scholarly journals Preliminary Survey of Alternaria Toxins Reduction during Fermentation of Whole Wheat Dough

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Elizabet Janić Hajnal ◽  
Lato Pezo ◽  
Dejan Orčić ◽  
Ljubiša Šarić ◽  
Dragana Plavšić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Regression Function ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Whole Wheat Flour ◽  
Wheat Dough ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Alternaria Toxins

The aim of this study was to investigate the fate of the most common Alternaria toxins found in wheat—tenuazonic acid (TeA), alternariol (AOH), and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) during sourdough processing. For this purpose, spiked whole wheat flour, 3% sourdough starter, 0.5% of baker’s yeast, and 105% of water calculated on flour weight as a base were used as raw materials. Spiked whole wheat dough was fermented for 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h at 25 °C, and at each point the fermented dough samples were taken, frozen, lyophilized, grounded, and stored until further analysis. To study the effect of sourdough processing on TeA, AOH and AME content, the validated method of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for these mycotoxins was used. Mathematical models of Alternaria toxins reduction were developed in the form of Four Parameter Logistic Regression function. The maximum reduction of TeA, AOH, and AME levels was archived at 48 h of dough fermentation at 25 °C compared with dough after kneading (0 h). Under these conditions, a reduction of the toxin levels of 60.3 %, 41.5%, and 24.1% was observed for TeA, AOH, and AME, respectively.

scholarly journals Development and Application of a QuEChERS-Based Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method to Quantitate Multi-Component Alternaria Toxins in Jujube

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Wang ◽  
Yingying Fan ◽  
Weizhong He ◽  
Dongqiang Hu ◽  
Aibo Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Tandem Mass ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Alternaria Toxins

A simple, rapid and efficient methodology was developed and validated for the analysis of four Alternaria toxins in jujube: Tenuazonic acid, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and tentoxin. Under the optimized extraction procedure, chromatographic conditions, and instrumental parameters, the four toxins were effectively extracted via a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method, and quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Matrix-matched calibrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.5 μg mL−1 were conducted for the quantification due to the matrix effect. A blank jujube sample was spiked at 40, 80 and 160 μg kg−1, obtaining recoveries in the range of 83.5–109.6%. Limits of detection and limits of quantification were in the range of 0.14–0.26 and 0.47–0.87 μg kg−1, respectively. Finally, the developed method was applied for the quantification of the four toxins in 14 jujube samples, including black spot-infected and uninfected samples. Results showed that the predominant toxin detected in all the samples was tenuazonic acid, the content of which was associated with the infection level; alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and tentoxin were detected in all the infected samples and some of the uninfected samples with rather low contents.

Alternaria Mycotoxins in Sunflower Seeds: Incidence and Distribution of the Toxins in Oil and Meal

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (10) ◽  
pp. 1133-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
SOFÍA N. CHULZE ◽  
ADRIANA M. TORRES ◽  
ANA M. DALCERO ◽  
MIRIAM G. ETCHEVERRY ◽  
MARÍA L. RAMÍREZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Sunflower Seed ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Sunflower Seeds ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Alternaria Toxins ◽  
Alternaria Mycotoxins

A survey of 150 sunflower-seed samples was carried out to evaluate the contamination from infection with Alternaria alternata with alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TA). A high percentage of the samples was contaminated with AOH (85%), AME, (47%), and TA (65%). The average levels detected were 187 μg/kg for AOH, 194 μg/kg for AME, and 6,692, μg/kg for TA. When sunflower seeds fermented by Alternaria alternata were processed under laboratory conditions to obtain the oil and meal, different distributions of Alternaria toxins between the oil and the meal were observed: whereas AOH, AME, and TA were detected in the meal, only AME and TA were detected in the oil, and the latter in a low percentage.

scholarly journals Effect of Wheat Milling Process on the Distribution of Alternaria Toxins

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabet Janić Hajnal ◽  
Jasna Mastilović ◽  
Ferenc Bagi ◽  
Dejan Orčić ◽  
Dragana Budakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Dry Milling ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Alternaria Toxins ◽  
By Products

Alternaria toxins are mycotoxins produced by various Alternaria species which, besides the Fusarium species, represent the principal contaminants of wheat worldwide. As currently, only limited information on the behaviour of Alternaria toxins during processing of cereals is available, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the dry milling process of wheat on Alternaria toxins distribution. Alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TeA) content were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in all milling fractions of untreated (control), fungicide-treated, Alternaria tenuissima inoculated and commercial wheat sample. After dry milling process, in last break and milling flows and by-products, increased concentration of examined Alternaria toxins was detected. TeA was quantified in almost all milling fractions in all tested wheat samples, while AOH and AME were detectable mostly in last break and milling flows and by-products. In respect to the contamination with Alternaria toxins, white flour can be considered as relatively safe product. Since Alternaria toxins are concentrated mainly in the peripheral parts of the kernel, a special attention should be given to their content in low-grade flours and milling by-products.

Alternaria mycotoxins in grains from Albania: alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, tenuazonic acid and tentoxin

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Topi ◽  
G. Tavčar-Kalcher ◽  
K. Pavšič-Vrtač ◽  
J. Babič ◽  
B. Jakovac-Strajn
Keyword(s):  
Adult Population ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Alternaria Toxins

The presence of four Alternaria toxins in maize and wheat harvested in 2014 and 2015 in Albania was investigated. In total, 45 samples of maize and 71 samples of wheat were collected from the country’s main producing regions. The presence of alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TeA) and tentoxin (TTX) was studied by an LC-MS/MS method. The incidence of Alternaria toxins in maize was 45.2% in the year 2014 and 7.1% in 2015, and the contamination rate in wheat was 82.9% in 2014 and 86.1% in 2015. Considering maize and wheat samples together, 65.2 and 64.0% of samples were contaminated by Alternaria toxins in the harvesting years 2014 and 2015, respectively. The occurrence rate was much higher in wheat than in maize, but the concentrations were higher in maize. The highest concentration of total Alternaria toxins in maize was 1,283 μg/kg (mean 243.0 μg/kg, median 110.2 μg/kg), while the maximum concentration in wheat was 175.7 μg/kg (mean 29.9 μg/kg, median 16.5 μg/kg). TeA was the major Alternaria mycotoxin detected. It was found in 70 out of 116 samples (60.3%). Chronic exposure of the adult population in Albania to Alternaria toxins through cereal consumption was assessed by the estimated daily intake (EDI) taking into account daily consumption of wheat and maize of 380 and 4.9 g, respectively. The main contribution to chronic dietary exposure was by TeA originating from wheat, with EDIs of 88.6-94.1 ng/kg body weight (bw) per day in 2014 and 152.7-155.5 ng/kg bw per day in 2015. TTX EDIs were 7.8- 34.0 and 10.6-38.7 ng/kg bw per day in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The contribution of AOH and AME originating from wheat was 0-31.7 ng/kg bw per day. The contribution of Alternaria toxins through maize consumption was significantly lower.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Alternaria toxins in fibre flax, linseed, and peas grown in organic and conventional farms: Monitoring pilot study

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 288-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Králová ◽  
J. Hajšlová ◽  
J. Poustka ◽  
M. Hochman ◽  
M. Bjelková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Conventional Farming ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Fibre Flax ◽  
Alternaria Toxins ◽  
Flax Seeds ◽  
Food Commodities

Fungi representing Alternaria spp. are ubiquitous pathogens that may under certain conditions cause spoilage of various food crops. Several Alternaria species are known producers of toxic secondary metabolites in some fruits and vegetables, nevertheless, only limited knowledge is available on the occurrence of these mycotoxins in legumes and/or oilseeds used for human nutrition. In the first part of the presented study, the analytical method employing reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with fluorescence detection (FLD) was implemented to enable the examination of these food commodities for the presence of altenuene (AE), alternariol (AOH), and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME); the limits of detection were 1, 3 and 2 µg/kg for AE, AOH, and AME, respectively. Altogether 122 flax and 84 pea seed samples grown under organic and/or conventional farming conditions were analysed in the years 2002–2003. AME was detected in 20 flax seed samples; AE and AOH were present in only 2 and 4 samples, respectively. More frequent incidence of Alternaria toxins was recognised in fibre flax seeds as compared to linseed samples. Compared to the crops from the conventional farming, the concentrations of these mycotoxins found in positive organic samples were higher. No Alternaria mycotoxins were detected in the pea samples, probably due to the presence of antifungal compounds in the respective crop.  

scholarly journals Occurrence of Alternaria and Other Toxins in Cereal Grains Intended for Animal Feeding Collected in Slovenia: A Three-Year Study

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 304
Author(s):  
Janja Babič ◽  
Gabrijela Tavčar-Kalcher ◽  
Franci Aco Celar ◽  
Katarina Kos ◽  
Tanja Knific ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
Fusarium Toxins ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Alternaria Toxins ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Alternaria Mycotoxins ◽  
Animal Feeding

In recent years, the less-studied Alternaria mycotoxins have attracted increasing interest due to the lack of survey data and their ability to cause toxic effects in animals and humans. To fill the gap, the aim of this three-year survey was to investigate the presence and co-occurrence of Alternaria and other mycotoxins in a total of 433 cereal grain samples from Slovenian farms and agricultural cooperatives from 2014 to 2016. Using the multi-mycotoxin method, 14 mycotoxins were determined. In 53% of 433 analysed samples, contamination with at least one mycotoxin was found. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and tenuazonic acid (TeA) were present in 32% and 26% of cereal grain samples, respectively, whereas alternariol (AOH), tentoxin (TEN), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3- and 15-AcDON), and zearalenone (ZEN) were present in fewer than 15% of the samples. Ochratoxin A (OTA) was found in one rye sample, while diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), HT-2 and T-2 toxin, and fumonisins B1 and B2 (FB1 and FB2) were not detected. The highest maximum and median concentrations of Alternaria toxins were determined in spelt in 2016 (TeA, 2277 µg/kg and 203 µg/kg, respectively), and those of Fusarium toxins in wheat in 2015 (DON, 4082 µg/kg and 387 µg/kg, respectively). The co-occurrence of two or more mycotoxins was found in 43% of the positive samples. The correlations between Alternaria toxins were very weak but statistically significant (r: 0.15–0.17, p: 0.0042–0.0165). A well-known correlation between Fusarium toxins DON and ZEN was weak and highly significant (r = 0.28, p < 0.0001).

scholarly journals Proximate composition and quantitative analysis of benzoyl peroxide and benzoic acid in the wheat flour samples: wheat flour quality

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Numrah Nisar ◽  
Faiza Mustafa ◽  
Arifa Tahira ◽  
Rashad Waseem Khan Qadri ◽  
Yaodong Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Benzoyl Peroxide ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Whole Wheat Flour ◽  
Whole Wheat

Background. Extensive milling processes have deprived wheat flour from essential nutrients. Objective of the current study was to assess the nutritive quality of commercial wheat flour (soft flour/SF) through analyses of proximate composition and functional properties as well as quantification of benzoyl peroxide (BP; added as bleaching agent in the SF). Methods. Test samples included commercial soft flour samples purchased from the local supplier from different flour mills (with additives) and a control sample without additives was prepared by grinding the seeds harvested from wheat crop grown in the experimental field of University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, under optimized field conditions without any fertilizer and insecticide. Benzoyl peroxide and Benzoic Acid quantification was performed through High Performance Liquid Chromatography Results. Results when compared with the whole wheat flour (WF; never received additives) indicated that SF had lesser fiber, protein and ash contents, whereas, higher damaged starch, fat, gluten and bulk density. A parallel experiment under selected conditions (temperature, time and solute concentration) showed dissociation of BP into BA soon after the exposure. Observed BA range (13.77 mg/g after 16hrs) in SF and exposure level assessment (44.3±1.36 mg/kg/BW) showed higher intake of BA on the consumption of SF. Results revealed superiority of WF over SF in nutritive qualities as well as free of toxicants such as BA. KEYWORDS: Benzoyl peroxide; Benzoic acid; Soft Flour; Whole Wheat Flour; High Performance Liquid Chromatography

scholarly journals Development of Sensitive and Reliable UPLC-MS/MS Methods for Food Analysis of Emerging Mycotoxins in China Total Diet Study

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danlei Sun ◽  
Nannan Qiu ◽  
Shuang Zhou ◽  
Bing Lyu ◽  
Shuo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Total Diet Study ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Diet Study ◽  
Food Matrices

With the climatic changes that have taken place during the last decade, the spectrum of fungal pathogens as well as mycotoxins has considerably changed. As a result, some emerging mycotoxins have been shown to occur frequently in agricultural products. In this study, a sensitive and reliable method for the determination of 10 emerging mycotoxins (beauvericin, enniatin A, enniatin A1, enniatin B, enniatin B1, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, tentoxin, and tenuazonic acid) in 12 different food matrices (cereals, legumes, potatoes, meats, eggs, aquatic foods, dairy products, vegetables, fruits, sugars, beverages, and alcohol beverages) was developed and validated. After a simple extraction, a one-step sample clean-up by a HLB solid phase extraction (SPE) column was sufficient for all 12 food matrices prior to analysis with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Isotope internal standards 13C-TeA, TEN-d3, and 13C-AFB2 were used for accurate quantification. Validation in terms of linearity, selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision (intra and inter-day variability) were evaluated for the 10 mycotoxins in all selected matrices. The sensitivity varied from 0.0004 to 0.3 ng mL−1 (limits of detection) and from 0.002 to 0.9 ng mL−1 (limits of quantitation). The recoveries of 10 mycotoxins in fortified samples were from 60.6% to 164% including very low spiking levels in all 12 food matrices, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 12%. The proposed methodology was applied to the analysis of 60 samples collected from five provinces within the 6th China Total Diet Study with the results discussed in detail. The advantages of sensitivity, accuracy, and robustness made it a powerful tool for emerging mycotoxin monitoring and dietary exposure assessment.

scholarly journals Analysis of Mycotoxins Contamination in Poultry Feeds Manufactured in Selected Provinces of South Africa Using UHPLC-MS/MS

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Maphala Mokubedi ◽  
Judith Zanele Phoku ◽  
Rumbidzai Naledi Changwa ◽  
Sefater Gbashi ◽  
Patrick Berka Njobeh
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Feed Samples

A total of 105 different types of poultry feed samples from South Africa were simultaneously analysed for the presence of 16 mycotoxins using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS). The data revealed the presence of 16 mycotoxins in the various poultry feed samples. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) was the most dominant recovered from 100% of samples analysed at concentrations ranging between 38.7 and 7125.3 µg/kg. This was followed by zearalenone (ZEN) (range: 0.1–429 µg/kg) and deoxynivalenol (DON) (range: 2.5–154 µg/kg). Samples were also found to be contaminated with fumonisin B2 (FB2) (range: 0.7–125.1 µg/kg), fumonisin B3 (FB3) (range: 0.1–125.1 µg/kg), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) (range: 0.6–20 µg/kg ), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) (range: 0.2–22.1 µg/kg), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) (range: 0.1–12.9 µg/kg) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) (range: 1.7–41.9 µg/kg). Alternaria mycotoxin, i.e., Alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) was recovered in 100% of samples at concentrations that ranged from 0.3–155.5 µg/kg. Aflatoxins (AFs) had an incidence rate of 92% with generally low concentration levels ranging from 0.1–3.7 µg/kg. Apart from these metabolites, 2 type A trichothecenes (THs), i.e., HT-2 toxin (HT-2) (range: 0.2–5.9 µg/kg) and T-2 toxin (T-2) (range: 0.1–15.3 µg/kg) were also detected. Mycotoxin contamination in South African poultry feed constitutes a concern as correspondingly high contamination levels, such as those observed herein are likely to affect birds, which can be accompanied by severe health implications, thus compromising animal productivity in the country. Such exposures, primarily to more than one mycotoxin concurrently, may elicit noticeable synergistic and or additive effects on poultry birds.

scholarly journals Alternaria toxins alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in grain foods in Canada

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Scott ◽  
Wendy Zhao ◽  
Sherry Feng ◽  
Benjamin P.-Y. Lau
Keyword(s):  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Alternaria Toxins ◽  
Grain Foods
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