scholarly journals A Green Approach for Preparing High-Loaded Sepiolite/Polymer Biocomposites

Nanomaterials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Di Credico ◽  
Irene Tagliaro ◽  
Elkid Cobani ◽  
Lucia Conzatti ◽  
Massimiliano D’Arienzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Renewable Materials ◽  
Melt Mixing ◽  
Global Industry ◽  
Green Approach ◽  
Filler Network ◽  
Mechanical Performances ◽  
Synthetic Approaches

Global industry is showing a great interest in the field of sustainability owing to the increased attention for ecological safety and utilization of renewable materials. For the scientific community, the challenge lies in the identification of greener synthetic approaches for reducing the environmental impact. In this context, we propose the preparation of novel biocomposites consisting of natural rubber latex (NRL) and sepiolite (Sep) fibers through the latex compounding technique (LCT), an ecofriendly approach where the filler is directly mixed with a stable elastomer colloid. This strategy favors a homogeneous dispersion of hydrophilic Sep fibers in the rubber matrix, allowing the production of high-loaded sepiolite/natural rubber (Sep/NR) without the use of surfactants. The main physicochemical parameters which control Sep aggregation processes in the aqueous medium were comprehensively investigated and a flocculation mechanism was proposed. The uniform Sep distribution in the rubber matrix, characteristic of the proposed LCT, and the percolative filler network improved the mechanical performances of Sep/NR biocomposites in comparison to those of analogous materials prepared by conventional melt-mixing. These outcomes indicate the suitability of the adopted sustainable procedure for the production of high-loaded clay–rubber nanocomposites with remarkable mechanical features.

scholarly journals Preparation and Assessment of Nanocomposites Based on Natural Rubber Latex Reinforced With Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes for Gamma Rays Shielding Applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Abdeldaym ◽  
M. A. Elhady
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Radiation Shielding ◽  
Nanocomposite Films ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Shielding Properties

Abstract Reinforcement of the flexible shielding properties of natural rubber (NRL) was achieved through various content Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) prepared from a simple solution using mixing method. Thereafter, a host of evaluative tests, using different techniques were carried to check the structural, morphological, mechanical and electrical conformity of the MWCNTs in the natural rubber matrix. More notably, the results from the x-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that the nanocomposites have been successfully prepared, making them fitting to impact significant improvement on the mechanical strength of the matrix. The evaluation of the formation of MWCNT networks in the matrix, which gives insight into the nanocomposites' electrical conductivity, also showed agreeable results as the linear attenuation coefficients (l) and half-value thickness (HVT) for NRL/MWCNTs nanocomposite films were investigated . Thus, from the foregoing series of results, it can be concluded that nanocomposite films offer promising radiation-shielding properties.

Characterizing Mechanical Properties of Peroxide-Vulcanized Natural Rubber Latex Films

2015 ◽  
Vol 1134 ◽  
pp. 236-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roslim Ramli ◽  
Jefri Jaapar ◽  
Manroshan Singh Jaswan Singh ◽  
Siti Noor Suzila Maqsood Ul Haque ◽  
Amir Hashim Md Yatim
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Polymer Network ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Organic Peroxide ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Rubber Latex

Natural rubber latex is the material of choice for the fabrication of thin elastic films in many products such as gloves and condoms owing to its high strength, elasticity, comfort in use, good barrier properties and ‘green image’ [1, 2]. This unique combination of characteristics has its origins in the intrinsic properties of the crosslinked polymer network within the rubber matrix. The crosslinking of rubber hydrocarbon chains by free radicals generated from peroxide has been discovered for many years [3]. In peroxide crosslinking reactions, organic peroxide decomposes to produce reactive free radicals that will react to release hydrogen ions from the carbon hydrogen in the polymer chain, encouraging formation of free radicals on the rubber molecular chains. As the free radicals react with the polymer chains, the carbon hydrogen in the chains act as reactive centre that combines with centres of other rubber chains to form a network of carbon to carbon bonds which serve as crosslinks [3, 4].

Imaging the strain induced carbon black filler network structure breakage with nano X-ray tomography

RSC Advances ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (97) ◽  
pp. 54500-54505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiming Zhou ◽  
Liang Chen ◽  
Jie Lu ◽  
Zeming Qi ◽  
Ningdong Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Filler Network

The 3D dispersion and breakage of CB aggregates in the natural rubber matrix are obtained by TXM at stain 3.

The Occurrence of Phase Separation in Microcrystalline Cellulose Filled Natural Rubber Films

2016 ◽  
Vol 1133 ◽  
pp. 196-200
Author(s):  
Ruslimie Che Ali ◽  
Asrul Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
High Ammonia ◽  
Microscopy Analysis ◽  
Light Microscopy Analysis

This paper describes the use of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as hydrophilic filler in two types of natural rubber latexes which are high ammonia natural rubber (HA) and epoxidised natural rubber latex (ENR). Light microscopy (LM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and tensile strength measurements were then conducted on the resulting films. The light microscopy analysis revealed that more MCC particles appeared at the air–facing (AF) surfaces relative to the substrate-facing (SF) surfaces of the HA films with increasing MCC content. In contrary, the ENR25 films showed more or less similar MCC particles appearing at both air-facing surfaces and substrate-facing surfaces. Further SEM cryo-fracture analysis at the cross sections of the MCC filled ENR25 films indicated that the MCC particles were randomly dispersed in the rubber matrix. It can be suggested that the phase separation of MCC particles to the films surfaces occurred due to the incompatibility of MCC with the rubber matrix. Thus, it can be inferred that the occurrence of phase separation is minimised in the MCC filled ENR films in comparison to the MCC filled HA films.

ENHANCEMENT OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND FILLER DISPERSION OF CARBON NANOTUBE FILLED NATURAL RUBBER COMPOSITES BY LATEX MIXING AND IN SITU SILANIZATION

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeampon Nakaramontri ◽  
Charoen Nakason ◽  
Claudia Kummerlöwe ◽  
Norbert Vennemann
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Melt Mixing ◽  
In Situ Functionalization

ABSTRACT Carbon nanotube (CNT)-filled natural rubber (NR) composites were prepared by melt and by latex mixing methods. Also in situ functionalization of CNTs with a silane coupling agent, namely bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT), was done to improve the filler–rubber interactions between CNT surfaces and rubber molecules. The grafting of TESPT molecules on CNT surfaces was confirmed by attenuated total reflection (ATR)–Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and by the improvement of composite properties. Tensile properties were determined to assess the reinforcement efficiency of the CNTs in the composites. Also, electrical conductivity of the composites was measured to assess the formation of CNT networks (or connected conductive CNT pathways) in the rubber matrix. The results indicate that the composites prepared by latex mixing, in particular with the TESPT, had better tensile properties and electrical conductivities than the composites made by melt mixing. The lowest percolation threshold concentration, about 0.55 phr of CNTs, was observed in the latex–CNT composites, and three-dimensional network formations of CNTs in the rubber matrix were found with added TESPT, used by in situ functionalization. The improvement of filler–rubber interactions with the addition of TESPT was also examined by temperature scanning stress relaxation measurements, revealing the relaxation modulus, the relaxation spectrum, and an estimate of the cross-link density.

Influence of Modified Cassava Peel Waste (CPW) Loading on Tensile Properties of Natural Rubber Latex (NRL) Products

2015 ◽  
Vol 1119 ◽  
pp. 342-346
Author(s):  
Hamidah Harahap ◽  
Kelvin Hadinatan ◽  
Adrian Hartanto ◽  
Elmer Surya ◽  
Indra Surya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Tensile Fracture ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Cassava Peel

Cassava peel is one of agricultural waste that abundantly found in environment. One approach to manage this waste is to apply it as filler in natural rubber latex. In this work, the cassava peel waste (CPW) was powdered and dispersed in alkanolamide-water dispersion system to modify its surface. The amount of fillers used was 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 phr (part per hundred rubber) and loaded in natural rubber latex (NRL) formulation system. The products then were formed by dipping method after the NRL formulation was pre-vulcanized at 70°C. The observed parameter includes crosslink density, tensile strength, tensile modulus and elongation at break. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to study the morphology of tensile fracture in NRL film. The results show that 10 phr loading of modified fillers increases the crosslink density, tensile strength, and tensile modulus but decreases the elongation at break. SEM study also reveals that higher filler loading above 10 phr will create the agglomeration in rubber matrix.

scholarly journals Treatment’s effect on mechanical properties of kenaf bast/natural rubber latex foam

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 9507-9522
Author(s):  
Nurul Jannah Sallehuddin ◽  
Hanafi Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Recovery Percentage ◽  
Kenaf Bast

Non-treated and silane-treated kenaf bast/natural rubber latex foam (NRLF) were prepared using the Dunlop method at different filler loading (0, 3, 5, and 7 pphr). The properties were investigated in terms of mechanical properties, tensile, compression, hardness, and swelling behavior. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize kenaf bast/NRLF. With the modulus at 100% elongation (M100), the compression strength and hardness showed increments in value with increments of kenaf loading. However, different results showed in tensile strength, elongation at break, swelling percentage, and recovery percentage, which decreased at higher filler loading. Silane-treated kenaf bast/NRLF showed higher value in all properties except for elongation at break, swelling, and recovery percentage. The improvement of properties was supported by SEM surface morphological studies that showed better adhesion between the rubber matrix and kenaf filler.

scholarly journals Potensi In-Vivo Selulosa Bakterial Sebagai Nano-Filler Karet Elastomer Thermoplastics

Perspektif ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
NENDYO ADHI WIBOWO ◽  
. ISROI
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Bacterial Cellulose ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Acetobacter Xylinum ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Nano Composites ◽  
Fiber Glass ◽  
Microbial Cellulose

<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Selulosa bakteri merupakan salah satu biopolimer yang berbentuk pita-pita berukuran nano dengan panjang kurang dari 100 nm dan lebar 2-4 nm. Beberapa bakteri yang diketahui bisa memproduksi selulosa antara lain Acetobacter, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, dan Sarcina. Sintesis selulosa bacterial membentuk bundle mikrofibril yang sangat kristalin dengan elastisitas modulus sebesar 78 GPa sama seperti elastisitas modulus dari fiber glass 70 GPa. Selulosa bakteri memiliki kapasitas simpan air, derajat polimerisasi, dan struktur jaringan yang lebih baik daripada selulosa dari tanaman. Produksi nanofibril selulosa dari selulosa bakteri tidak memerlukan proses penghilangan hemiselulosa dan lignin seperti pada selulosa dari tanaman sehingga nano selulosa bakterial dapat menjadi salah satu bahan baku nano komposit yang potensial bagi pengembangan karet alam atau natural rubber (NR). Nano selulosa bakterial bisa menjadi bahan baku nano komposit yang sangat kuat, lebih kuat daripada nano selulosa yang berasal dari tanaman. Pengembangan karet alam atau natural rubber (NR) mengarah pada pengembangan karet untuk tujuan-tujuan khusus, salah satunya adalah elastomer thermoplastics (ETPs) yang merupakan kelompok material yang menggabungkan karakteristik karet dengan bahan termoplastik yang mudah diproses. Konsep penguatan bahan polimer, seperti NR, dengan nano-filler selulosa melalui mekanisme ikatan karet-bahan pengisi akibat peningkatan interaksi karet-bahan pengisi berukuran nano yang memiliki luas permukaan yang besar. Selulosa bakterial seperti Acetobacter xylinum yang ditumbuhkan dalam medium lateks karet alam, akan mengakibatkan partikel latek yang berukuran 5 nm terperangkap pada matrik selulosa ataupun sebaliknya partikel selulosa bakterial yang terperangkap pada matrik karet alam. Manfaat dari adanya mekanisme ikatan in vivo selulosa bakterial dan matrik karet alam adalah dalam rangka mengembangkan industri karet pada sintesis paduan nano-komposit karet dengan selulosa bakterial guna meningkatkan diversifikasi produk pada komoditas karet alam. Produk yang dihasilkan dapat berupa termoplastik elastomer (karet alam termoplastik) yang memiliki prospek untuk digunakan pada komponen otomotif dan produk-produk khusus lainnya.<br />Kata kunci : Bakteri selulosa, Acetobacter xylinum, elastomer thermoplastics (ETPs), lateks<br /><br />ABSTRACT<br />In-Vivo Potency of Bacterial Cellulose As Nano-Filler Elastomer Thermoplastics Rubber (ETPS)</p><p>Microbial cellulose is one of the biopolymer in the form of nano-sized ribbons with a length of less than 100 nm and a width of 2-4 nm. Some bacteria are known to produce cellulose namely Acetobacter, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, and Sarcina. Synthesis of bacterial cellulose forming microfibril bundle highly crystalline with elasticity modulus of 78 GPa as of 70 GPa fiber glass. Microbial cellulose has water storage capacity, degree of polymerization, and the network structure is better than cellulose from plants. Nanofibril cellulose production of bacterial cellulose does not require the removal of hemicellulose 104 Volume 14 Nomor 2, Des 2015 : 103 - 112 and lignin as of plants so that the nano bacterial cellulose is a potential raw materials of nano composites in developing natural rubber (NR). Nano bacterial cellulose is potentially a strong raw material for nano composites, stronger than nano cellulose from plants. Development of natural rubber or natural rubber (NR) led to the development of rubber for specific purposes, one of which is elastomeric thermoplastics (ETPs), a group combining the characteristics of rubber material with thermoplastic material that is easily processed. Strengthening The concept to improve the strength of polymer materials, such as NA, with nano-filler bonding cellulose through the mechanism of rubber-filler-rubber is due to an increased interaction of nano-sized filler that has a large surface area. Bacterial cellulose such as Acetobacter xylinum grown in natural rubber latex medium, may result in 5 nm latex particle trapped in the cellulose matrix or vice versa, bacterial cellulose particles trapped in the matrix of natural rubber. Benefits of the bonding mechanism of in vivo bacterial cellulose and natural rubber matrix is develop rubber industry synthesizing nano-composite alloy rubber with bacterial cellulose for natural rubber diversification. The products resulted in the form of thermoplastic elastomer (natural rubber thermoplastic) is potentially to be used in automotive components and other specialty products.<br />Keywords: Bacterial cellulose, Acetobacter xylinum, elastomer thermoplastics (ETPs), latex</p>

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