scholarly journals Challenges in Tick-Borne Pathogen Detection: The Case for Babesia spp. Identification in the Tick Vector

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Grecia Martínez-García ◽  
R. Montserrat Santamaría-Espinosa ◽  
José J. Lira-Amaya ◽  
Julio V. Figueroa
Keyword(s):  
Tick Species ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Molecular Tools ◽  
Conventional Pcr ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Tick Vector ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Tick Vectors ◽  
Babesia Spp

The causative agents of Babesiosis are intraerythrocytic protozoa of the genus Babesia. Babesia parasites are present around the world, affecting several mammals including humans, pets and livestock, hence its medical and veterinary relevance. Babesia spp. detection in its invertebrate host is a main point in understanding the biology of the parasite to acquire more knowledge on the host–Babesia–vector interactions, as increasing knowledge of the Babesia lifecycle and babesiosis epidemiology can help prevent babesiosis outbreaks in susceptible mammals. The aim of the present review is to highlight the newest findings in this field, based on a bibliographic compilation of research studies recently carried out for the detection of the main Babesia species found in tick vectors affecting mammalian hosts, including the different tick stages such as adult ticks, larvae, nymphs and eggs, as well as the detection method implemented: microscopic tools for parasite identification and molecular tools for parasite DNA detection by conventional PCR, nested-PCR, PCR-RFLP, PCR-RLB hybridization, real time-PCR, LAMP and RAP assays. Although molecular identification of Babesia parasites has been achieved in several tick species and tissue samples, it is still necessary to carry out transmission experiments through biological models to confirm the vectorial capacity of various tick species.

scholarly journals Molecular detection of Babesia spp. in ticks sampled from asymptomatic dogs in the area of some Belgrade municipalities

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 175-184
Author(s):  
Darko Davitkov ◽  
Srecko Terzic ◽  
Dajana Davitkov ◽  
Milena Radakovic ◽  
Bojan Gajic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus ◽  
Dermacentor Reticulatus ◽  
Species Determination ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Babesia Spp

Babesiosis of domestic animals is a vector transmissible and clinically significant disease, caused by protozoa of genus Babesia and Theileria. Possible causative agents for this disease in dogs in Europe are: Babesia canis, B. gibsoni, B. vogeli and B. microti-like. Diagnostics of babesiosis of dogs was for a long time based on the visual inspection of stained blood smear under a microscope, while today there have been increasingly used molecular methods of detection in precise, species diagnostics. The objective of this work was molecular detection of the cause of babesiosis of dogs in the ticks sampled from asymptomatic dogs in the region of some Belgrade municipalities, all for better understanding of epizootiological situation. From three sites in Belgrade, there were collected 49 ticks, sampled from the dogs with no symptoms. There was carried out the determination of the ticks, and after that, DNA was isolated for molecular examination. First, there was performed Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), for determining the species of the genus Babesia, and after that there was also carried out the determining of polymorphism in the length of restriction fragments (RFLP) for the purpose of the causative agent species determination. Out of the total number of the examined ticks, 18,34% were positive on Babesia spp. By RFLP method, in two cases (4,08%) B. Gibsoni was identified, while in 7 cas?es (14,92%) there were no restriction sites for the used enzymes, what suggests that most likely it was B. canis. The ticks positive on the cause of babesiosis were: Dermacentor reticulatus (4 cases), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (4 cases) i Ixodes ricinus (1 case). This work confirms the presence of Babesia spp. in the ticks sampled from asmptomatic dogs on the teritory of Belgrade as well as the significance of PCR-RFLP method in diagnostics and identification of the causative agent of babesiosis in dogs. For the first time in Serbia, there was determined the presence of B. gibsoni in ticks (Species Rhipicephalus sanguineus)

scholarly journals Equine piroplasmosis status in the UK: an assessment of laboratory diagnostic submissions and techniques

2018 ◽  
Vol 184 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M Coultous ◽  
Paul Phipps ◽  
Charlie Dalley ◽  
Jane Lewis ◽  
Toni-Ann Hammond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Health Agency ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Equine Piroplasmosis ◽  
Tick Vector ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Tick Vectors ◽  
Health Trust

Equine piroplasmosis (EP) has historically been of minor concern to UK equine practitioners, primarily due to a lack of competent tick vectors. However, increased detection of EP tick vector species in the UK has been reported recently. EP screening is not currently required for equine importation, and when combined with recent relaxations in movement regulations, there is an increased risk regarding disease incursion and establishment into the UK. This study evaluated the prevalence of EP by both serology and PCR among 1242 UK equine samples submitted for EP screening between February and December 2016 to the Animal and Plant Health Agency and the Animal Health Trust. Where information was available, 81.5 per cent of submissions were for the purpose of UK export testing, and less than 0.1 per cent for UK importation. Serological prevalence of EP was 8.0 per cent, and parasite DNA was found in 0.8 per cent of samples. A subsequent analysis of PCR sensitivity in archived clinical samples indicated that the proportion of PCR-positive animals is likely to be considerably higher. The authors conclude that the current threat imposed by UK carrier horses is not adequately monitored and further measures are required to improve national biosecurity and prevent endemic disease.

Evidence of the three main clonalToxoplasma gondiilineages from wild mammalian carnivores in the UK

Parasitology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 140 (14) ◽  
pp. 1768-1776 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. BURRELLS ◽  
P. M. BARTLEY ◽  
I. A. ZIMMER ◽  
S. ROY ◽  
A. C. KITCHENER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Rflp Markers ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Few Data ◽  
The Uk

SUMMARYToxoplasma gondiiis a zoonotic pathogen defined by three main clonal lineages (types I, II, III), of which type II is most common in Europe. Very few data exist on the prevalence and genotypes ofT. gondiiin the UK. Wildlife can act as sentinel species forT. gondiigenotypes present in the environment, which may subsequently be transmitted to livestock and humans. DNA was extracted from tissue samples of wild British carnivores, including 99 ferrets, 83 red foxes, 70 polecats, 65 mink, 64 badgers and 9 stoats. Parasite DNA was detected using a nested ITS1 PCR specific forT. gondii, PCR positive samples were subsequently genotyped using five PCR–RFLP markers.Toxoplasma gondiiDNA was detected within all these mammal species and prevalence varied from 6·0 to 44·4% depending on the host. PCR–RFLP genotyping identified type II as the predominant lineage, but type III and type I alleles were also identified. No atypical or mixed genotypes were identified within these animals. This study demonstrates the presence of alleles for all three clonal lineages with potential for transmission to cats and livestock. This is the first DNA-based study ofT. gondiiprevalence and genotypes across a broad range of wild British carnivores.

Ticks and tick-borne pathogens in China.

2021 ◽  
pp. 492-499
Author(s):  
Hao Li ◽  
Li-Qun Fang ◽  
Wei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Expert Opinion ◽  
Tick Species ◽  
Spotted Fever ◽  
Spotted Fever Group ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae ◽  
Tick Vectors

Abstract This expert opinion provides an overview of the type and distribution of tick species and emerging tick-borne pathogens in tick vectors and human beings (such as Anaplasma, Babesia, spotted fever group rickettsiae, Borrelia and viruses) in China and considers the potential influence of global warming and climate change.

scholarly journals Improved Primers for the Specific Detection of Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli in Sugarcane Using a Conventional PCR Assay

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (12) ◽  
pp. 3251-3258
Author(s):  
Sheng-Ren Sun ◽  
Jun-Lü Chen ◽  
Yao-Yao Duan ◽  
Na Chu ◽  
Mei-Ting Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Dna Amplification ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Conventional Pcr ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Saccharum Spp ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Pcr Assays ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Ratoon stunting disease (RSD), one of the most important diseases of sugarcane, is caused by the bacterium Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli (Lxx). Lxx infects sugarcane worldwide and RSD results in high yield losses and varietal degeneration. It is highly challenging to diagnose RSD based on visual symptomatology because this disease does not exhibit distinct external and internal symptoms. In this study, a novel Lxx-specific primer pair Lxx-F1/Lxx-R1 was designed to detect this pathogen using a conventional PCR assay. These primers were then compared with four published Lxx-specific primers and one universal Leifsonia generic primer pair LayF/LayR. Sugarcane leaf samples were collected from Saccharum spp. hybrids in commercial fields (315 samples) and from germplasm clones of five Saccharum species and Erianthus arundinaceus (216 samples). These samples were used for comparative field diagnosis with six conventional PCR assays. Sensitivity tests suggested that the PCR assay with primers Lxx-F1/Lxx-R1 had the same detection limit (1 pg of Lxx genomic DNA) as the primer pairs Cxx1/Cxx2 and CxxITSf#5/CxxITSr#5 and had 10-fold higher sensitivity than the primer pairs Pat1-F2/Pat1-R2, LayF/LayR, and C2F/C2R. Comparison of PCR assays revealed that natural Lxx-infection incidence (6.1%) in field sample evaluation identified by Lxx-F1/Lxx-R1 primers was higher than incidences (0.7 to 3.0%) determined by other primer pairs. Moreover, no nonspecific DNA amplification occurred within these field samples with Lxx-F1/Lxx-R1 primers, unlike with the primer pairs Cxx1/Cxx2 and LayF/LayR. Diverse Leifsonia strains were identified by PCR detection with LayF/LayR primers in the field samples, whereas whether these Leifsonia strains were pathogenic to sugarcane requires further research. Our investigations revealed that the PCR assay with the newly designed primers Lxx-F1/Lxx-R1 could be widely used for RSD diagnosis and Lxx-pathogen detection with satisfactory sensitivity and specificity.

scholarly journals Coccidia of gallinaceous meat birds in Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-234
Author(s):  
Marcel Teixeira ◽  
Antônio Diego Brandão Melo ◽  
George Rego Albuquerque ◽  
Patrícia Tironi Rocha ◽  
Jomar Patrício Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Eimeria Species ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix ◽  
Alectoris Chukar ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Chukar Partridge ◽  
Chukar Partridges ◽  
Endogenous Stages

Coccidiosis is a disease that limits the production and marketing of gallinaceous birds in North America, especially quails, pheasants and chukar partridges. Virtually no research has been conducted in South America on the causative agents of diseases among these birds, including coccidia. The aim of this work was to make first observations on Eimeria spp. in the chukar partridge Alectoris chukar and the grey quail Coturnix coturnix, which are reared for meat in Brazil. Fecal and tissue samples were collected from commercial farms and were examined for oocysts, gross and microscopic lesions or endogenous stages. From this examination, it was found that partridges raised in Brazil did not have any visible infection. However, grey quails presented mild infection and two Eimeria species that had previously been described in other birds were identified.

Molecular methods for the diagnosis and characterization ofCryptococcus: a review

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 445-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Júlio Costa Sidrim ◽  
Ana Karoline Freire Costa ◽  
Rossana Aguiar Cordeiro ◽  
Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante ◽  
Fernanda Edna Araújo Moura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Genomic Regions ◽  
Identification Techniques

Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection caused by yeasts of the genus Cryptococcus , with Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii as the primary pathogenic species. This disease is a threat to immunocompromised patients, especially those who have AIDS. However, the disease has also been described in healthy individuals. The tests used to identify these microorganisms have limitations that make final diagnosis difficult. However, currently there are specific gene sequences that can be used to detect C. neoformans and C. gattii from clinical specimens and cultures. These sequences can be used for identification, typing, and the study of population genetics. Among the main identification techniques are hybridization, which was the pioneer in molecular identification and development of specific probes for pathogen detection; PCR and other PCR-based methods, particularly nested PCR and multiplex PCR; and sequencing of specific genomic regions that are amplified through PCR, which is especially useful for diagnosis of cryptococcosis caused by unconventional Cryptococcus sp. Concerning microorganism typing, the following techniques have shown the best ability to differentiate between fungal serotypes and molecular types: PCR fingerprinting, PCR–RFLP, AFLP, and MLST. Thus, the accumulation of data generated by molecular methods can have a positive impact on monitoring resistant strains and treating diseases.

scholarly journals Alzheimer's Disease: A Pathogenetic Autoimmune Disorder Caused by Herpes Simplex in a Gene-Dependent Manner

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Decoy Receptors ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Related Proteins

Herpes simplex is implicated in Alzheimer's disease and viral infection produces Alzheimer's disease like pathology in mice. The virus expresses proteins containing short contiguous amino acid stretches (5–9aa “vatches” = viralmatches) homologous to APOE4, clusterin, PICALM, and complement receptor 1, and to over 100 other gene products relevant to Alzheimer's disease, which are also homologous to proteins expressed by other pathogens implicated in Alzheimer's disease. Such homology, reiterated at the DNA level, suggests that gene association studies have been tracking infection, as well as identifying key genes, demonstrating a role for pathogens as causative agents. Vatches may interfere with the function of their human counterparts, acting as dummy ligands, decoy receptors, or via interactome interference. They are often immunogenic, and antibodies generated in response to infection may target their human counterparts, producing protein knockdown, or generating autoimmune responses that may kill the neurones in which the human homologue resides, a scenario supported by immune activation in Alzheimer's disease. These data may classify Alzheimer's disease as an autoimmune disorder created by pathogen mimicry of key Alzheimer's disease-related proteins. It may well be prevented by vaccination and regular pathogen detection and elimination, and perhaps stemmed by immunosuppression or antibody adsorption-related therapies.

scholarly journals Isolation and Molecular Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Commercial Layer Chickens in Sylhet, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 614-620
Author(s):  
Md Shamsul Islam Basit ◽  
Mohammad Al Mamun ◽  
Md. Masudur Rahman ◽  
Monira Noor
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Mycoplasma Gallisepticum ◽  
Dead Layer ◽  
Conventional Pcr ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Air Sacs ◽  
Cultural Isolation ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Layer Chickens

Mycoplasma gallisepticum induced poultry diseases are associated with a huge economic crisis and have a considerable impact on the poultry industry worldwide. The aim of the current study was to isolate and perform molecular detection of MG circulating pathogenic strain in the commercial layer farms in the Sylhet district of Bangladesh. The entire study was conducted from January 2018 to January 2019 at three Upazilas of Sylhet district in Bangladesh. A total of 50 dead layer chickens (indicating signs of respiratory distress before death) were collected randomly from 15 different layer farms. The tissue samples, such as air sacs, trachea, and lungs, were taken from suspected dead chickens. Both cultural and PCR-based techniques were applied to identify Mycoplasma from tissue samples. The conventional PCR technique was implemented to amplify 185 bp DNA fragments for the MG. Out of 50 samples, 36% (18/50) and 70% (35/50) of MG were identified by cultural method and PCR, respectively. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that PCR is an easier, more sensitive, and less time-consuming method for the early diagnosis of MG in chickens, compared to cultural isolation and hence can lower the economic burden to poultry farmers caused by this disease.

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