scholarly journals Chilled Potatoes Decrease Postprandial Glucose, Insulin, and Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide Compared to Boiled Potatoes in Females with Elevated Fasting Glucose and Insulin

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mindy A Patterson ◽  
Joy Nolte Fong ◽  
Madhura Maiya ◽  
Stephanie Kung ◽  
Araz Sarkissian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Cooking Method ◽  
Postprandial Glycemia ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Insulinotropic Peptide ◽  
Randomized Crossover Study

Resistant starch (RS) has been shown to improve postprandial glycemia and insulin sensitivity in adults with metabolic syndrome. RS is found naturally in potatoes, where the amount varies based on cooking method and serving temperature. Thirty females with a mean BMI of 32.8 ± 3.7 kg/m2, fasting glucose of 110.5 mg/dL, and insulin of 10.3 µIU/L, completed this randomized, crossover study. A quantity of 250 g of boiled (low RS) and baked then chilled (high RS) russet potatoes were consumed on two separate occasions. Glycemic (glucose and insulin) and incretin response, subjective satiety, and dietary intake were measured. Results showed that the chilled potato elicited significant reductions at 15 and 30 min in glucose (4.8% and 9.2%), insulin (25.8% and 22.6%), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) (41.1% and 37.6%), respectively. The area under the curve for insulin and GIP were significantly lower after the chilled potato, but no differences were seen in glucose, glucagon-like peptide-1, and peptide YY, or overall subjective satiety. A higher carbohydrate and glycemic index but lower fat diet was consumed 48-hours following the chilled potato than the boiled potato. This study demonstrates that consuming chilled potatoes higher in RS can positively impact the glycemic response in females with elevated fasting glucose and insulin.

Inhibition of gastric emptying by acarbose is correlated with GLP-1 response and accompanied by CCK release

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (3) ◽  
pp. G752-G763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feruze Y. Enç ◽  
Neşe I˙meryüz ◽  
Levent Akin ◽  
Turgut Turoğlu ◽  
Fuat Dede ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Mixed Meal ◽  
Carbohydrate Absorption ◽  
Plasma Response ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

We investigated the effect of acarbose, an α-glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase inhibitor, on gastric emptying of solid meals of varying nutrient composition and plasma responses of gut hormones. Gastric emptying was determined with scintigraphy in healthy subjects, and all studies were performed with and without 100 mg of acarbose, in random order, at least 1 wk apart. Acarbose did not alter the emptying of a carbohydrate-free meal, but it delayed emptying of a mixed meal and a carbohydrate-free meal given 2 h after sucrose ingestion. In meal groups with carbohydrates, acarbose attenuated responses of plasma insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) while augmenting responses of CCK, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY). With mixed meal + acarbose, area under the curve (AUC) of gastric emptying was positively correlated with integrated plasma response of GLP-1 ( r = 0.68 , P < 0.02). With the carbohydrate-free meal after sucrose and acarbose ingestion, AUC of gastric emptying was negatively correlated with integrated plasma response of GIP, implying that prior alteration of carbohydrate absorption modifies gastric emptying of a meal. The results demonstrate that acarbose delays gastric emptying of solid meals and augments release of CCK, GLP-1, and PYY mainly by retarding/inhibiting carbohydrate absorption. Augmented GLP-1 release by acarbose appears to play a major role in the inhibition of gastric emptying of a mixed meal, whereas CCK and PYY may have contributory roles.

scholarly journals The Acute Impact of Ingestion of Sourdough and Whole-Grain Breads on Blood Glucose, Insulin, and Incretins in Overweight and Obese Men

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Mofidi ◽  
Zachary M. Ferraro ◽  
Katherine A. Stewart ◽  
Hilary M. F. Tulk ◽  
Lindsay E. Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Glycemic Response ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Randomized Crossover Study

Consumption of whole-grain and sourdough breads is associated with improved glucose homeostasis. We examined the impact of commercial breads on biomarkers of glucose homeostasis in subjects at risk for glucose intolerance. In a randomized, crossover study, overweight or obese males ingested 11-grain, sprouted-grain, 12-grain, sourdough, or white bread on different occasions, matched for available carbohydrate (50 g) in part 1 (n=12) and bread mass (107 g) in part 2 (n=11), and blood glucose, insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were determined for 3 h. In part 1, glucose response for sprouted-grain was lower than 11-grain, sourdough, and white breads. Insulin area under the curve (AUC) for sourdough and white was lower than 11-grain and sprouted-grain breads. GLP-1 response to sourdough was lower than all breads. In part 2, glucose and insulin AUC for sourdough was greater than 11-grain, sprouted-grain, and 12-grain breads. Sprouted-grain bread improved glycemia by lowering glucose response and increasing GLP-1 response. In overweight and obese men, the glycemic response to sprouted grain bread was reduced in both parts 1 and 2 while the other whole-grain test breads did not improve metabolic responses in the acute postprandial state.

scholarly journals Acute Exercise and Appetite-Regulating Hormones in Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Meta-Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Anne Douglas ◽  
Kevin Deighton ◽  
Jan Maria Atkinson ◽  
Vahid Sari-Sarraf ◽  
David John Stensel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Mean Differences

In lean individuals, acute aerobic exercise is reported to transiently suppress sensations of appetite, suppress blood concentrations of acylated ghrelin (AG), and increase glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide-YY (PYY). Findings in overweight/obese individuals have yet to be synthesised. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we quantified the effects that acute exercise has on AG and total PYY and GLP-1 in overweight/obese individuals. The potential for body mass index (BMI) to act as a moderator for AG was also explored. Six published studies (73 participants, 78% male, mean BMI: 30.6 kg·m−2) met the inclusion criteria. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) and standard errors were extracted for AG and total PYY and GLP-1 concentrations in control and exercise trials and synthesised using a random effects meta-analysis model. BMI was the predictor in metaregression for AG. Exercise moderately suppressed AG area-under-the-curve concentrations (pooled SMD: −0.34, 95% CI: −0.53 to −0.15). The magnitude of this reduction was greater for higher mean BMIs (pooled metaregression slope: −0.04 SMD/kg·m−2 (95% CI: −0.07 to 0.00)). Trivial SMDs were obtained for total PYY (0.10, 95% CI: −0.13 to 0.31) and GLP-1 (−0.03, 95% CI: −0.18 to 0.13). This indicates that exercise in overweight/obese individuals moderately alters AG in a direction that could be associated with decreased hunger and energy intake. This trial is registered with PROSPERO: CRD42014006265.

scholarly journals Influence of gastric emptying on the control of postprandial glycemia: physiology and therapeutic implications

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Antonio Tambascia ◽  
Domingos Augusto Cherino Malerbi ◽  
Freddy Goldberg Eliaschewitz
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Postprandial Glycemia ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors

The maintenance of glucose homeostasis is complex and involves, besides the secretion and action of insulin and glucagon, a hormonal and neural mechanism, regulating the rate of gastric emptying. This mechanism depends on extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion regulates the speed of gastric emptying, contributing to the control of postprandial glycemia. The pharmacodynamic characteristics of various agents of this class can explain the effects more relevant in fasting or postprandial glucose, and can thus guide the individualized treatment, according to the clinical and pathophysiological features of each patient.

The glucagon-like peptide-1 metabolite GLP-1-(9–36) amide reduces postprandial glycemia independently of gastric emptying and insulin secretion in humans

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (6) ◽  
pp. E1118-E1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juris J. Meier ◽  
Arnica Gethmann ◽  
Michael A. Nauck ◽  
Oliver Götze ◽  
Frank Schmitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Glucagon Secretion ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Postprandial Glycemia ◽  
Insulin And Glucagon Secretion ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) lowers glycemia by modulating gastric emptying and endocrine pancreatic secretion. Rapidly after its secretion, GLP-1-(7–36) amide is degraded to the metabolite GLP-1-(9–36) amide. The effects of GLP-1-(9–36) amide in humans are less well characterized. Fourteen healthy volunteers were studied with intravenous infusion of GLP-1-(7–36) amide, GLP-1-(9–36) amide, or placebo over 390 min. After 30 min, a solid test meal was served, and gastric emptying was assessed. Blood was drawn for GLP-1 (total and intact), glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon measurements. Administration of GLP-1-(7–36) amide and GLP-1-(9–36) amide significantly raised total GLP-1 plasma levels. Plasma concentrations of intact GLP-1 increased to 21 ± 5 pmol/l during the infusion of GLP-1-(7–36) amide but remained unchanged during GLP-1-(9–36) amide infusion [5 ± 3 pmol/l; P < 0.001 vs. GLP-1-(7–36) amide administration]. GLP-1-(7–36) amide reduced fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations ( P < 0.001) and delayed gastric emptying ( P < 0.001). The GLP-1 metabolite had no influence on insulin or C-peptide concentrations. Glucagon levels were lowered by GLP-1-(7–36) amide but not by GLP-1-(9–36) amide. However, the postprandial rise in glycemia was reduced significantly (by ∼6 mg/dl) by GLP-1-(9–36) amide ( P < 0.05). In contrast, gastric emptying was completely unaffected by the GLP-1 metabolite. The GLP-1 metabolite lowers postprandial glycemia independently of changes in insulin and glucagon secretion or in the rate of gastric emptying. Most likely, this is because of direct effects on glucose disposal. However, the glucose-lowering potential of GLP-1-(9–36) amide appears to be small compared with that of intact GLP-1-(7–36) amide.

scholarly journals Resistant starch and arabinoxylan augment SCFA absorption, but affect postprandial glucose and insulin responses differently

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (9) ◽  
pp. 1564-1576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Krog Ingerslev ◽  
Peter Kappel Theil ◽  
Mette Skou Hedemann ◽  
Helle Nygaard Lærke ◽  
Knud Erik Bach Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Hepatic Veins ◽  
Colonic Fermentation ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Insulinotropic Peptide ◽  
Insulin Responses

The effects of increased colonic fermentation of dietary fibres (DF) on the net portal flux (NPF) of carbohydrate-derived metabolites (glucose, SCFA and, especially, butyrate), hormones (insulin, C-peptide, glucagon-like peptide 1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide) and NEFA were studied in a healthy catheterised pig model. A total of six pigs weighing 59 (sem1·6) kg were fitted with catheters in the mesenteric artery and in the portal and hepatic veins, and a flow probe around the portal vein, and included in a double 3 × 3 cross-over design with three daily feedings (at 09.00, 14.00 and 19.00 hours). Fasting and 5 h postprandial blood samples were collected after 7 d adaptation to each diet. The pigs were fed a low-DF Western-style control diet (WSD) and two high-DF diets (an arabinoxylan-enriched diet (AXD) and a resistant starch-enriched diet (RSD)). The NPF of insulin was lower (P= 0·04) in AXD-fed pigs (4·6 nmol/h) than in RSD-fed pigs (10·5 nmol/h), despite the lowest NPF of glucose being observed in RSD-fed pigs (203 mmol/h,P= 0·02). The NPF of total SCFA, acetate, propionate and butyrate were high, intermediate and low (P< 0·01) in AXD-, RSD- and WSD-fed pigs, respectively, with the largest relative increase being observed for butyrate in response to arabinoxylan supplementation. In conclusion, the RSD and AXD had different effects on the NPF of insulin and glucose, suggesting different impacts of arabinoxylan and resistant starch on human health.

scholarly journals Impact of Pre-Processed Chickpea Flour Incorporation into “Mankoushe” on Appetite Hormones and Scores

Foods ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Sahar Dandachy ◽  
Hiba Mawlawi ◽  
Marwan Chedid ◽  
Carla El-Mallah ◽  
Omar Obeid
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Postprandial Glycemia ◽  
Chickpea Flour ◽  
White Flour ◽  
Baked Products ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Appetite Rating ◽  
Modest Reduction

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in integrating pulse flours into pastries and baked products to improve their nutritional and health benefits. “Mankoushe,” a popular Lebanese pastry made up of refined wheat flour was enriched with chickpea flour that is of better nutritional value, and its postprandial glycemia, insulinemia, lipidemia and appetite measures were monitored. A randomized cross-over study was performed on sixteen healthy Lebanese females, age (years): 22.90 ± 3.00, and BMI (kg/m2): 22.70 ± 2.65. Over-night fasted females were asked to consume two iso-energetic meals (201 g; 681 kcal) on two separate days, three days apart. One meal was the “Regular Mankoushe” (RM) made with white flour 100%, and the second meal was the “Chickpeas Mankoushe” (CM) made with a mixture of wheat/chickpea flour (70/30). Blood samples were collected 15 min before meal ingest and at 30, 90, 150 and 210 min postprandial. Glucose, insulin, triglycerides (TG), ghrelin, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) plasma levels were measured. Subjective appetite rating and food intake were also assessed. Incorporation of pre-processed chickpea flour into “Mankoushe” as 30% of the dough was associated with a modest reduction in both glucose and insulin levels, and TG was minimally affected. At the level of appetite hormones, changes in GLP-1 were similar, whereas the reduction in ghrelin was significantly lower after the RM meal and thus favored a higher satiating effect compared to CM. This was not paralleled by a similar change in subjective appetite scores and subsequent energy intake. In conclusion, findings suggest that pre-processed chickpea flour could be a promising functional ingredient of traditional pastries to improve their nutritional quality. Nevertheless, further investigations are warranted regarding its satiating effect.

scholarly journals The Impact of a Large Bolus Dose of l-leucine and l-isoleucine on Enteroendocrine and Pancreatic Hormones, and Glycemia in Healthy, Inactive Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Newmire ◽  
Eric Rivas ◽  
Sarah E. Deemer ◽  
Darryn S. Willoughby ◽  
Victor Ben-Ezra
Keyword(s):  
Bolus Dose ◽  
Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Pancreatic Hormones ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Insulinotropic Peptide ◽  
The Impact

Background: The ingestion of whey protein and amino acids with carbohydrate (CHO) enhances the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent-insulinotropic peptide (GIP) that promote insulin secretion. It is unknown if L-isoleucine (Ile) and L-leucine (Leu) have this same effect. The purpose of this study was to examine how Ile and Leu influence both GLP-1 and GIP, subsequent pancreatic hormones, and glycemia in healthy, inactive adults. Methods: Twelve adults (6F/6M; age 27.4 ± 2 years; BMI 26.3 ± 2 kg/m2; lean body mass 53.2 ± 5 kg; body fat 34.1 ± 3%) completed four conditions in a randomized, cross-over fashion. Treatments standardized (0.3 g/kg·LBM−1) (1) Leu, (2) Ile, (3) Equal (1:1 g) of Leu + Ile, and (4) placebo (Pla, 3.5 g inert stevia) ingested 30 min prior to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Samples of plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, GIPTotal, and GLP-1Active were assessed. Results: A treatment (p = 0.01) effect comparing Ile vs. Leu (p = 0.02) in GIPTotal. Area under the curve showed an increase in GIPTotal from Ile compared to Leu and Pla (p = 0.03). No effect was found on GLP-1. The ingestion of Ile prior to CHO augmented GIP concentration greater than Leu or Pla. No correlation was found between GIP, insulin, and glucose between conditions. Conclusions: Ile impacts GIP concentration, which did not relate to either insulin or glucose concentrations. Neither Ile, nor Leu seem to have an effect on hyperglycemia ingested prior to a CHO drink.

scholarly journals A High-Protein Breakfast Induces Greater Insulin and Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide Responses to a Subsequent Lunch Meal in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes

2014 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Min Park ◽  
Timothy D Heden ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
Lauryn M Nyhoff ◽  
John P Thyfault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Insulinotropic Peptide ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Abstract Background: The previous meal modulates the postprandial glycemic responses to a subsequent meal; this is termed the second-meal phenomenon. Objective: This study examined the effects of high-protein vs. high-carbohydrate breakfast meals on the metabolic and incretin responses after the breakfast and lunch meals. Methods: Twelve type 2 diabetic men and women [age: 21–55 y; body mass index (BMI): 30–40 kg/m2] completed two 7-d breakfast conditions consisting of 500-kcal breakfast meals as protein (35% protein/45% carbohydrate) or carbohydrate (15% protein/65% carbohydrate). On day 7, subjects completed an 8-h testing day. After an overnight fast, the subjects consumed their respective breakfast followed by a standard 500-kcal high-carbohydrate lunch meal 4 h later. Blood samples were taken throughout the day for assessment of 4-h postbreakfast and 4-h postlunch total area under the curve (AUC) for glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Results: Postbreakfast glucose and GIP AUCs were lower after the protein (17%) vs. after the carbohydrate (23%) condition (P < 0.05), whereas postbreakfast insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, and GLP-1 AUCs were not different between conditions. A protein-rich breakfast may reduce the consequences of hyperglycemia in this population. Postlunch insulin, C-peptide, and GIP AUCs were greater after the protein condition vs. after the carbohydrate condition (second-meal phenomenon; all, P < 0.05), but postlunch AUCs were not different between conditions. The overall glucose, glucagon, and GLP-1 responses (e.g., 8 h) were greater after the protein condition vs. after the carbohydrate condition (all, P < 0.05). Conclusions: In type 2 diabetic individuals, compared with a high-carbohydrate breakfast, the consumption of a high-protein breakfast meal attenuates the postprandial glucose response and does not magnify the response to the second meal. Insulin, C-peptide, and GIP concentrations demonstrate the second-meal phenomenon and most likely aid in keeping the glucose concentrations controlled in response to the subsequent meal. The trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02180646 as NCT02180646.

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