a positive correlation between transcription level of epsC and molecular weight of EPS in S. thermophilus 05-34. To further investigate the effects of EpsC on EPS biosynthesis, this gene was over-expressed in S. thermophilus 05-34 in this study. Reverse transcription qPCR and Western blotting confirmed the successful transcription and translation of epsC in 05-34, respectively. The yield of EPS was not affected by the over-expression of EpsC. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that the monosaccharide composition was still composed of galactose and glucose in a molar ratio of 1.0:0.8, whereas high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) indicated that the molecular weight of EPS was increased from 4.62 × 105 Da to 9.17 × 105 Da by the over-expression of EpsC. In addition, S. thermophilus 05epsC which could produce higher molecular weight EPS improved the viscoelasticity and water-holding capacity of yogurt, but significantly reduced the level of syneresis in yogurt. In summary, these results indicated that homologous over-expression of EpsC in S. thermophilus could increase the molecular weight of EPS and improve the microrheological or physical properties of yogurt.

scholarly journals Influence of Partial Acid Hydrolysis on Size, Dispersity, Monosaccharide Composition, and Conformation of Linearly-Branched Water-Soluble Polysaccharides

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (13) ◽  
pp. 2982
Author(s):  
Cristina Lupo ◽  
Samy Boulos ◽  
Laura Nyström
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Monosaccharide Composition ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Partial Hydrolysis ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Time ◽  
Partial Acid Hydrolysis

The effect of partial acid hydrolysis on the physical and chemical properties of galactomannan, arabinoxylan, and xyloglucan was investigated. Polysaccharides were treated at 50 °C with hydrochloric acid for 3–48 h. Portions of isopropanol (i-PrOH) were added sequentially to the hydrolyzates, resulting in fractions that were collected by centrifugation. As expected, a significant reduction of weight-average molecular weight (Mw) was observed with increasing hydrolysis time. Fractional precipitation was successfully applied to collect at least one polymer fraction with dispersity (Đ) close to one for each polysaccharide. The monosaccharide composition analysis showed that the partial hydrolysis usually lowered the relative amount of side chains, with the exception of galactomannan, where the composition remained largely unaffected. Estimation of the polymer conformation in solution, through evaluation of the Mark-Houwink parameter coefficient (α), confirmed that acid hydrolysis influenced the polysaccharides’ conformation. It was demonstrated that acid treatment in dilute solution followed by fractional isopropanol precipitation is a method, extendible to a variety of polysaccharides, to obtain materials of decreased molecular weight and low dispersity with slightly altered overall composition and conformation.

scholarly journals Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of a Novel Polysaccharide From Lycopi Herba

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wuxia Zhang ◽  
Yihua Hu ◽  
Jiaqi He ◽  
Dongdong Guo ◽  
Jinzhong Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characterization ◽  
Monosaccharide Composition ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Splenocyte Proliferation ◽  
Material Basis ◽  
Immunological Tests ◽  
Physicochemical Methods ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Monosaccharide Composition Analysis

Lycopi Herba has been broadly used as a traditional medicinal herb in Asia due to its ability to strengthen immunity. However, it is still obscure for its material basis and underlying mechanisms. Polysaccharide, as one of the most important components of most natural herbs, usually contributes to the immunomodulatory ability of herbs. Here, we aimed to detect polysaccharides from Lycopi Herba and examine their potential immunomodulatory activity. A novel polysaccharide (LHPW) was extracted from Lycopi Herba and purified by DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography and G-100 sephadex. According to physicochemical methods and monosaccharide composition analysis, LHPW was mainly composed of galactose, glucose, fructose, and arabinose. NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. Immunological tests indicated that LHPW could activate macrophage RAW264.7 and promote splenocyte proliferation. This study discovered a novel polysaccharide from Lycopi Herba and showed it was a potential immunomodulator.

scholarly journals Determination of the Extraction, Physicochemical Characterization, and Digestibility of Sulfated Polysaccharides in Seaweed—Porphyra haitanensis

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 539
Author(s):  
Mingshuang Dong ◽  
Yanhui Jiang ◽  
Chun Wang ◽  
Qian Yang ◽  
Xiaolu Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Extraction Rate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Sulfated Polysaccharides ◽  
Porphyra Haitanensis

The aim of the study was to extract Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharides (PHPs) using the water extraction and alcohol precipitation methods and explore their antioxidant activity and physicochemical properties. The single-factor and Box-Behnken response surface methodologies were used to optimize the extraction of polysaccharides from Porphyra haitanensis. Our results showed that the polysaccharide yield was as high as 20.48% with a raw material to water ratio of 0.04, and extraction time of 3 h at 80 °C. The extraction rate observed was similar to the actual extraction rate, thus proving the reliability of the optimization model. The extracted polysaccharides primarily consisted of galactose, glucose, and fucose in the molar ratio 76.2:2.1:1, respectively. The high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) results showed that the molecular weight of the PHPs obtained was 6.3 × 105 Da, and the sulfate content was 2.7 mg/mL. Fourier infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the functional groups and structures of the polysaccharides. The effect of concentration, temperature, and pH on the apparent viscosity of the PHPs solution were studied using rheology experiments, which revealed that PHPs were a “non-Newtonian fluid” with shear-thinning behavior. The viscosity of the PHPs gradually increased with increasing sugar concentration, and decreased with increasing temperature, acidity, and alkalinity. Detection of the antioxidant activity of OH*, DPPH*, and ABTS* revealed that the scavenging activity of ABTS* was higher than that of OH* and DPPH* in the concentration range of 1–5 mg/mL. In the experiments of simulating gastric juice and alpha amylase in vitro, it was found that PHPs can better resist digestion of alpha amylase, and have better resistance than fructooligosaccharide (FOS), so PHPs have potential prebiotic activity. These findings demonstrate the potential of PHPs for use in the food and cosmetic industries.

Purification and Structure Study on Exopolysaccharides Produced by Lactobacillus paracasei KL1-Liu from Tibetan Kefir

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 1513-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Liu ◽  
Yuan Hong Xie ◽  
Tao Han ◽  
Hong Xing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Monosaccharide Composition ◽  
Gradient Elution ◽  
Structure Study ◽  
Lactobacillus Paracasei ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Sample Concentration ◽  
Multi Level

To investigate the pure conditions of exopolysaccharides produced by Lactobacillus paracasei KL1-Liu from Tibetan Kefir, and to analyse the structure, we used Multi-level single-factor test to purify EPS by Sepharose CL-6B. And the purity of EPS was detected by UV scan and high performance liquid chromatogram (HPLC). EPS molecular weight and monosaccharide composition were determined by HPLC. Results: Adoption phosphate buffer gradient elution 0.02-0.10 mol/L, the velocity 0.25 mL/min, the sample concentration 1.0 mg/mL, the sample capacity 1.0 mL. Under this purification conditions, components EPSa and EPSb were obtained. The purities of EPSa and EPSb were 82.82% and 91.74% respectively, which were 1.4 and 1.5 times of the pre-purification. Purity Test results showed that EPSa and EPSb polysaccharide were single components, basically no nucleic acid and protein in them. Structural analysis revealed that the molecular weight of EPSa and EPSb were 4.60×104 Da and 2.12×104 Da detected by HPLC. EPSa monosaccharide components were glucose and rhamnose, and the molar ratio was 1:0.68. EPSb were composed of glucose, xylose and rhamnose, and the molar ratio was 1:0.77:0.69.

scholarly journals Content and composition analysis of polysaccharides from Blaps rynchopetera and its macrophage phagocytic activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 338-346
Author(s):  
Ying Wang ◽  
Yin-He Yang ◽  
Qing Luo ◽  
Yuan Hu ◽  
Qian Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Monosaccharide Composition ◽  
Peritoneal Macrophages ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Phagocytic Ability ◽  
Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages

Abstract Blaps rynchopetera Fairmaire has a long history of use as a folk medicine in China for treating fever, cough, gastritis, boils, and tumors. In the present study, the content analyses, monosaccharide composition analyses, and the macrophage phagocytic activity of rynchopetera polysaccharides (RPS) were reported. B. rhynchoptera is rich in polysaccharides (content value 3.97%). Through PMP (1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone) pre-column derivatization and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) testing, the results showed that RPS consist of 8 known monosaccharides, including D-mannose (Man), Rhamnose (Rha), D-glucuronic acid (GlcUA), D-galacturonic acid (GalUA), D-glucose (Glc), D-galactose (Gal), Arabinose (Ara), and Fucose (Fuc), with the total content of 171.70 mg g−1 and Glc has the highest content of 45.40 mg g−1. The phagocytic ability of mouse peritoneal macrophages was investigated after RPS stimulating alone and combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RPS played an important role in the engulfment of mouse peritoneal macrophages and can significantly enhance the phagocytic ability of macrophages. However, no synergistic effects were observed when RPS combined with LPS.

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