scholarly journals Effects of High-Forage Diets Containing Raw Flaxseeds or Soybean on In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation, Gas Emission, and Microbial Profile

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2304
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ge Sun ◽  
Yue Wang ◽  
Tian Xie ◽  
Zhan-Tao Yang ◽  
Ji-Dong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Microbial Profile ◽  
High Forage ◽  
Forage Diets

Lipid metabolism plays an important role in the energy economy of ruminants. However, its interactions of fat, rumen fermentation, gas emission, and microorganisms are not yet clear. This study evaluated the effect of adding raw oilseeds to high-forage diets on in vitro ruminal fermentation, gas composition, and microbial profile. Three isoenergetic and isoproteic experimental diets were designed and used as fermentation substrate: control treatment (CON group) was the basal diet lacking oilseeds, the other two treatments were the basal diet supplemented by 100 g/kg dry matter (DM) raw whole soybean (S group) and 50 g/kg DM raw flaxseed (F group), respectively. Data showed that the acetate, butyrate, and total VFA concentration of culture fluids in the S group were lower (p < 0.05) than in the F group. There was a tendency to a higher level (p = 0.094) of propionate concentration in the F group compared with the other two groups. The gas production in the F group was higher (p < 0.05) than in the control group. There was a lower abundance of Sutterella (p < 0.05) and a greater abundance of Butyrivibrio (p < 0.05) in both of the two oilseed treatments. Methanobrevibacter (p = 0.078) in the F group was the lowest. Our results suggested that CH4 emission could be inhibited with flaxseed supplementation by propionate production metabolism, biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acid (FA), and toxicity to Methanobrevibacter, while regarding soybean seed supplementation, the emission of CH4 was more likely to be reduced through biohydrogenation of unsaturated FA modulated by Butyrivibrio.

scholarly journals Effects of Olive (Olea europaea L.) Leaves with Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities on In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Methane Emission

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2008
Author(s):  
Shin Ja Lee ◽  
Hyun Sang Kim ◽  
Jun Sik Eom ◽  
You Young Choi ◽  
Seong Uk Jo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Prevotella Ruminicola ◽  
Degrading Bacteria

We evaluated whether olive leaves (OLs) are effective as feed additives and supplements for ruminants and the potential methane reduction effects during in vitro fermentation. Two Hanwoo cows (460 ± 20 kg) equipped with cannula were fed Timothy hay and corn-based feed 3% of the body weight at a ratio of 6:4 (8:30 a.m. and 5:00 p.m.). Ruminal fluid from the cows was collected and mixed before morning feeding. In vitro batch fermentation was monitored after 12 and 24 h of incubation at 39 °C, and OLs were used as supplements to achieve the concentration of 5% in the basal diet. At 12 h of fermentation, methane production decreased in the 5% OLs group compared to that in the control group, but not at 24 h. The proportion of cellulose-degrading bacteria, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, tended to increase in the 5% OLs group at 12 h. The amount of ammonia produced was the same as the polymerase chain reaction result for Prevotella ruminicola. At 12 h, the proportion of Prevotella ruminicola was significantly higher in the 5% OLs group. OLs may be used incorporated with protein byproducts or other methane-reducing agents in animal feed.

scholarly journals Impact of Zinc and/or Herbal Mixture on Ruminal Fermentation, Microbiota, and Histopathology in Lambs

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Petrič ◽  
Dominika Mravčáková ◽  
Katarína Kucková ◽  
Svetlana Kišidayová ◽  
Adam Cieslak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Diet ◽  
Medicinal Herbs ◽  
Morphological Observation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Artemisia Absinthium ◽  
Herbal Mixture ◽  
Organic Zinc

We investigated the effect of diets containing organic zinc and a mixture of medicinal herbs on ruminal microbial fermentation and histopathology in lambs. Twenty-eight lambs were divided into four groups: unsupplemented animals (Control), animals supplemented with organic zinc (Zn, 70 mg Zn/kg diet), animals supplemented with a mixture of dry medicinal herbs (Herbs, 100 g dry matter (DM)/d) and animals supplemented with both zinc and herbs (Zn+Herbs). Each lamb was fed a basal diet composed of meadow hay (700 g DM/d) and barley (300 g DM/d). The herbs Fumaria officinalis L. (FO), Malva sylvestris L. (MS), Artemisia absinthium L. (AA) and Matricaria chamomilla L. (MC) were mixed in equal proportions. The lambs were slaughtered after 70 d. The ruminal contents were used to determine the parameters of fermentation in vitro and in vivo and to quantify the microbes by molecular and microscopic methods. Samples of fresh ruminal tissue were used for histopathological evaluation. Quantitative analyses of the bioactive compounds in FO, MS, AA, and MC identified 3.961, 0.654, 6.482, and 12.084 g/kg DM phenolic acids and 12.211, 6.479, 0.349, and 2.442 g/kg DM flavonoids, respectively. The alkaloid content in FO was 6.015 g/kg DM. The diets affected the levels of total gas, methane and n-butyrate in vitro (P &lt; 0.046, &lt; 0.001, and &lt; 0.001, respectively). Relative quantification by real-time PCR indicated a lower total ruminal bacterial population in the lambs in the Zn and Zn+Herbs groups than the Control group (P &lt; 0.05). The relative abundances of Ruminococcus albus, R. flavefaciens, Streptococcus bovis, and Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus shifted in the Zn group. Morphological observation found a focally mixed infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria of the rumen in the Zn+Herbs group. The effect of the organic zinc and the herbal mixture on the parameters of ruminal fermentation in vitro was not confirmed in vivo, perhaps because the ruminal microbiota of the lambs adapted to the zinc-supplemented diets. Long-term supplementation of a diet combining zinc and medicinal herbs, however, may negatively affect the health of the ruminal epithelium of lambs.

scholarly journals Dietary Copper Improves Intestinal Morphology via Modulating Intestinal Stem Cell Activity in Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2513
Author(s):  
Lanmei Yin ◽  
Qing Yang ◽  
Yiming Zhang ◽  
Dan Wan ◽  
Yuebang Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
And Function

Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient for animals. Many studies have been conducted on the effects of dietary Cu on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and function of piglets. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be explored. Intestinal stem cells (ISC) drive the development and constant renewal of intestinal epithelium. Therefore, we hypothesized that dietary Cu affects piglets’ intestinal development via modulating ISC activity. A total of eighty-five 21-day-old piglets were randomly assigned to five groups, where 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 mg CuSO4/kg on a dry matter basis were supplemented to the basal diet at phase 1 (day 0 to 21). Increasing the dietary Cu concentration decreased (p < 0.05) villus width but increased (p < 0.001) the number of Ki67-positive cells. At phase 2 (day 22 to 163), the other 45 pigs were offered the same diets. Villus height in the 125 mg/kg Cu group was greater (p < 0.001) than in the other groups. Moreover, the effects of Cu on ISC activity in vitro were tested to explore the underlying mechanism. Compared to the control group, 10 μmol/L CuSO4·5H2O increased (p < 0.001) the organoid budding efficiency, crypt depth, and crypts per organoid. Dietary Cu improved the intestinal morphology of finishing pigs via promoting cell proliferation and modulating ISC activity.

PSVII-23 Experimental evaluation of the effectiveness of the Quercus cortex extract in the carp feeding system

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 339-339
Author(s):  
Mariya Miroshnikova ◽  
Elena Miroshnikova ◽  
Alexey Sizentsov ◽  
Azamat Arinzhanov ◽  
Yuliya Kilyakova
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Content ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Microbial Profile ◽  
Combined Feed

Abstract One of the most promising ways to improve the effectiveness of fish farming is the use of phytobiotics in the diet of fish. On this basis, we set the aim to evaluate the effectiveness of the Quercus cortex extract in the concentration of 1 mg/kg on biological features and the productivity of carp. The object of the research was yearling carp grown in the conditions of Orenburgskiy Osetr LLC. Two groups (n = 20) were formed by the method of analogs to conduct the research. After the adaption period (7 days), the groups came to the experimental period (35 days). The feed KRK-110–1 produced by PJSC Orenburg Combined-Feed Plant was used as the basal diet. The live fish were monitored weekly by individual weighing during the accounting period. The elemental composition was determined by the method of atomic emission and mass spectrometry (ICP-AES and ICP-MS). The microflora analysis was carried out by the method of metagenomic sequencing. The use of the Quercus cortex extract in the diet in the studied concentration increased body weight by 15.1% (P ≤ 0.05) compared to the control group. There was experimentally revealed a stimulating effect on the population growth of individual representatives of the microbiome (Luteolibacter, Lactococcus) (P ≤ 0.05) without significantly changing the overall picture of the microbial profile, which, in our view, affects the metabolic processes, in particular, by stimulating the formation of biologically available forms of essential elements and their subsequent accumulation in the tissues of the studied fish. Thus, the experimental group found: (against the background of an increase in the total mineralization (ash residue) by 17.95 % (P ≤ 0.05)) the calcium content increased by 133.9% (P ≤ 0.05), phosphorus by 83% (P ≤ 0.05), iron by 337.7% (P ≤ 0.05), respectively, in comparison with the control group.

scholarly journals Transcriptional, Mitochondrial Activity, and Viability of Egyptian Buffalo’s Granulosa Cells In Vitro Cultured under Heat Elevation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-201
Author(s):  
Nasser Ghanem ◽  
Marwa Said Faheem ◽  
Romysa Samy ◽  
Ashraf Hesham Barkawi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Transcriptional Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mitochondrial Activity ◽  
Fluorescent Intensity ◽  
Stressed Group ◽  
Other Hand

It is documented that heat stress caused impairment on the reproductive performance of dairy animals. However, there are few reports that have focused on the molecular and intracellular responses of in vitro cultured buffalo granulosa cells during heat elevation. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of heat elevation during in vitro culture of buffalo granulosa cells on their viability, quality, mitochondrial activity, and transcriptional activity. Granulosa cells were harvested after aspiration of cumulus-oocytes complexes that were collected from abattoir ovaries. The granulosa cells were cultured in vitro either at a normal physiological temperature suitable for oocyte maturation and embryo development (38.5°C) or exposed to the elevated temperature of 40.5°C on day 3 of culture (the first two days were for confluence) for two hours of culture then continued at 38.5°C up to day 7 of culture. The viability of granulosa cells was measured using trypan blue and quality was estimated by measuring the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) on day 7. Moreover, metabolic activity was performed by measuring the fluorescent intensity of mitochondria. Moreover, transcriptional activity was done by profiling four selected candidate genes using quantitative real-time PCR. The results indicated that the granulosa cells viability rate significantly decreased in the heat stress group (25.1 ± 3.7), compared to the control group (36.6 ± 5.3) on confluence day (day 3). In addition, the viability rate on the last day of culture (day 7) decreased in heat stress, compared to control (83.7 ± 4.5 and 97.4 ± 0.4, respectively). On the other hand, there was a nonsignificant difference in ROS profile between the control (21.7*104 ± 1.3) and the heat-stressed group (15.7 ± 0.7) on day 7 of culture. However, the mitochondrial fluorescent intensity was higher in the control (21.9 ± 1.9) than in the heat-stressed group (15.4 ± 0.8) on day 7 of culture. The expression of cellular defense (HSF1) and apoptosis-inducing gene (P53) were significantly up-regulated in granulosa cells exposed to heat elevation, compared to the control group. On the other hand, the steroidogenesis-regulating gene (StAR) was down-regulated in granulosa cells cultured under heat shock, compared to the control group. In conclusion, heat stress reduced the viability of granulosa cells by inducing the expression of an apoptosis-related gene (P53) and compromised expression of genes regulating the steroid biosynthesis, which resulted in up-regulation of cell defense gene (HSF1) in an attempt to ameliorate the deleterious effect of heat stress on the biological activity of the granulosa cells.

scholarly journals Fermentative Quality and Animal Acceptability of Ensiled Persimmon Skin with Absorbents for Practical Use in Ruminant Feed

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 612
Author(s):  
Shimaa Abdelazeem ◽  
Ken-ichi Takeda ◽  
Kazuhiro Kurosu ◽  
Yutaka Uyeno
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group A ◽  
Fermentation Quality ◽  
Ruminant Feed

Persimmon skin (PS), while representing an attractive feed source, requires an appropriate preservation procedure to increase its shelf life. We assessed the fermentation quality, in vitro ruminal incubation, and intake of persimmon skin silage ensiled with different dry absorbents. We prepared the silage on a table scale (Experiment 1) and evaluated five different mixtures: PS without an additive, PS plus Lactobacillus buchneri inoculum (LB), and PS plus LB plus each of the absorbents kraft pulp, wheat bran, or beet pulp. We opened the laboratory bags, kept at 25 °C, at 0, 14, 28, and 60 days for fermentation quality and chemical analysis (n = 3 for each measurement). Further, with an in vitro rumen simulated cultivation study (Experiment 2), we evaluated the fermentation pattern of PS with a mixture of two absorbents (kraft pulp and wheat bran) either raw (no fermentation) or ensiled (n = 4 for each treatment). Finally, we conducted an in vivo experiment using six dry ewes assigned based on their body weight to two experimental groups in a crossover design of two periods (Experiment 3). We fed a control group a 100% basal diet (tall fescue hay and concentrate mixture) and ensiled PS (PSS) group, a 20% dry matter substitution of tall fescue with PS silage mixed with kraft pulp as the sole absorbent. The results of Experiment 1 show, regardless of the absorbents used, the effluent volume of the lab bags was lower in absorbent-treated groups (p < 0.001). In Experiment 2, the condition of the PS with absorbents (raw or ensiled) did not affect the total gas production (p > 0.05), but we observed an increased propionate proportion in PSS with absorbents compared to basal diet (p = 0.019). The proportion of methane to the total gas in PSS group was considerably reduced compared with that in the other groups (p < 0.001). As we did this incubation study with a single run, a more detailed evaluation in the future would verify these observations. In the animal trial (Experiment 3), dry matter intake was similar between groups (p > 0.05), but ewes spent a shorter time eating in the PSS-fed group (p = 0.011). Here we present the practical use of PSS as part of ruminant feed in which dry absorbents prevented dry matter loss.

scholarly journals In VitroAdherence of Oral Bacteria to Different Types of Tongue Piercings

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Pereira Borges ◽  
Julio Cesar Campos Ferreira-Filho ◽  
Julia Medeiros Martins ◽  
Caroline Vieira Alves ◽  
Bianca Marques Santiago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Bacterial Adhesion ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Scanning Electron

The purpose of this work was to verifyin vitroadherence ofE. corrodensandS. oralisto the surface of tongue piercings made of surgical steel, titanium, Bioplast, and Teflon. For this, 160 piercings were used for the count of Colony Forming Units (CFU) and 32 piercings for analysis under scanning electron microscopy. Of these, 96 (24 of each type) were individually incubated in 5 mL of BHI broth and 50 μL of inoculum at 37°C/24 h. The other 96 piercings formed the control group and were individually incubated in 5 mL of BHI broth at 37°C/24 h. Plates were incubated at 37°C/48 h for counting of CFU/mL and data were submitted to statistical analysis (pvalue<0.05). ForE. corrodens, difference among types of material was observed (p<0.001) and titanium and surgical steel showed lower bacterial adherence. The adherence ofS. oralisdiffered among piercings, showing lower colonization (p<0.007) in titanium and surgical steel piercings. The four types of piercings were susceptible to colonization byE. corrodensandS. oralis, and bacterial adhesion was more significant in those made of Bioplast and Teflon. The piercings presented bacterial colonies on their surface, being higher in plastic piercings probably due to their uneven and rough surface.

404 DNA TAKE-UP BY SPERM AND IN VITRO EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT BY SPERM-MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER IN THE PIG

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
T. S. Kim ◽  
Y. Cao ◽  
H. T. Cheong ◽  
B. K. Yang ◽  
C. K. Park
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Transfection Efficiency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dna Uptake ◽  
Alkaline Lysis ◽  
Exogenous Dna ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Dna Complex

Sperm mediated gene transfer (SMGT) is based on the ability of spermatozoa to bind and internalize exogenous DNA and transfer it into the oocytes at fertilization. The purpose of this study was to assess introducing exogenous DNA into boar spermatozoa by DNA solution or DNA/liposome complex under different conditions (period of incubation, exogenous DNA, liposome, and concentration of spermatozoa). Genomic DNA of sperm loaded with DNA by treatment was isolated by alkaline lysis. Quantitation of exogenous DNA amplified by PCR was analyzed by agarose electrophoresis densitometry. The quality of treated spermatozoa under the best conditions or no treatment (control) was evaluated during incubation (0, 2, 4, and 6 h) for viability (SYBR-14/PI), motility (Makler counting chamber), morphology (rose bengal staining), and acrosomal status (Coomassie staining). Sperm loaded with DNA also were used for in vitro fertilization. Immature oocytes incubated in TCM-199 medium for 44 h were fertilized in mTBM medium for 6 h and cultured in PZM-3. Cleavage and development of embryos were assessed on Days 2 and 7 of culture, respectively. Transfection rates at the blastocyst stage were assessed by PCR analysis. Data were evaluated by Duncan&apos;s multiple-range test using the GLM procedure. In the preliminary experiment, DNA uptake of spermatozoa by DNA solution and liposome/DNA complex was completed within 90-120 min. Transfection efficiency of spermatozoa was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher in the 105 spermatozoa group than in the other groups (104, 106, and 107 spermatozoa). The transfection efficiency was gradually increased by increasing the concentration of exogenous DNA. On the other hand, viability of transfected spermatozoa by all treatments (control, DNA solution, and DNA/liposome) at 0 h (72.3 � 0.2, 70.8 � 1.8, and 68.0 � 2.2%, respectively) of storage was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower than for fresh spermatozoa (83.3 � 1.7%). Survival and motility of all treatments after 4 h of storage were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower than at 0 and 2 h. Both abnormality and acrosome reaction of spermatozoa were gradually increased with prolonged storage periods. On the other hand, the cleavage rate of embryos by DNA/liposome complex (56.3 � 2.3%) was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower compared to both DNA solution (64.0 � 1.1%) and control (67.8 � 2.3%). The developmental rates of blastocysts were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower in the liposome/DNA complex and DNA solution groups (9.1 � 1.3 and 11.3 � 0.8%) than in the control group (22.2 � 0.6%). The transfection rates of blastocysts were higher in the liposome/DNA group (54.3 � 12.0%) than in the DNA solution group (38.7 � 6.6%). These results show that the SMGT method under the control conditions efficiently transfers exogenous DNA into the porcine oocytes. This work was supported by the Research on the Production of Bio-organs (No. 2005 03020302) Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Korea

scholarly journals Effects of a mixture of organisms,Lactobacillus acidophilusorStreptococcus faecalison cholesterol metabolism in rats fed on a fat- and cholesterol-enriched diet

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 857-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michihiro Fukushima ◽  
Masuo Nakano
Keyword(s):  
Rice Bran ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Micelle Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Organism Group

The effect of a mixture of organisms (a probiotic mixture) comprisingBacillus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Clostridium, SaccharomycesandCandida(107–8colony-forming units/g rice bran of each component) on lipid metabolism was compared with that ofL. acidophilusand that ofS. faecalis. There were four treatment groups: rice bran (control), the mixture of organisms,L. acihphifusorS. faecds(30g/kg) were given to rats in a fat- and cholesterol-enriched diet for 4 weeks. The serum total cholesterol concentration of the group fed on the mixture of organisms was reduced by 15–33% compared with the other groups at the end of the 4week feeding period (P< 0·05). This group also had a lower hepatic cholesterol concentration (36–44%) than the two single-bacteria groups (P< 0·05). 3-Hydmxy-3-methylglutaryl-Co A reductase (NADPH; EC 1.1.1.34) activities of the mixed-organism andL. acidophifusgroups were significantly lower (61–63%) than those of the other groups (P< 0·05); the activity of the S. faecalis group was also signikantly lower (42%) than that of the control group (P< 0·05). The faecal cholesterol and bile acid concentrations of the mixed-organism group increased compared with those of theL. acidophilusandS. faecalisgroups (P< 0·05). The capacity of the mixed- organism cells to bind bile saltin vitrowas significantly higher (approximately 50%) than that of the singlebacteria cells (P< 0·05). On the other hand, cholesterol micelle formation for the mixed-organism cells was significantly (approximately 9%) lower than that of the singlebacteria cells (P< 0·05). These results indicate that the mixture of organisms decreased the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver and increased the loss of steroids from the intestine, in rats. Thus, the mixture of organisms had a hypocholeaterolaemic role

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