scholarly journals Analysis of Mycotoxins Contamination in Poultry Feeds Manufactured in Selected Provinces of South Africa Using UHPLC-MS/MS

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Maphala Mokubedi ◽  
Judith Zanele Phoku ◽  
Rumbidzai Naledi Changwa ◽  
Sefater Gbashi ◽  
Patrick Berka Njobeh
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Feed Samples

A total of 105 different types of poultry feed samples from South Africa were simultaneously analysed for the presence of 16 mycotoxins using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS). The data revealed the presence of 16 mycotoxins in the various poultry feed samples. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) was the most dominant recovered from 100% of samples analysed at concentrations ranging between 38.7 and 7125.3 µg/kg. This was followed by zearalenone (ZEN) (range: 0.1–429 µg/kg) and deoxynivalenol (DON) (range: 2.5–154 µg/kg). Samples were also found to be contaminated with fumonisin B2 (FB2) (range: 0.7–125.1 µg/kg), fumonisin B3 (FB3) (range: 0.1–125.1 µg/kg), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) (range: 0.6–20 µg/kg ), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) (range: 0.2–22.1 µg/kg), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) (range: 0.1–12.9 µg/kg) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) (range: 1.7–41.9 µg/kg). Alternaria mycotoxin, i.e., Alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) was recovered in 100% of samples at concentrations that ranged from 0.3–155.5 µg/kg. Aflatoxins (AFs) had an incidence rate of 92% with generally low concentration levels ranging from 0.1–3.7 µg/kg. Apart from these metabolites, 2 type A trichothecenes (THs), i.e., HT-2 toxin (HT-2) (range: 0.2–5.9 µg/kg) and T-2 toxin (T-2) (range: 0.1–15.3 µg/kg) were also detected. Mycotoxin contamination in South African poultry feed constitutes a concern as correspondingly high contamination levels, such as those observed herein are likely to affect birds, which can be accompanied by severe health implications, thus compromising animal productivity in the country. Such exposures, primarily to more than one mycotoxin concurrently, may elicit noticeable synergistic and or additive effects on poultry birds.

scholarly journals Development of Sensitive and Reliable UPLC-MS/MS Methods for Food Analysis of Emerging Mycotoxins in China Total Diet Study

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danlei Sun ◽  
Nannan Qiu ◽  
Shuang Zhou ◽  
Bing Lyu ◽  
Shuo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Total Diet Study ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Diet Study ◽  
Food Matrices

With the climatic changes that have taken place during the last decade, the spectrum of fungal pathogens as well as mycotoxins has considerably changed. As a result, some emerging mycotoxins have been shown to occur frequently in agricultural products. In this study, a sensitive and reliable method for the determination of 10 emerging mycotoxins (beauvericin, enniatin A, enniatin A1, enniatin B, enniatin B1, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, tentoxin, and tenuazonic acid) in 12 different food matrices (cereals, legumes, potatoes, meats, eggs, aquatic foods, dairy products, vegetables, fruits, sugars, beverages, and alcohol beverages) was developed and validated. After a simple extraction, a one-step sample clean-up by a HLB solid phase extraction (SPE) column was sufficient for all 12 food matrices prior to analysis with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Isotope internal standards 13C-TeA, TEN-d3, and 13C-AFB2 were used for accurate quantification. Validation in terms of linearity, selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision (intra and inter-day variability) were evaluated for the 10 mycotoxins in all selected matrices. The sensitivity varied from 0.0004 to 0.3 ng mL−1 (limits of detection) and from 0.002 to 0.9 ng mL−1 (limits of quantitation). The recoveries of 10 mycotoxins in fortified samples were from 60.6% to 164% including very low spiking levels in all 12 food matrices, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 12%. The proposed methodology was applied to the analysis of 60 samples collected from five provinces within the 6th China Total Diet Study with the results discussed in detail. The advantages of sensitivity, accuracy, and robustness made it a powerful tool for emerging mycotoxin monitoring and dietary exposure assessment.

scholarly journals A Limited Survey of Aflatoxins and Zearalenone in Feed and Feed Ingredients from Pakistan

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (10) ◽  
pp. 1798-1801 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHAHZAD ZAFAR IQBAL ◽  
MUHAMMAD RAFIQUE ASI ◽  
SONIA NISAR ◽  
KHALID MAHMOOD ZIA ◽  
SELAMAT JINAP ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Cotton Seed Meal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Feed Samples

ABSTRACT This work presents current information on the presence of aflatoxins (AFs) and zearalenone (ZEN) in feed and feed ingredients from Punjab, Pakistan. The 105 samples tested were concentrated feed, i.e., cotton seed meal (18 samples) and soybean meal (14), and feed ingredients, i.e., crushed corn (17), crushed wheat (15), barley (17). and poultry feed (24). Samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a fluorescence detector. Analysis revealed that 69 of 105 samples were contaminated with AFs, and the highest mean concentrations of AFB1 (6.20 μg/kg) and total AFs (9.30 μg/kg) were found in poultry feed samples. The mean total AF concentrations ranged from the limit of quantification to 165.5 μg/kg. However, 75 of the 105 samples were positive for ZEN. The highest mean concentration (19.45 μg/kg) was found in poultry feed samples. The mean ZEN concentrations were 0.15 to 145.30 μg/kg. The prevalence of AFs and ZEN was high in feed and feed ingredients and needs urgent attention.

scholarly journals Feed-Based Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Smallholder Dairy Farming Systems of South Africa: The Case of Limpopo and Free State

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Rumbidzai Changwa ◽  
Marthe De Boevre ◽  
Sarah De Saeger ◽  
Patrick Berka Njobeh
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Free State ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Smallholder Dairy

Mycotoxin contamination of feed does not only cut across food and feed value chains but compromises animal productivity and health, affecting farmers, traders and consumers alike. To aid in the development of a sustainable strategy for mycotoxin control in animal-based food production systems, this study focused on smallholder farming systems where 77 dairy cattle feed samples were collected from 28 smallholder dairy establishments in the Limpopo and Free State provinces of South Africa between 2018 and 2019. Samples were analyzed using a confirmatory UHPLC–MS/MS (Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) method validated for simultaneous detection of 23 mycotoxins in feeds. Overall, mycotoxins assessed were detected across samples with 86% of samples containing at least one mycotoxin above respective decision limits; up to 66% of samples were found to be contaminated with at least three mycotoxins. Findings demonstrated that deoxynivalenol, sterigmatocystin, alternariol and enniatin B were the most common mycotoxins, while low to marginal detection rates were observed for all other mycotoxins with none of the samples containing fusarenon-X, HT-2-toxin and neosolaniol. Isolated cases of deoxynivalenol (maximum: 2385 µg/kg), aflatoxins (AFB1 (maximum: 30.2 µg/kg)/AFG1 (maximum: 23.1 µg/kg)), and zearalenone (maximum: 1793 µg/kg) in excess of local and European regulatory limits were found. Kruskal–Wallis testing for pairwise comparisons showed commercial feed had significantly higher contamination for deoxynivalenol and its acylated derivatives, ochratoxin A and fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), whereas forages had significantly higher alternariol; in addition to significantly higher fumonisin B1 contamination for Limpopo coupled with significantly higher enniatin B and sterigmatocystin for Free State. Statistically significant Spearman correlations (p < 0.01) were also apparent for ratios for deoxynivalenol/fumonisin B1 (rs = 0.587) and zearalenone/alternariol methylether (rs = 0.544).

scholarly journals Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Mycotoxins in Ready-to-Eat Tree Nut Products through Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with High Resolution Q-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 344
Author(s):  
Alfonso Narváez ◽  
Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco ◽  
Luigi Castaldo ◽  
Luana Izzo ◽  
Giulia Graziani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Health State ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Tree Nut ◽  
Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry

Tree nuts have become popular snacks due to their attributed benefits in the health state. Nevertheless, their susceptibility to fungal contamination lead to the occurrence of potentially dangerous mycotoxins. Hence, the aim of this work was to evaluate the presence of mycotoxins in ready-to-eat almonds, walnuts, and pistachios from Italian markets. The most relevant mycotoxin found in almonds was α-zearalanol in 18% of samples (n = 17) ranging from 3.70 to 4.54 µg/kg. Walnut samples showed frequent contamination with alternariol, present in 53% of samples (n = 22) at levels from 0.29 to 1.65 µg/kg. Pistachios (n = 15) were the most contaminated commodity, with β-zearalenol as the most prevalent toxin present in 59% of samples ranging from 0.96 to 8.60 µg/kg. In the worst-case scenario, the exposure to zearalenone-derived forms accounted for 15.6% of the tolerable daily intake, whereas it meant 12.4% and 21.2% of the threshold of toxicological concern for alternariol and alternariol monomethyl-ether, respectively. The results highlighted the extensive presence of Alternaria toxins and zearalenone-derived forms, scarcely studied in ready-to-eat tree nut products, highlighting the necessity to include these mycotoxins in analytical methods to perform more realistic risk assessments.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Aflatoxin B1 in Animal Feed Collected from the Northeastern Area of Morocco

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-593
Author(s):  
Naoual Alahlah ◽  
Mohammed El Maadoudi ◽  
Nourredine Bouchriti ◽  
Nourredine Bouchriti ◽  
Réda Triqui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Feed Samples

The carry-over of contaminants from feed to animal products is an important issue in the animal production chain, therefore, the quality control of those animal products should include the control of the animal feed. The current study was carried out to assess the contamination levels of three types of animal feed (dairy animal feed, poultry feed, and fish feed) by Aflatoxin B1. A total of 68 animal feed samples were collected from the Northeastern Moroccan area (Tangier-Tétouan-AL Hoceima). The samples were extracted with a mixture of acetone/water. The sample extractions were filtered, diluted with phosphate-buffered saline, and applied to an immunoaffinity column. Aflatoxin B1 was eluted with methanol then analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, after post-column photochemical derivatization. The analytical results for the level of Aflatoxin B1 in the animal feed samples revealed an average presence of 44.12% for all analyzed samples. The concentrations were between 1.02 and 13.59 µg/Kg, with a mean value of 4.08 ± 3.11 µg/Kg. The results indicated that there was a significant difference across the three types of animal feeds regarding the concentrations of Aflatoxin B1.

scholarly journals Preliminary Survey of Alternaria Toxins Reduction during Fermentation of Whole Wheat Dough

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Elizabet Janić Hajnal ◽  
Lato Pezo ◽  
Dejan Orčić ◽  
Ljubiša Šarić ◽  
Dragana Plavšić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Regression Function ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Whole Wheat Flour ◽  
Wheat Dough ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Alternaria Toxins

The aim of this study was to investigate the fate of the most common Alternaria toxins found in wheat—tenuazonic acid (TeA), alternariol (AOH), and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) during sourdough processing. For this purpose, spiked whole wheat flour, 3% sourdough starter, 0.5% of baker’s yeast, and 105% of water calculated on flour weight as a base were used as raw materials. Spiked whole wheat dough was fermented for 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h at 25 °C, and at each point the fermented dough samples were taken, frozen, lyophilized, grounded, and stored until further analysis. To study the effect of sourdough processing on TeA, AOH and AME content, the validated method of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for these mycotoxins was used. Mathematical models of Alternaria toxins reduction were developed in the form of Four Parameter Logistic Regression function. The maximum reduction of TeA, AOH, and AME levels was archived at 48 h of dough fermentation at 25 °C compared with dough after kneading (0 h). Under these conditions, a reduction of the toxin levels of 60.3 %, 41.5%, and 24.1% was observed for TeA, AOH, and AME, respectively.

scholarly journals Mycotoxin Dietary Exposure Assessment through Fruit Juices Consumption in Children and Adult Population

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noelia Pallarés ◽  
Dionisia Carballo ◽  
Emilia Ferrer ◽  
Mónica Fernández-Franzón ◽  
Houda Berrada
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Fumonisin B2 ◽  
Dispersive Liquid Liquid Microextraction ◽  
Aflatoxin B2

Consumption of fruit juice is becoming trendy for consumers seeking freshness and high vitamin and low caloric intake. Mycotoxigenic moulds may infect fruits during crop growth, harvest, and storage leading to mycotoxin production. Many mycotoxins are resistant to food processing, which make their presence in the final juice product very likely expected. In this way, the presence of 30 mycotoxins including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), Ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), enniatin A (ENNA), enniatin A1 (ENNA1), enniatin B (ENNB), enniatin B1 (ENNB1), beauvericin (BEA), sterigmatocystin (STG), zearalenone (ZEA), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL), β-zearalanol (β-ZAL), α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), β-zearalenol (β-ZOL), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), nivalenol (NIV), fusarenon-X (FUS-X), neosolaniol (NEO), patulin (PAT), T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin was evaluated in 80 juice samples collected from Valencia retail Market. An efficient Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction method (DLLME) was carried out before their trace level determination by chromatographic techniques coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The results obtained revealed the presence of nine mycotoxins namely AOH, AME, PAT, OTA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, β-ZAL, and HT2 in the analyzed samples, with incidences ranging from 3 to 29% and mean contents between 0.14 and 59.52 µg/L. Considerable percentages of TDIs were reached by children when 200 mL was considered as daily fruit juice intake.

scholarly journals Evaluation of commonly used fertilizers, fish and poultry feeds as potential sources of heavy metals contamination in food

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-81
Author(s):  
Md Sanaullah Sarker ◽  
Quazi Forhad Quadir ◽  
Md Zakir Hossen ◽  
Touhida Nazneen ◽  
Atiqur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Fish Feeds ◽  
The Government ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Feed Samples

An experiment was conducted at the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, BAU to assess the heavy metal status in different feed and fertilizer samples collected from Sadar and Trisal upazilas of Mymensingh district. The feed samples included poultry and fish feeds, whereas, fertilizer samples included DAP, TSP, MOP, gypsum and zinc sulphate (ZnSO4). AAS analysis of Cd, Cr and Pb showed variable levels of contamination in the fertilizer and feed samples. In case of feed samples, Cd, and Pb contents in fish feed collected from Sadar upazila was 0.159 and 3.581 mg kg-1, respectively and that of Trisal upazila was 0.441 and 153.824 mg kg-1, respectively. The content of Cd was 0.008 mg kg-1 in poultry feed but in fish feed it was 0.441 mg kg-1. The Cr content in both poultry and fish feeds collected from Sadar and Trisal upazilas were below the detection level. In general, heavy metals contaminations were higher in different fish feed samples compared to that of poultry feed samples, especially in samples from Trisal upazila.The Cd contents in DAP, TSP, MoP, gypsum and ZnSO4 collected from Sadar upazila were 1.560, 14.749, 0.137, 0.906 and 10.312 mg kg-1, respectively, and that of Trisal upazila were 1.780, 15.662, 3.988, 1.180 and 3.165 mg kg-1, respectively. The Cr contents in DAP, TSP, MoP, gypsum and ZnSO4 collected from Sadar upazila were 60.392, 206.667, 15.882, 24.314 and 11.373 mg kg-1, respectively. Whereas, mean Cr concentrations DAP, TSP, MoP and gypsum from Trisal upazila were 54.118, 168.431, 16.078 and 26.863 mgkg-1, respectively. However, in ZnSO4Cr was below the detection limit. Again, Pb contents in DAP, TSP, MoP, Gypsum and ZnSO4 collected from Sadar upazila were 12.633, 45.729, 33.586, 13.319 and 30.014 mg kg-1, respectively, and that of Trisal upazila were 4.062, 46.919, 101.205, 21.681 and 6.676 mg kg-1, respectively. In general, heavy metal contamination levels in different fertilizer samples collected from Mymensingh Sadar were higher compared to that of Trisal upazila. The results showed that despite the close proximity of the market locations, heavy metal contents may vary in fertilizer and feed samples indicating various supply chains of these essential inputs are in place and calls for greater degree of quality monitoring from the government point of view. Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2017, 1 (1), 74-81

scholarly journals Effect of Wheat Milling Process on the Distribution of Alternaria Toxins

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabet Janić Hajnal ◽  
Jasna Mastilović ◽  
Ferenc Bagi ◽  
Dejan Orčić ◽  
Dragana Budakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Dry Milling ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Alternaria Toxins ◽  
By Products

Alternaria toxins are mycotoxins produced by various Alternaria species which, besides the Fusarium species, represent the principal contaminants of wheat worldwide. As currently, only limited information on the behaviour of Alternaria toxins during processing of cereals is available, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the dry milling process of wheat on Alternaria toxins distribution. Alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TeA) content were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in all milling fractions of untreated (control), fungicide-treated, Alternaria tenuissima inoculated and commercial wheat sample. After dry milling process, in last break and milling flows and by-products, increased concentration of examined Alternaria toxins was detected. TeA was quantified in almost all milling fractions in all tested wheat samples, while AOH and AME were detectable mostly in last break and milling flows and by-products. In respect to the contamination with Alternaria toxins, white flour can be considered as relatively safe product. Since Alternaria toxins are concentrated mainly in the peripheral parts of the kernel, a special attention should be given to their content in low-grade flours and milling by-products.

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