scholarly journals Nutrition and Frailty: Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2349
Author(s):  
Mary Ni Lochlainn ◽  
Natalie J. Cox ◽  
Thomas Wilson ◽  
Richard P. G. Hayhoe ◽  
Sheena E. Ramsay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Dietary Change ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Poor Nutritional Status ◽  
Global Ageing

Frailty is a syndrome of growing importance given the global ageing population. While frailty is a multifactorial process, poor nutritional status is considered a key contributor to its pathophysiology. As nutrition is a modifiable risk factor for frailty, strategies to prevent and treat frailty should consider dietary change. Observational evidence linking nutrition with frailty appears most robust for dietary quality: for example, dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet appear to be protective. In addition, research on specific foods, such as a higher consumption of fruit and vegetables and lower consumption of ultra-processed foods are consistent, with healthier profiles linked to lower frailty risk. Few dietary intervention studies have been conducted to date, although a growing number of trials that combine supplementation with exercise training suggest a multi-domain approach may be more effective. This review is based on an interdisciplinary workshop, held in November 2020, and synthesises current understanding of dietary influences on frailty, focusing on opportunities for prevention and treatment. Longer term prospective studies and well-designed trials are needed to determine the causal effects of nutrition on frailty risk and progression and how dietary change can be used to prevent and/or treat frailty in the future.

scholarly journals Metabolic and nutritional approach to older frail people

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Volpato ◽  
Giovanni Zuliani
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Frailty Syndrome ◽  
Adequate Nutrition ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Frailty is a common clinical syndrome in older adults that carries an increased risk for poor health outcomes including falls, incident disability, hospitalization, and mortality. It is characterized by multisystem dysregulations, leading to a loss of dynamic homeostasis, decreased physiologic reserve, and increased vulnerability to stressors. A large body of literature suggests several important multisystem pathophysiologic processes in the pathogenesis of the frailty syndrome, including chronic inflammation and immune activation, insulin resistance and those in musculoskeletal and endocrine systems. Currently, no effective pharmaceutical interventions have been developed for the prevention and treatment of the frailty syndrome. Conversely, epidemiological and intervention studies suggest that adequate nutrition and physical exercise might prevent or postpone the onset of frailty and related clinical manifestations.

scholarly journals Relevance of the Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load for Body Weight, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Vega-López ◽  
Bernard Venn ◽  
Joanne Slavin
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Glycemic Load ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
The Relationship

Despite initial enthusiasm, the relationship between glycemic index (GI) and glycemic response (GR) and disease prevention remains unclear. This review examines evidence from randomized, controlled trials and observational studies in humans for short-term (e.g., satiety) and long-term (e.g., weight, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes) health effects associated with different types of GI diets. A systematic PubMed search was conducted of studies published between 2006 and 2018 with key words glycemic index, glycemic load, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, body weight, satiety, and obesity. Criteria for inclusion for observational studies and randomized intervention studies were set. The search yielded 445 articles, of which 73 met inclusion criteria. Results suggest an equivocal relationship between GI/GR and disease outcome. The strongest intervention studies typically find little relationship among GI/GR and physiological measures of disease risk. Even for observational studies, the relationship between GI/GR and disease outcomes is limited. Thus, it is unlikely that the GI of a food or diet is linked to disease risk or health outcomes. Other measures of dietary quality, such as fiber or whole grains may be more likely to predict health outcomes. Interest in food patterns as predictors of health benefits may be more fruitful for research to inform dietary guidance.

Diet and the gut microbiome: from hype to hypothesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 521-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannelore Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Bacterial Biomass ◽  
Human Colon ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Immune Defence ◽  
Human Intestine ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
Complex Ecosystem

AbstractMicrobiome research in the last two decades has delivered as a key finding that the human intestine hosts a unique and complex ecosystem with many variables affecting the composition of the microbiota and in turn its function in metabolism and immune defence. Hundreds of external (environmental) factors have meanwhile been identified as significantly associated with bacterial biomass and diversity and, amongst these, diet is considered as a key determinant of microbial populations. However, dietary intervention studies, including those with fermentable substrates that have bulk effects on bowel functions, have revealed only very minor effects on overall microbiome composition and usually show only a very few species changing in population size. What that means in the context of hundreds of different species coexisting in competition or mutualism in the human colon is far from understood. This review addresses some of the current limits in research on diet effects by taking anatomical and physiological features of the intestine into consideration. It also provides some recommendations on future human studies needed to assess how the diet influences the microbiome and associated effects on metabolic health.

Calcium Bioavailability in Relation to Bone Health

2002 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Fairweather-Tait ◽  
Birgit Teucher
Keyword(s):  
Bone Health ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Calcium Absorption ◽  
Dietary Calcium ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Calcium Balance ◽  
Calcium Bioavailability

A well established stable isotope technique exists for measuring calcium absorption from single foods and meals, but the long term effects of calcium on bone health cannot be assessed from acute bioavailability studies. Bone health depends primarily on the degree of mineralization, measured as bone mineral density (BMD), and phenotypic variations depend on genetic and environmental factors including calcium supply. Since almost all retained calcium is used for bone mineralization and remodeling, BMD can be used as a long-term (> six months) marker of dietary calcium bioavailability. However, BMD is a very insensitive marker of calcium bioavailability, so its use in dietary intervention studies is restricted to periods of significant bone growth or loss. Biochemical markers of bone metabolism may be used to predict the overall bioavailability of dietary calcium over a shorter time period (> four weeks), but they have a high coefficient of variation, so may not be appropriate for some dietary intervention studies. A group of European laboratories is currently developing an alternative approach using a long-lived radioisotope (41Ca) to label bone calcium and to directly measure the rate of calcium loss from urinary excretion data. The efficiency of calcium absorption is inversely related to intake; whole body balance of the mineral is dependent on rates of absorption and excretion and limited by calcium-binding substances in the gut. Dietary data and indirect measures of bone health indicate that bioavailability is important when habitual intakes are low, especially during periods of bone growth or loss. Further research is required to quantify the effects of major dietary modulators of calcium balance on bone health and to understand their relationship with genetic and physiological variables.

scholarly journals Measurement error correction and sensitivity analysis in longitudinal dietary intervention studies using an external validation study

Biometrics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 927-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juned Siddique ◽  
Michael J. Daniels ◽  
Raymond J. Carroll ◽  
Trivellore E. Raghunathan ◽  
Elizabeth A. Stuart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Measurement Error ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Validation Study ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
External Validation ◽  
External Validation Study ◽  
Measurement Error Correction

scholarly journals Efficacy of a community-based dietary intervention to enhance micronutrient adequacy of high-phytate maize-based diets of rural Malawian children

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 826-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Yeudall ◽  
Rosalind S Gibson ◽  
Timothy R Cullinan ◽  
Beatrice Mtimuni
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Nutrient Adequacy

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of a community-based dietary intervention to reduce risk of micronutrient inadequacies in high-phytate maize-based Malawian diets.DesignQuasi-experimental post-test design with a non-equivalent control group.SettingFour villages in Mangochi District, Southern Malawi.ParticipantsHouseholds with children aged 3–7 years in two intervention (n = 200) and two control (n = 81) villages participated in a 6-month intervention employing dietary diversification, changes in food selection patterns, and modifications to food processing to reduce the phytate content of maize-based diets. Baseline comparability between the groups was confirmed via assessment of sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometry, knowledge and practices, morbidity, haemoglobin and hair zinc. After 12 months, knowledge and practices and dietary intakes were assessed by interactive 24-hour recalls, one during the food plenty and a second during the food shortage season. Nutrient adequacy for the two groups was compared via dietary quality indicators and predicted prevalence of inadequate intakes using the probability approach.ResultsIntervention children had diets that were significantly more diverse and of a higher quality than those of controls. Median daily intakes of protein, calcium, zinc (total and available), haem iron, vitamin B12 and animal foods (grams; % of total energy) were higher (P<0.05) whereas phytate intakes, phytate/zinc and phytate/iron molar ratios were lower (P<0.01) in the intervention group; some spread of knowledge and practices to controls occurred.ConclusionsOur community-based dietary strategies reduced the predicted prevalence of inadequate intakes of protein, calcium, zinc and vitamin B12, but not iron, in children from Malawian households with very limited resources.

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